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Kua JM, Azizi MMF, Abdul Talib MA, Lau HY. Adoption of analytical technologies for verification of authenticity of halal foods - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1906-1932. [PMID: 36252206 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2134591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Halal authentication has become essential in the food industry to ensure food is free from any prohibited ingredients according to Islamic law. Diversification of food origin and adulteration issues have raised concerns among Muslim consumers. Therefore, verification of food constituents and their quality is paramount. From conventional methods based on physical and chemical properties, various diagnostic methods have emerged relying on protein or DNA measurements. Protein-based methods that have been used in halal detection including electrophoresis, chromatographic-based methods, molecular spectroscopy and immunoassays. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are DNA-based techniques that possess better accuracy and sensitivity. Biosensors are miniatured devices that operate by converting biochemical signals into a measurable quantity. CRISPR-Cas is one of the latest novel emerging nucleic acid detection tools in halal food analysis as well as quantification of stable isotopes method for identification of animal species. Within this context, this review provides an overview of the various techniques in halal detection along with their advantages and limitations. The future trend and growth of detection technologies are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Mie Kua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Afendy Abdul Talib
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Han Yih Lau
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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A quantitative mass spectrometry method to differentiate bovine and ovine heparins from pharmaceutical porcine heparin. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kouta A, Hoppensteadt D, Bontekoe E, Jeske W, Duff R, Cera L, Fareed J. Studies on Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Antigen Release by Bovine, Ovine and Porcine Heparins Following Intravenous Administration to Non-Human Primates. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 26:1076029620951851. [PMID: 33034200 PMCID: PMC7549172 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620951851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that
consists of repeating disaccharides, containing iduronic acid (or
glucuronic acid) and glucosamine, exhibiting variable degrees of
sulfation. UFHs release tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) which
inhibits the extrinsic pathway of coagulation by inactivating factor
Xa and the factor VIIa/TF complex. Most heparins used clinically are
derived from porcine intestinal mucosa however, heparins can also be
derived from tissues of bovine and ovine origin. Currently there are
some concerns about the shortage of the porcine heparins as they are
widely used in the manufacturing of the low molecular weight heparins
(LMWHs). Moreover, due to cultural and religious reasons in some
countries, alternative sources of heparins are needed. Bovine mucosal
heparins (BMH) are currently being developed for re-introduction to
the US market for both medical and surgical indications. Compared to
porcine mucosal heparin (PMH), BMH exhibits a somewhat weaker
anti-coagulant activity. In this study, we determined the TFPI antigen
level following administration of various dosages of UFHs from
different origins. These studies demonstrated that IV administration
of equigravemetric dosages of PMH and ovine mucosal heparin (OMH) to
non-human primates resulted in comparable TFPI antigen release from
endothelial cells. In addition, the levels of TFPI were significantly
higher than TFPI antigen levels observed after BMH administration.
Potency adjusted dosing resulted in comparable TFPI release profiles
for all 3 heparins. Therefore, such dosing may provide uniform levels
of anticoagulation for the parenteral indications for UFHs. These
observations warrant further clinical validation in specific
indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kouta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Emily Bontekoe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Richard Duff
- Comparative Medicine Facility, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lee Cera
- Comparative Medicine Facility, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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4
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Kouta A, Jeske W, Cera L, Farshid A, Duff R, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J. Protamine Sulfate Neutralization Profile of Various Dosages of Bovine, Ovine and Porcine UFHs and Their Depolymerized Derivatives in Non-Human Primates. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211005544. [PMID: 33926250 PMCID: PMC8114756 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211005544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently used unfractionated heparins (UFHs) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. However, heparins have also been manufactured from tissues of other mammalian species such as cow (Bovine) and sheep (Ovine). Protamine sulphate (PS) is an effective inhibitor of heparin and is used clinically to neutralize both LMWH and UFH. In this study, we determined the PS neutralization profile of these agents in non-human primate model using anti-Xa and anti-IIa methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS UFHs obtained from bovine, ovine and porcine mucosal tissues and their respective depolymerized LMWHs were administered at both, gravimetric (0.5 mg/kg) and potency adjusted (100 U/kg) dosages regimen intravenously to individual groups of primates in cross over studies. PS was administered at a fixed dosage and the relative neutralization of these anticoagulants was measured utilizing amidolytic anti-Xa and anti-IIa methods. RESULTS These studies have demonstrated that, the equi-gravimetric dosages of BMH, PMH and OMH have comparable PS neutralization profiles. At potency adjusted dosages, all UFHs were completely neutralized by PS. Although comparable, the LMWHs were not fully neutralized by PS in both the anti-Xa and anti-IIa assays. PS was more efficient in neutralizing the anti-IIa effects of LMWHs. CONCLUSION Heparins of diverse origins showed comparable neutralization profiles by PS in the amidolytic anti-Xa and anti-IIa assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kouta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lee Cera
- Comparative Medical Facility, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Azarfrooz Farshid
- Comparative Medical Facility, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Richard Duff
- Comparative Medical Facility, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 2456Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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5
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Baytas SN, Varghese SS, Jin W, Yu Y, He P, Douaisi M, Zhang F, Brodfuehrer P, Xia K, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Preparation of Low Molecular Weight Heparin from a Remodeled Bovine Intestinal Heparin. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2242-2253. [PMID: 33586962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine intestinal heparins are structurally distinct from porcine intestinal heparins and exhibit lower specific anticoagulant activity (units/mg). The reduced content of N-sulfo, 3-O-sulfo glucosamine, the central and critical residue in heparin's antithrombin III binding site, is responsible for bovine intestinal heparin's reduced activity. Previous studies demonstrate that treatment of bovine intestinal heparin with 3-O-sulfotransferase in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate afforded remodeled bovine heparin with an enhanced activity reaching the United States Pharmacopeia's requirements. Starting from this remodeled bovine intestinal heparin, we report the preparation of a bovine intestinal low molecular weight heparin having the same structural properties and anti-factor IIa and anti-factor Xa activities of Enoxaparin. Moreover, this bovine intestinal heparin-derived "Enoxaparin" showed comparable platelet factor-4 binding affinity, suggesting that it should exhibit similarly low levels of heparin induced thrombocytopeneia, HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan N Baytas
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, 06330, Turkey
| | - Sony S Varghese
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Weihua Jin
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Marc Douaisi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Paul Brodfuehrer
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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6
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Kouta A, Jeske W, Hoppensteadt D, Iqbal O, Yao Y, Fareed J. Comparative Pharmacological Profiles of Various Bovine, Ovine, and Porcine Heparins. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 25:1076029619889406. [PMID: 31793333 PMCID: PMC7019494 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619889406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin is the first anticoagulant drug and has been successfully used clinically for over 80 years. Heparin and its analogues are used during surgery and dialysis and are often used to coat indwelling catheters and other devices where the vascular system is exposed. Most of the heparins used clinically are derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. However, heparins have also been manufactured from tissues of other mammalian species such as cows and sheep. Recently there have been attempts to generate bioengineered heparin in order to overcome contamination and antigenicity problems. Currently there are some concerns about the shortage of the porcine heparins as they are widely used in the manufacturing of the low-molecular-weight heparins. Moreover, due to cultural and religious reasons in some countries, alternative sources of heparins are needed. The Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies have considered alternative sourcing of heparin for potential substitution of porcine heparin and are currently reviewing this matter. Numerous studies are ongoing to understand the structure-activity relationships of these various heparins. In this article, heparins from different animal sources were studied to determine the extent of biosimilarity between them. For these investigations, 10 batches each of bovine mucosal heparin (BMH), ovine mucosal heparin (OMH), and porcine mucosal heparin (PMH) were studied. These studies have demonstrated that OMH and PMH have comparable anticoagulant and antiproteases activities. However, BMH exhibited somewhat a lower potency compared to OMH and PMH in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kouta
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Omer Iqbal
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Jawed Fareed
- Health Sciences Division, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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7
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Ouyang Y, Han X, Yu Y, Chen J, Fu L, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, Jeske W, Kouta A, Zhang Z, Xia K. Chemometric analysis of porcine, bovine and ovine heparins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:345-352. [PMID: 30428408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a polysaccharide anticoagulant drug isolated from animal tissues. There have been concerns on the safety and security of the heparin supply chain since 2007-8 when a contamination crisis led to its disruption. The current study applies a suite of modern analytical techniques to porcine, bovine and ovine intestinal mucosal heparins. These techniques include structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, disaccharide compositional analysis, bottom-up analysis of tetrasaccharides corresponding to heparin's antithrombin III binding site. Chemometric analysis was then applied to understand how these structural differences to predict the animal/tissue source of heparin and to help detect blending of heparins from various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China; Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jianle Chen
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed Kouta
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
| | - Ke Xia
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical, Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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8
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW, Fareed J. Authentication of animal origin of heparin and low molecular weight heparin including ovine, porcine and bovine species using 1D NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Zachleder V, Vítová M, Hlavová M, Moudříková Š, Mojzeš P, Heumann H, Becher JR, Bišová K. Stable isotope compounds - production, detection, and application. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:784-797. [PMID: 29355599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotopes are used in wide fields of application from natural tracers in biology, geology and archeology through studies of metabolic fluxes to their application as tracers in quantitative proteomics and structural biology. We review the use of stable isotopes of biogenic elements (H, C, N, O, S, Mg, Se) with the emphasis on hydrogen and its heavy isotope deuterium. We will discuss the limitations of enriching various compounds in stable isotopes when produced in living organisms. Finally, we overview methods for measuring stable isotopes, focusing on methods for detection in single cells in situ and their exploitation in modern biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilém Zachleder
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Hlavová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Moudříková
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mojzeš
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kateřina Bišová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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10
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Fu L, Li K, Mori D, Hirakane M, Lin L, Grover N, Datta P, Yu Y, Zhao J, Zhang F, Yalcin M, Mousa SA, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Enzymatic Generation of Highly Anticoagulant Bovine Intestinal Heparin. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8673-8679. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Murat Yalcin
- The Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
- Department
of Physiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Uludag University, Gorukle 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
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11
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Abstract
Heparin, the widely used anticoagulant drug, is unusual among major pharmaceutical agents being neither single chemical entity nor a defined mixture of compounds. Its composition, while conforming to approximate average disaccharide composition or sulfation levels, exhibits heterogeneity and variability depending on the source, as well as its geographical origin. Furthermore, individual polysaccharide chains, whose physico-chemical properties are extremely similar, cannot be separated with current state-of-the-art techniques, presenting a challenge to those interested in the quality control of heparin, in ensuring its provenance and safety, and those with an interest in investigating the relationships between its structure and biological activity. The review consists of two main sections: The first is the Introduction, comprising (i) The History, Occurrence and Use of Heparin and (ii) Approaches to Structure-Activity Relationships. The second section is Improved Techniques for Structural Analysis, comprising; (i) Separation and Identification, (ii) Spectroscopic Methods, (iii) Enzymatic Approaches and (iv) Other Physico-Chemical Approaches. The ~60 references cover recent technological advances in the study of heparin structural analysis, largely since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZBUK.
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZBUK; National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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12
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Rezende JCR, Sartori MMP, Sartori JR, Ducatti C, Denadai JC, Pezzato AC. Assessment of tissue development in fattening quails using the stable isotope technique. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:e427-e435. [PMID: 28045206 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the behaviour of tissue renewal in blood, pectoral muscle and keel of fattening quails during their growth and adulthood through carbon-13 turnover using the stable isotope technique. Three hundred male European quails were randomly subjected to six treatments. Diets fed to animals were initially based on corn and soybean meal and were replaced at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of age with diets of rice grits and soybean meal. These diets have distinct isotopic signals and over time it changes; the tissue will incorporate dietary signal, and then, we can measure the return time for each tissue in each age. Treatments were T1 (0 to 21 days), T2 (7 to 35 days), T3 (14 to 42 days), T4 (21 to 56 days), T5 (28 to 63 days) and T6 (35 to 70 days). Carbon-13 turnover in tissues of the birds at the above-mentioned time periods was calculated using the first-order exponential function. The values of half-lives were 2.6, 3.6, 5.4, 6.3, 9.0 and 9.8 days for blood and 2.0, 1.7, 4.8, 6.7, 6.9 and 6.6 days for pectoral muscle in treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 respectively. The half-lives for the keel in treatments T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 were 2.0, 5.4, 7.7, 8.9 and 15 days respectively. Thus, half-life in sampled tissues generally increased with age of birds. Initially, the tissue half-lives are influenced by growth, and at the end of the growth cycle, the breast muscle tissue was the most metabolically active in either periods, followed by blood and the keel. All tissues showed a sigmoidal growth curve, which can be confirmed by half-life as a function of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C R Rezende
- Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - M M P Sartori
- Agronomic Sciences School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - J R Sartori
- Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - C Ducatti
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - J C Denadai
- Agronomic Sciences School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - A C Pezzato
- Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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13
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW. Combining 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate regression techniques to quantitatively determine falsification of porcine heparin with bovine species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:543-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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