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Wørzner K, Zimmermann J, Buhl R, Desoi A, Christensen D, Dietrich J, Nguyen NDNT, Lindenstrøm T, Woodworth JS, Alhakeem RS, Yu S, Ødum N, Mortensen R, Ashouri JF, Pedersen GK. Repeated immunization with ATRA-containing liposomal adjuvant transdifferentiates Th17 cells to a Tr1-like phenotype. J Autoimmun 2024; 144:103174. [PMID: 38377868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In many autoimmune diseases, autoantigen-specific Th17 cells play a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. Th17 cells can transdifferentiate into other T cell subsets in inflammatory conditions, however, there have been no attempts to target Th17 cell plasticity using vaccines. We investigated if autoantigen-specific Th17 cells could be specifically targeted using a therapeutic vaccine approach, where antigen was formulated in all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-containing liposomes, permitting co-delivery of antigen and ATRA to the same target cell. Whilst ATRA was previously found to broadly reduce Th17 responses, we found that antigen formulated in ATRA-containing cationic liposomes only inhibited Th17 cells in an antigen-specific manner and not when combined with an irrelevant antigen. Furthermore, this approach shifted existing Th17 cells away from IL-17A expression and transcriptomic analysis of sorted Th17 lineage cells from IL-17 fate reporter mice revealed a shift of antigen-specific Th17 cells to exTh17 cells, expressing functional markers associated with T cell regulation and tolerance. In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS, vaccination with myelin-specific (MOG) antigen in ATRA-containing liposomes reduced Th17 responses and alleviated disease. This highlights the potential of therapeutic vaccination for changing the phenotype of existing Th17 cells in the context of immune mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wørzner
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Julie Zimmermann
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regitze Buhl
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Desoi
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Steven Yu
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith F Ashouri
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Müllertz OAO, Andersen P, Christensen D, Foged C, Thakur A. Pulmonary Administration of the Liposome-Based Adjuvant CAF01: Effect of Surface Charge on Mucosal Adjuvant Function. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:953-970. [PMID: 36583936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the lungs represent a major site of entry for airborne pathogens, and pulmonary administration of vaccines is an attractive strategy to induce protective mucosal immunity in the airways. Recently, we demonstrated the potential of pulmonary vaccination with the tuberculosis subunit antigen H56 adjuvanted with the cationic liposomal adjuvant formulation CAF01, which consists of the cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide and the synthetic cord factor trehalose-6,6'-dibehenate. However, the cationic charge of DDA represents a major safety challenge. Hence, replacing DDA with a safer zwitterionic or anionic phospholipid is an attractive approach to improve vaccine safety, but the effect of liposomal surface charge on the induction of mucosal immunity after airway immunization is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of surface charge by replacing the cationic DDA component of CAF01 with zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or anionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), and we show that charge modification enhances antigen-specific pulmonary T-cell responses against co-formulated H56. We systematically replaced DDA with either DPPC or DPPG and found that these modifications resulted in colloidally stable liposomes that have similar size and morphology to unmodified CAF01. DPPC- or DPPG-modified CAF01 displayed surface charge-dependent protein adsorption and induced slightly higher follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells in the lung-draining lymph nodes than unmodified CAF01. In addition, modified CAF01 induced significantly higher levels of H56-specific Th17 cells and polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lungs, as compared to unmodified CAF01. However, the strong H56-specific humoral responses induced by CAF01 in the lungs and spleen were not influenced by surface charge. Hence, these results provide insights into the importance of surface charge for liposomal adjuvant function and can also guide the design of safe pulmonary subunit vaccines against other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Amanda Oest Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S2300, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S2300, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
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Malik A, Gupta M, Mani R, Bhatnagar R. Single-dose Ag85B-ESAT6-loaded poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles confer protective immunity against tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3129-3143. [PMID: 31118627 PMCID: PMC6501725 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s172391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, remains the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). However, its ineffectiveness in adults against pulmonary TB and varied protective efficacy (0-80%) speak to an urgent need for the development of an improved and efficient TB vaccine. In this milieu, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), is a preferential candidate, due to such properties as biocompatibility, targeted delivery, sustained antigen release, and atoxic by-products. METHODS In this study, we formulated PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating the bivalent H1 antigen, a fusion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Ag85B and ESAT6 proteins, and investigated its role in immunomodulation and protection against Mtb challenge. Using the classical water-oil-water solvent-evaporation method, H1-NPs were prepared, with encapsulation efficiency of 86.1%±3.2%. These spherical NPs were ~244.4±32.6 nm in diameter, with a negatively charged surface (ζ-potential -4±0.6 mV). RESULTS Under physiological conditions, NPs degraded slowly and the encapsulated H1 antigen was released over a period of weeks. As a proof-of-concept vaccine candidate, H1 NPs were efficiently internalized by the THP-1 human macrophages. Six weeks after a single-dose vaccination, H1 NP-immunized C57BL/6J mice showed significant increase in the production of total serum IgG (P<0.0001) and its isotypes compared to H1 alone, IgG2a being the predominant one, followed by IgG1. Further, the cytokine-release profile of antigen-stimulated splenocyteculture supernatant indicated a strong TH1-biased immunoresponse in H1 NP-vaccinated mice, with ~6.03- and ~2.8-fold increase in IFNγ and TNFα cytokine levels, and ~twofold and 1.6 fold increase in IL4 and IL10 cytokines, respectively, compared to H1 alone-immunized mice. In protection studies, H1 NP-vaccinated mice displayed significant reductions in lung and spleen bacillary load (P<0.05) at 5-week post-Mtb H37Rv challenge and prolonged survival, with a mean survival time of 177 days, compared to H1 alone-vaccinated mice (mean survival time 80 days). CONCLUSION Altogether, our findings highlight the significance of the H1-PLGA nanoformulation in terms of providing long-term protection in mice with a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malik
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Manish Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
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Thakur A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Saatchi K, Rose F, Esposito T, Nosrati Z, Andersen P, Christensen D, Häfeli UO, Foged C. Dual-Isotope SPECT/CT Imaging of the Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine H56/CAF01: Induction of Strong Systemic and Mucosal IgA and T-Cell Responses in Mice Upon Subcutaneous Prime and Intrapulmonary Boost Immunization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2825. [PMID: 30555488 PMCID: PMC6284049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a global pandemic, despite the widespread use of the parenteral live attenuated Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine during the past decades. Mucosal administration of next generation TB vaccines has great potential, but developing a safe and efficacious mucosal vaccine is challenging. Hence, understanding the in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of mucosal vaccines is essential for shaping the desired immune response and for optimal spatiotemporal targeting of the appropriate effector cells in the lungs. A subunit vaccine consisting of the fusion antigen H56 (Ag85B-ESAT-6-Rv2660) and the liposome-based cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF01) confers efficient protection in preclinical animal models. In this study, we devise a novel immunization strategy for the H56/CAF01 vaccine, which comply with the intrapulmonary (i.pulmon.) route of immunization. We also describe a novel dual-isotope (111In/67Ga) radiolabeling approach, which enables simultaneous non-invasive and longitudinal SPECT/CT imaging and quantification of H56 and CAF01 upon parenteral prime and/or i.pulmon. boost immunization. Our results demonstrate that the vaccine is distributed evenly in the lungs, and there are pronounced differences in the pharmacokinetics of H56 and CAF01. We provide convincing evidence that the H56/CAF01 vaccine is not only well-tolerated when administered to the respiratory tract, but it also induces strong lung mucosal and systemic IgA and polyfunctional Th1 and Th17 responses after parenteral prime and i.pulmon. boost immunization. The study furthermore evaluate the application of SPECT/CT imaging for the investigation of vaccine biodistribution after parenteral and i.pulmon. immunization of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fabrice Rose
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tullio Esposito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zeynab Nosrati
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lee J, Arun Kumar S, Jhan YY, Bishop CJ. Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:31-47. [PMID: 30172933 PMCID: PMC7105045 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Engineering vaccine-based therapeutics for infectious diseases is highly challenging, as trial formulations are often found to be nonspecific, ineffective, thermally or hydrolytically unstable, and/or toxic. Vaccines have greatly improved the therapeutic landscape for treating infectious diseases and have significantly reduced the threat by therapeutic and preventative approaches. Furthermore, the advent of recombinant technologies has greatly facilitated growth within the vaccine realm by mitigating risks such as virulence reversion despite making the production processes more cumbersome. In addition, seroconversion can also be enhanced by recombinant technology through kinetic and nonkinetic approaches, which are discussed herein. Recombinant technologies have greatly improved both amino acid-based vaccines and DNA-based vaccines. A plateau of interest has been reached between 2001 and 2010 for the scientific community with regard to DNA vaccine endeavors. The decrease in interest may likely be attributed to difficulties in improving immunogenic properties associated with DNA vaccines, although there has been research demonstrating improvement and optimization to this end. Despite improvement, to the extent of our knowledge, there are currently no regulatory body-approved DNA vaccines for human use (four vaccines approved for animal use). This article discusses engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases while discussing advantages and disadvantages of each, with an emphasis on applications of these DNA vaccines. Statement of Significance This review paper summarizes the state of the engineered/recombinant DNA vaccine field, with a scope entailing “Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases”. We endeavor to emphasize recent advances, recapitulating the current state of the field. In addition to discussing DNA therapeutics that have already been clinically translated, this review also examines current research developments, and the challenges thwarting further progression. Our review covers: recombinant DNA-based subunit vaccines; internalization and processing; enhancing immune protection via adjuvants; manufacturing and engineering DNA; the safety, stability and delivery of DNA vaccines or plasmids; controlling gene expression using plasmid engineering and gene circuits; overcoming immunogenic issues; and commercial successes. We hope that this review will inspire further research in DNA vaccine development.
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Immunological and physical evaluation of the multistage tuberculosis subunit vaccine candidate H56/CAF01 formulated as a spray-dried powder. Vaccine 2018; 36:3331-3339. [PMID: 29699790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid vaccine dosage forms have limited stability and require refrigeration during their manufacture, distribution and storage. In contrast, solid vaccine dosage forms, produced by for example spray drying, offer improved storage stability and reduced dependence on cold-chain facilities. This is advantageous for mass immunization campaigns for global public health threats, e.g., tuberculosis (TB), and offers cheaper vaccine distribution. The multistage subunit vaccine antigen H56, which is a fusion protein of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens Ag85B, ESAT-6, and Rv2660, has been shown to confer protective efficacy against active TB before and after Mtb exposure in preclinical models, and it is currently undergoing clinical phase 2a testing. In several studies, including a recent study comparing multiple clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants, the T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17-inducing adjuvant CAF01 was the most efficacious adjuvant for H56 to stimulate protective immunity against Mtb. With the long-term goal of designing a thermostable and self-administrable dry powder vaccine based on H56 and CAF01 for inhalation, we compared H56 spray-dried with CAF01 with the non-spray-dried H56/CAF01 vaccine with respect to their ability to induce systemic Th1, Th17 and humoral responses after subcutaneous immunization. Here we show that spray drying of the H56/CAF01 vaccine results in preserved antigenic epitope recognition and adjuvant activity of CAF01, and the spray-dried, reconstituted vaccine induces antigen-specific Th1, Th17 and humoral immune responses, which are comparable to those stimulated by the non-spray-dried H56/CAF01 vaccine. In addition, the spray-dried and reconstituted H56/CAF01 vaccine promotes similar polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses as the non-spray-dried vaccine. Thus, our study provides proof-of-concept that spray drying of the subunit vaccine H56/CAF01 preserves vaccine-induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. These results support our ongoing efforts to develop a thermostable, dry powder-based TB vaccine.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2016, the WHO estimated 10.5 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths, making this disease the leading cause of death by an infectious agent. The current and projected TB situation necessitates the development of new vaccines with improved attributes compared to the traditional BCG method. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the most promising candidate vaccines against TB and discuss additional key elements in vaccine development, such as animal models, new adjuvants and immunization routes and new strategies for the identification of candidate vaccines. Expert opinion: At present, around 13 candidate vaccines for TB are in the clinical phase of evaluation; however, there is still no substitute for the BCG vaccine. One major impediment to developing an effective vaccine is our lack of understanding of several of the mechanisms associated with infection and the immune response against TB. However, the recent implementation of an entirely new set of technological advances will facilitate the proposal of new candidates. Finally, development of a new vaccine will require a major coordination of effort in order to achieve its effective administration to the people most in need of it.
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Charlton Hume HK, Lua LHL. Platform technologies for modern vaccine manufacturing. Vaccine 2017; 35:4480-4485. [PMID: 28347504 PMCID: PMC7115529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Improved understanding of antigenic components and their interaction with the immune system, as supported by computational tools, permits a sophisticated approach to modern vaccine design. Vaccine platforms provide an effective tool by which strategically designed peptide and protein antigens are modularized to enhance their immunogenicity. These modular vaccine platforms can overcome issues faced by traditional vaccine manufacturing and have the potential to generate safe vaccines, rapidly and at a low cost. This review introduces two promising platforms based on virus-like particle and liposome, and discusses the methodologies and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley K Charlton Hume
- The University of Queensland, Protein Expression Facility, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- The University of Queensland, Protein Expression Facility, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Dashivets T, Stracke J, Dengl S, Knaupp A, Pollmann J, Buchner J, Schlothauer T. Oxidation in the complementarity-determining regions differentially influences the properties of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2016; 8:1525-1535. [PMID: 27612038 PMCID: PMC5098445 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1231277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies can undergo a variety of chemical modification reactions in vitro. Depending on the site of modification, either antigen binding or Fc-mediated functions can be affected. Oxidation of tryptophan residues is one of the post-translational modifications leading to altered antibody functionality. In this study, we examined the structural and functional properties of a therapeutic antibody construct and 2 affinity matured variants thereof. Two of the 3 antibodies carry an oxidation-prone tryptophan residue in the complementarity-determining region of the VL domain. We demonstrate the differences in the stability and bioactivity of the 3 antibodies, and reveal differential degradation pathways for the antibodies susceptible to oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Dashivets
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Germany.,b Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich , Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , Garching , Germany
| | - Jan Stracke
- c Early-Stage Pharmaceutical Development & GLP Supplies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies PTD Biologics Europe , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Stefan Dengl
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Germany
| | | | - Johannes Buchner
- b Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich , Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , Garching , Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- a Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Germany
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Frahm GE, Pochopsky AWT, Clarke TM, Johnston MJW. Evaluation of Microflow Digital Imaging Particle Analysis for Sub-Visible Particles Formulated with an Opaque Vaccine Adjuvant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150229. [PMID: 26925777 PMCID: PMC4771808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microflow digital imaging (MDI) has become a widely accepted method for assessing sub-visible particles in pharmaceutical formulations however, to date; no data have been presented on the utility of this methodology when formulations include opaque vaccine adjuvants. This study evaluates the ability of MDI to assess sub-visible particles under these conditions. A Fluid Imaging Technologies Inc. FlowCAM® instrument was used to assess a number of sub-visible particle types in solution with increasing concentrations of AddaVax™, a nanoscale squalene-based adjuvant. With the objective (10X) used and the limitations of the sensor resolution, the instrument was incapable of distinguishing between sub-visible particles and AddaVax™ droplets at particle sizes less than 5 μm. The instrument was capable of imaging all particle types assessed (polystyrene beads, borosilicate glass, cellulose, polyethylene protein aggregate mimics, and lysozyme protein aggregates) at sizes greater than 5 μm in concentrations of AddaVax™ up to 50% (vol:vol). Reduced edge gradients and a decrease in measured particle sizes were noted as adjuvant concentrations increased. No significant changes in particle counts were observed for polystyrene particle standards and lysozyme protein aggregates, however significant reductions in particle counts were observed for borosilicate (80% of original) and cellulose (92% of original) particles. This reduction in particle counts may be due to the opaque adjuvant masking translucent particles present in borosilicate and cellulose samples. Although the results suggest that the utility of MDI for assessing sub-visible particles in high concentrations of adjuvant may be highly dependent on particle morphology, we believe that further investigation of this methodology to assess sub-visible particles in challenging formulations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Frahm
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex W. T. Pochopsky
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tessa M. Clarke
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. W. Johnston
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kallerup RS, Madsen CM, Schiøth ML, Franzyk H, Rose F, Christensen D, Korsholm KS, Foged C. Influence of trehalose 6,6′-diester (TDX) chain length on the physicochemical and immunopotentiating properties of DDA/TDX liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 90:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Designing and building the next generation of improved vaccine adjuvants. J Control Release 2014; 190:563-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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