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Abrami M, Grassi M, Masiello D, Pontrelli G. Dissolution of irregularly-shaped drug particles: mathematical modelling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:199-210. [PMID: 35772613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of drug dissolution profiles is crucial for elucidating the pharmacokinetic behaviour of drugs and the bioavailability of dosage forms. In this work, we develop a mathematical model to describe the dissolution process of irregularly shaped particles. We use a complete dissolution model that accounts for both surface kinetics and convective diffusion. The mechanistic relationship between the mass transfer coefficient and the local curvature is derived from the fundamental physical laws governing these processes. Our model theoretically shows that the dissolution rate depends nonlinearly on the surface curvature. The subsequent recrystallization process in the bulk fluid is also considered. The main result of this work is its simplicity, since only two coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are needed to describe the dissolution process. Another remarkable advantage is the possibility to determine the model parameters using common independent techniques, so that the importance of the wettability of solids on the dissolution process can be evaluated. Finally, the proposed model demonstrated the importance of particle shape in describing the experimental dissolution data of theophylline monohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abrami
- Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, Trieste, I-34127 Italy
| | - M Grassi
- Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, Trieste, I-34127 Italy.
| | | | - G Pontrelli
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, CNR, Roma, Italy
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Fraga BM, Díaz CE, Bailén M, González-Coloma A. Sesquiterpene Lactones from Artemisia absinthium. Biotransformation and Rearrangement of the Insect Antifeedant 3α-hydroxypelenolide. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:891. [PMID: 33925212 PMCID: PMC8146418 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three new compounds, the sesquiterpenes absilactone and hansonlactone and the acetophenone derivative ajenjol, have been isolated from a cultivated variety of Artemisia absinthium. In addition, the major lactone isolated, 3α-hydroxypelenolide, was biotransformed by the fungus Mucor plumbeus affording the corresponding 1β, 10α-epoxide. A cadinane derivative was formed by an acid rearrangement produced in the culture medium, but not by the enzymatic system of the fungus. Furthermore, 3α-hydroxypelenolide showed strong antifeedant effects against Leptinotarsa decemlineata and cytotoxic activity to Sf9 insect cells, while the biotransformed compounds showed antifeedant postingestive effects against Spodoptera littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M. Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
| | - Carmen E. Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
| | - María Bailén
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C. Arzobispo Morcillo s/n, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Abrami M, Grassi L, di Vittorio R, Hasa D, Perissutti B, Voinovich D, Grassi G, Colombo I, Grassi M. Dissolution of an ensemble of differently shaped poly-dispersed drug particles undergoing solubility reduction: mathematical modelling. ADMET AND DMPK 2020; 8:297-313. [PMID: 35300307 PMCID: PMC8915606 DOI: 10.5599/admet.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this theoretical paper is to develop a mathematical model for describing the dissolution process, in a finite liquid environment, of an ensemble of poly-dispersed drug particles, in form of sphere, cylinder and parallelepiped that can undergo solubility reduction due to phase transition induced by dissolution. The main result of this work consists in its simplicity as, whatever the particular particles size distribution, only two ordinary differential equations are needed to describe the dissolution process. This, in turn, reflects in a very powerful and agile theoretical tool that can be easily implemented in electronic sheets, a widespread tool among the research community. Another model advantage lies on the possibility of determining its parameters by means of common independent techniques thus enabling the evaluation of the importance of solid wettability on the dissolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Abrami
- Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, Trieste, I-34127 Italy
| | - Lucia Grassi
- Liceo Scientifico G. Galilei, Trieste, Via Mameli 4, I-34139 Italy
| | - Rosario di Vittorio
- Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, Trieste, I-34127 Italy
| | - Dritan Hasa
- Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trieste University, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste, I-34127, Italy
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trieste University, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste, I-34127, Italy
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trieste University, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste, I-34127, Italy
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Dept. of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste, I-34149 Italy
| | - Italo Colombo
- Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, Trieste, I-34127 Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Dept. of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, Trieste, I-34127 Italy
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Rocchetti G, Giuberti G, Lucchini F, Lucini L. Polyphenols and Sesquiterpene Lactones from Artichoke Heads: Modulation of Starch Digestion, Gut Bioaccessibility, and Bioavailability following In Vitro Digestion and Large Intestine Fermentation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E306. [PMID: 32290151 PMCID: PMC7222196 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Artichoke is a relevant source of health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols and sesquiterpene lactones. In this study, the bioaccessibility and gut bioavailability of artichoke constituents were evaluated by combining in vitro digestion and large intestine fermentation, metabolomics, and Caco-2 human intestinal cells model. Moreover, the ability of artichoke polyphenols to modulate the in vitro starch digestibility was also explored. An untargeted metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight (UHPLC/QTOF) mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistics was used to comprehensively screen the phytochemical composition of raw, digested, and fermented artichoke. Overall, a large abundance of phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones was detected, being 13.77 and 11.99 mg·g-1, respectively. After 20 h of in vitro large intestine fermentation, a decrease in polyphenols and sesquiterpene lactones content was observed. The most abundant compounds characterizing the raw material (i.e., chlorogenic acid and cynaropicrin equivalents) showed an average % bioaccessibility of 1.6%. The highest % bioaccessibility values were recorded for flavonoids such as anthocyanin and flavone equivalents (on average, 13.6%). However, the relatively high bioavailability values recorded for flavonols, phenolic acids, and sesquiterpene lactones (from 71.6% up to 82.4%) demonstrated that these compounds are able to be transported through the Caco-2 monolayer. The phenolic compounds having the highest permeation rates through the Caco-2 model included low molecular weight phenolics such as tyrosol and 4-ethylcatechol; the isoflavonoids 3'-O-methylviolanone, equol 4'-O-glucuronide, and hydroxyisoflavone; together with the methyl and acetyl derivatives of glycosylated anthocyanins. Therefore, although human in vivo confirmatory trials are deemed possible, current findings provide insights into the mechanistic effects underlying artichoke polyphenols and sesquiterpenoids bioavailability following gastrointestinal and large intestine processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giuberti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Franco Lucchini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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De Mieri M, Smieško M, Ismajili I, Kaiser M, Hamburger M. Acid-Induced Rearrangement of Epoxygermacranolides: Synthesis of Furanoheliangolides and Cadinanes from Nobilin. Molecules 2017; 22:E2252. [PMID: 29258233 PMCID: PMC6149915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acid-induced rearrangement of three epoxyderivatives of nobilin 1, the most abundant sesquiterpene lactone in Anthemisnobilis flowers, was investigated. From the 1,10-epoxyderivative 2, furanoheliangolide 5 was obtained, while the 4,5-epoxy group of 3 did not react. Conversely, when the 3-hydroxy function of nobilin was acetylated (12), the 4,5-epoxy derivative did cyclize into cadinanes (15 and 16) under Lewis acid catalysis. The reactivity of the 4,5- and 1,10-epoxy derivatives of nobilin (2 and 3) was compared with that of parthenolide, and rationalized on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. All isolated reaction products were fully characterized by spectroscopic and computational methods, and their in vitro anti-protozoal activity was evaluated. The paper could provide new insights into the biosynthesis of this class of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Mieri
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Molecular Modeling, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Isidor Ismajili
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4000 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Colantuono A, Ferracane R, Vitaglione P. Potential bioaccessibility and functionality of polyphenols and cynaropicrin from breads enriched with artichoke stem. Food Chem 2017; 245:838-844. [PMID: 29287449 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an artichoke stem powder (ASP) was used at three concentrations (3%, 6% and 9%) in the formulation of new breads. The bioaccessibility of polyphenols and cynaropicrin from the ASP-enriched breads was evaluated in vitro by using a digestion model combined to high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The overall total antioxidant capacity of the bioaccessible and unsolubilized fractions obtained during the intestinal steps and the potential ability to modulate α-glucosidase activity were tested. Data showed that 82% of totally bioaccessible polyphenols and 74% of cynaropicrin were released during the duodenal digestion whereas 88% of caffeic acid was released in the colon step. The antioxidant capacity and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the duodenal extract correlated with the amount of ASP in the bread. Data demonstrated that ASP might be a valuable functional ingredient to create a reducing environment in the intestine and to partially modulate glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Colantuono
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy.
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Anti-trypanosomal cadinanes synthesized by transannular cyclization of the natural sesquiterpene lactone nobilin. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1521-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Thormann U, Hänggi R, Kreuter M, Imanidis G. Membrane transport of nobilin conjugation products and use of the extract of Chamomillae romanae flos influence absorption of nobilin in the Caco-2 model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 70:92-106. [PMID: 25477003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the role of bioconjugation and carrier mediated efflux of conjugation products in the absorption mechanism of the sesquiterpene lactone nobilin in the Caco-2 model in vitro and to elucidate the impact of the extract of Chamomillae romanae flos and its ingredients on absorption. Transport experiments with inhibitors of P-gp, BCRP, and MRPs were performed to detect efflux and its connection to bioconversion and the effect of different ingredients of the plant extract on absorption processes was determined. Permeability, transport and bioconversion parameter values were deduced by kinetic multi-compartment modeling. Nobilin exhibited high permeability, low relative absorption and fast bioconversion producing glucuronide, cysteine conjugate, and glutathione conjugate that were transported by P-gp (the first two), apical MRP2 and basal MRP3 and possibly MRP1 out of the cell. Inhibition of efflux resulted in diminished bioconjugation and improved absorption. The extract increased the relative fraction absorbed primarily by directly inhibiting bioconversion, and by reducing efflux. Individual extract ingredients could only partly explain this effect. Extensive bioconversion, hence, limited absorption of nobilin in the Caco-2 model and the interplay between conjugation and efflux was shown to provide a possible mechanism for absorption increase. Plant extract increased absorption by this mechanism in addition to metabolic enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Thormann
- Institute of Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Hänggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuter
- Alpinia Laudanum Institute of Phytopharmaceutical Sciences AG, Walenstadt, Switzerland
| | - G Imanidis
- Institute of Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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