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An Overview on Dietary Polyphenols and Their Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115514. [PMID: 34073709 PMCID: PMC8197262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural organic compounds produced by plants, acting as antioxidants by reacting with ROS. These compounds are widely consumed in daily diet and many studies report several benefits to human health thanks to their bioavailability in humans. However, the digestion process of phenolic compounds is still not completely clear. Moreover, bioavailability is dependent on the metabolic phase of these compounds. The LogP value can be managed as a simplified measure of the lipophilicity of a substance ingested within the human body, which affects resultant absorption. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), a method used to classify drugs intended for gastrointestinal absorption, correlates the solubility and permeability of the drug with both the rate and extent of oral absorption. BCS may be helpful to measure the bioactive constituents of foods, such as polyphenols, in order to understand their nutraceutical potential. There are many literature studies that focus on permeability, absorption, and bioavailability of polyphenols and their resultant metabolic byproducts, but there is still confusion about their respective LogP values and BCS classification. This review will provide an overview of the information regarding 10 dietarypolyphenols (ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, cirsimaritin, daidzein, resveratrol, ellagic acid, and curcumin) and their association with the BCS classification.
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ICH Guideline for Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Based Biowaiver (M9): Toward Harmonization in Latin American Countries. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030363. [PMID: 33801796 PMCID: PMC8001157 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) is a very important tool to replace the traditional in vivo bioequivalence studies with in vitro dissolution assays during multisource product development. This paper compares the most recent harmonized guideline for biowaivers based on the biopharmaceutics classification system and the BCS regulatory guidelines in Latin America and analyzes the current BCS regulatory requirements and the perspective of the harmonization in the region to develop safe and effective multisource products. Differences and similarities between the official and publicly available BCS guidelines of several Latin American regulatory authorities and the new ICH harmonization guideline were identified and compared. Only Chile, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina have a more comprehensive BCS guideline, which includes solubility, permeability, and dissolution requirements. Although their regulatory documents have many similarities with the ICH guidelines, there are still major differences in their interpretation and application. This situation is an obstacle to the successful development of safe and effective multisource products in the Latin American region, not only to improve their access to patients at a reasonable cost, but also to develop BCS biowaiver studies that fulfill the quality standards of regulators in developed and emerging markets.
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Miranda-Pérez de Alejo C, Aceituno Álvarez A, Mendes Lima Santos G, Fernández Cervera M, Jung-Cook H, Cabrera-Pérez MÁ. Policy of Multisource Drug Products in Latin America: Opportunities and Challenges on the Application of Bioequivalence In Vitro Assays. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 55:65-81. [PMID: 32602028 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The replacement of traditional in vivo bioequivalence studies by in vitro dissolution assays, based on the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), has emerged as an important tool for demonstrating the interchangeability of multisource products. This paper summarizes the current implementation of the BCS-based biowaiver for the development of multisource products in Latin America, and identifies several challenges and opportunities for greater convergence and application of BCS regulatory requirements. METHODS Differences and similarities between the current BCS-based biowaivers' guidelines proposed by two relevant regulatory agencies for the Latin American region (FDA and WHO) and the new ICH harmonization guideline were identified and compared. An update of the BCS-based biowaiver guideline for Latin American countries was also considered, based on the respective regulatory information on bioequivalence studies, which is publicly available. RESULTS About 50% of the Latin American countries analyzed have no information on the implementation of any bioequivalence standards, while in the countries where bioequivalence studies are considered, the acceptance and application of BCS-based biowaiver requirements is quite heterogeneous. This situation contrasts with the international trend of global harmonization for BCS-based biowaiver guidance, suggesting the need in Latin America to identify opportunities and overcome challenges to improve the development of BCS-based biowaivers to avoid costly and time-consuming in vivo bioequivalence studies. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that the region is in a position to improve access to safe and effective medicines at a reasonable cost by applying BCS-based biowaiver guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miranda-Pérez de Alejo
- Unit of Modeling and Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Chemical Bioactive, Central University of Las Villas, Villa Clara, 54830, Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Alexis Aceituno Álvarez
- ANAMED Department, Institute of Public Health, Chile and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Gustavo Mendes Lima Santos
- General Office of Medicines and Biological Products, Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty, UNAM, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Cabrera-Pérez
- Unit of Modeling and Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Chemical Bioactive, Central University of Las Villas, Villa Clara, 54830, Santa Clara, Cuba.
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Bransford P, Cook J, Gupta M, Haertter S, He H, Ju R, Kanodia J, Lennernäs H, Lindley D, Polli JE, Wenning L, Wu Y. ICH M9 Guideline in Development on Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Based Biowaivers: An Industrial Perspective from the IQ Consortium. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:361-372. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bransford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jack Cook
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Global Product Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06320, United States
| | - Manish Gupta
- Biopharmaceutics, Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Sebastian Haertter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Handan He
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Rob Ju
- Drug Product Development, Abbvie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jitendra Kanodia
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Lindley
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Larissa Wenning
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yunhui Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Hofsäss MA, Dressman JB. The Discriminatory Power of the BCS-Based Biowaiver: A Retrospective With Focus on Essential Medicines. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2824-2837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Solubility Determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Which Have Been Recently Added to the List of Essential Medicines in the Context of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Biowaiver. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1478-1488. [PMID: 29421214 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the publication of Lindenberg et al., which classified orally administered active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on the 2004 Essential Medicines List (EML) of the World Health Organization according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), various APIs have been added to the EML. In this work, BCS classifications for 16 of the orally administered APIs which were added to the EML after 2004 were determined. To establish a reliable solubility classification for all these compounds, a miniaturized shake-flask method was introduced. This method enables a fast, economical determination of the BCS solubility class while reliably discriminating between "highly soluble" and "not highly soluble" compounds. Nine of the 16 APIs investigated were classified as "highly soluble" compounds, making them potential candidates for an approval of multisource drug products via the BCS-based biowaiver procedure. The choice of dose definition (which currently varies among the guidances pertaining to BCS-based bioequivalence published by various regulatory authorities) had no effect on the solubility classification of any of the 16 substances evaluated. BCS classification of the compounds was then completed using permeability data obtained from the literature. As several APIs decomposed at one or more pH values, a decision tree for determining their solubility was established.
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Macheras P, Iliadis A, Melagraki G. A reaction limited in vivo dissolution model for the study of drug absorption: Towards a new paradigm for the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:98-106. [PMID: 29425862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop a gastrointestinal (GI) drug absorption model based on a reaction limited model of dissolution and consider its impact on the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs. Estimates for the fraction of dose absorbed as a function of dose, solubility, reaction/dissolution rate constant and the stoichiometry of drug-GI fluids reaction/dissolution were derived by numerical solution of the model equations. The undissolved drug dose and the reaction/dissolution rate constant drive the dissolution rate and determine the extent of absorption when high-constant drug permeability throughout the gastrointestinal tract is assumed. Dose is an important element of drug-GI fluids reaction/dissolution while solubility exclusively acts as an upper limit for drug concentrations in the lumen. The 3D plots of fraction of dose absorbed as a function of dose and reaction/dissolution rate constant for highly soluble and low soluble drugs for different "stoichiometries" (0.7, 1.0, 2.0) of the drug-reaction/dissolution with the GI fluids revealed that high extent of absorption was found assuming high drug- reaction/dissolution rate constant and high drug solubility. The model equations were used to simulate in vivo supersaturation and precipitation phenomena. The model developed provides the theoretical basis for the interpretation of the extent of drug's absorption on the basis of the parameters associated with the drug-GI fluids reaction/dissolution. A new paradigm emerges for the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs, namely, a model independent biopharmaceutic classification scheme of four drug categories based on either the fulfillment or not of the current dissolution criteria and the high or low % drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Macheras
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pharmainformatics Unit "Athena" Research and Innovation Center, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Georgia Melagraki
- Department of Military Sciences, Division of Physical Sciences and Applications, Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, Greece
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The Global Bioequivalence Harmonization Initiative: Summary report for EUFEPS international conference. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 111:153-157. [PMID: 28964950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioequivalence (BE) is considered one of the key questions in new and generic drug product development and registration worldwide. However, the regulations and jurisdiction vary from country to country and continent to continent. Harmonization of regulatory requirements and criteria for BE determination may avoid unnecessary repetition of BE studies and minimize drug exposure to humans. Harmonization around the globe may be achieved by a better understanding of scientific principles and expectations from different regulatory authorities. To facilitate global harmonization, the Network on Bioavailability and Biopharmaceutics (BABP) under the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (EUFEPS) launched a Global Bioequivalence Harmonization Initiative (GBHI) several years ago. This international conference was the first in a series of workshops organized by EUFEPS/BABP under GBHI. The workshop provided a forum for pharmaceutical scientists from academia, industry and regulatory agencies to have open discussions on selected BE issues in the hope of identifying common ground and arriving at a harmonized view on these topics.
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Bou-Chacra N, Melo KJC, Morales IAC, Stippler ES, Kesisoglou F, Yazdanian M, Löbenberg R. Evolution of Choice of Solubility and Dissolution Media After Two Decades of Biopharmaceutical Classification System. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:989-1001. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thambavita D, Galappatthy P, Mannapperuma U, Jayakody L, Cristofoletti R, Abrahamsson B, Groot DW, Langguth P, Mehta M, Parr A, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman J. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Amoxicillin Trihydrate. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2930-2945. [PMID: 28483422 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Literature and experimental data relevant to waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate-release solid oral dosage forms containing amoxicillin trihydrate are reviewed. Solubility and permeability characteristics according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), therapeutic uses, therapeutic index, excipient interactions, as well as dissolution and BE and bioavailability studies were taken into consideration. Solubility and permeability studies indicate that amoxicillin doses up to 875 mg belong to BCS class I, whereas 1000 mg belongs to BCS class II and doses of more than 1000 mg belong to BCS class IV. Considering all aspects, the biowaiver procedure can be recommended for solid oral products of amoxicillin trihydrate immediate-release preparations containing amoxicillin as the single active pharmaceutical ingredient at dose strengths of 875 mg or less, provided (a) only the excipients listed in this monograph are used, and only in their usual amounts, (b) the biowaiver study is performed according to the World Health Organization-, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-, or European Medicines Agency-recommended method using the innovator as the comparator, and (c) results comply with criteria for "very rapidly dissolving" or "similarly rapidly dissolving." Products containing other excipients and those containing more than 875 mg amoxicillin per unit should be subjected to an in vivo BE study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanusha Thambavita
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyadarshani Galappatthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Uthpali Mannapperuma
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Lal Jayakody
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Division of Bioequivalence, Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Dirk W Groot
- RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Langguth
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehul Mehta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Alan Parr
- BioCeutics LLC, Cary, North Carolina 28594
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Hosey CM, Chan R, Benet LZ. BDDCS Predictions, Self-Correcting Aspects of BDDCS Assignments, BDDCS Assignment Corrections, and Classification for more than 175 Additional Drugs. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 18:251-60. [PMID: 26589308 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system was developed in 2005 by Wu and Benet as a tool to predict metabolizing enzyme and drug transporter effects on drug disposition. The system was modified from the biopharmaceutics classification system and classifies drugs according to their extent of metabolism and their water solubility. By 2010, Benet et al. had classified over 900 drugs. In this paper, we incorporate more than 175 drugs into the system and amend the classification of 13 drugs. We discuss current and additional applications of BDDCS, which include predicting drug-drug and endogenous substrate interactions, pharmacogenomic effects, food effects, elimination routes, central nervous system exposure, toxicity, and environmental impacts of drugs. When predictions and classes are not aligned, the system detects an error and is able to self-correct, generally indicating a problem with initial class assignment and/or measurements determining such assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Hosey
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave., Room U-68, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
| | - Rosa Chan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave., Room U-68, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave., Room U-68, San Francisco, California, 94143-0912, USA.
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12
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Daousani C, Macheras P. Scientific considerations concerning the EMA change in the definition of "dose" of the BCS-based biowaiver guideline and implications for bioequivalence. Int J Pharm 2014; 478:606-9. [PMID: 25437115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work discusses the scientific aspects of the definition of dose as the 'highest single oral IR dose' recommended for administration in the SmPC (summary of product characteristics) in the current European Medicines Agency (EMA) 2010 Guideline, for the purpose of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS)-based biowaiver decision making. Analysis of theoretical and experimental data dealing with drug dissolution and biopharmaceutic drug classification reveals that the drug dose is an important parameter for both drug dissolution and biopharmaceutic classification. The relevant implications for the dose considerations in bioequivalence studies are also discussed briefly. It is suggested that the concept of "the highest single dose oral IR dose recommended for administration in the SmPC" of the EMA 2010 Guideline be abolished. It is advisable, each dose strength be considered separately i.e., whether or not it meets the solubility-dissolution regulatory criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Daousani
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece.
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