1
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Kim D, Jang S, Kim IW. Eutectic Formation of Naproxen with Some Dicarboxylic Acids. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2081. [PMID: 34959361 PMCID: PMC8706014 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutectic formation with additives is one of the established methods to improve the dissolution behaviors of active pharmaceutic ingredients (APIs). The improvement is mainly due to the increase in the surface area for dissolution, which originates from the finely divided micro-domains generated through the phase separation of the miscible liquid components upon solidification. The present study is to identify eutectic-forming additives for naproxen (NPX), a class II API of the biopharmaceutical classification system. A particular aim was to develop a eutectic mixture with NPX at least over 20 wt%, a minimum to be practical for oral delivery. Screening based on the proximity of the solubility parameter values identified dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid, glutaric acid, and suberic acid) as desirable additives for NPX. Binary melting diagrams were constructed to confirm the eutectic compositions, and the eutectic mixture with suberic acid (NPX 55 wt%) was further investigated. The dissolution (at pH 5.0) of the melt crystallized eutectics was enhanced compared to the simple physical mixture of the same compositions and neat NPX, which was attributed to the microscopically observed lamellar structures. The current study should support the systematic investigations of API eutectic mixtures by selecting appropriate eutectic-forming additives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Il Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea; (D.K.); (S.J.)
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2
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Obtaining Cocrystals by Reaction Crystallization Method: Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060898. [PMID: 34204318 PMCID: PMC8234160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystals have gained attention in the pharmaceutical industry due to their ability to improve solubility, stability, in vitro dissolution rate, and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Conceptually, cocrystals are multicomponent solids that contain two or more neutral molecules in stoichiometric amounts within the same crystal lattice. There are several techniques for obtaining cocrystals described in the literature; however, the focus of this article is the Reaction Crystallization Method (RCM). This method is based on the generation of a supersaturated solution with respect to the cocrystal, while this same solution is saturated or unsaturated with respect to the components of the cocrystal individually. The advantages of the RCM compared with other cocrystallization techniques include the ability to form cocrystals without crystallization of individual components, applicability to the development of in situ techniques for the screening of high quality cocrystals, possibility of large-scale production, and lower cost in both time and materials. An increasing number of scientific studies have demonstrated the use of RCM to synthesize cocrystals, mainly for drugs belonging to class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. The promising results obtained by RCM have demonstrated the applicability of the method for obtaining pharmaceutical cocrystals that improve the biopharmaceutical characteristics of drugs.
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3
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Kim H, Jang S, Kim IW. Enhanced Dissolution of Naproxen by Combining Cocrystallization and Eutectic Formation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:618. [PMID: 33923065 PMCID: PMC8145234 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving dissolution properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a critical step in drug development with the increasing occurrence of sparingly soluble APIs. Cocrystal formation is one of the methods to alter the physicochemical properties of APIs, but its dissolution behavior in biorelevant media has been scrutinized only in recent years. We investigated the combined strategy of cocrystallization and eutectic formation in this regard and utilized the cocrystal model system of naproxen and three pyridinecarboxamide isomers. Binary melting diagrams were constructed to discover the eutectic compositions of the three cocrystals with excess amounts of pyridinecarboxamides. The melt-crystallized eutectics and cocrystals were compared in their dissolution behaviors with respect to neat naproxen. The eutectics enhanced the early dissolution rates of the cocrystals in both the absence and presence of biologically relevant bile salt and phospholipid components, whereas the cocrystal dissolution was expedited and delayed, respectively. The combined strategy in the present study will be advantageous in maximizing the utility of the pharmaceutical cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Il Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea; (H.K.); (S.J.)
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4
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Zhao C, Li W, Li Z, Hu W, Zhang S, Wu S. Preparation and solid-state characterization of dapsone pharmaceutical cocrystals through the supramolecular synthon strategy. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00945a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the design concept of supramolecular synthons, “–NH2⋯Npyridine” was used to prepare cocrystals of DAP: (1 : 1) and (2 : 1) DAP-PYR, which could be transformed into each other by mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wanya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- North China Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Suoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- North China Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Songgu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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5
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Ban E, An SH, Park B, Park M, Yoon NE, Jung BH, Kim A. Improved Solubility and Oral Absorption of Emodin-Nicotinamide Cocrystal Over Emodin with PVP as a Solubility Enhancer and Crystallization Inhibitor. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3660-3667. [PMID: 32987091 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emodin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. However, its poor water solubility limits development into a pharmaceutical product. Although an emodin-nicotinamide cocrystal (ENC) with improved dissolution rate was proposed as a potential candidate, crystallization back to emodin after dissolution diminished the advantage of the cocrystal approach. The objectives of this study were to identify a crystallization inhibitor to maintain the emodin supersaturation generated by ENC dissolution, and to examine its effect on oral pharmacokinetics of ENC. Among various polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) was the most effective solubilizer and crystallization inhibitor. The solubility of ENC in a simulated intestinal fluid containing 1.5% PVP was 2-fold higher than that of emodin. However, comparison of oral pharmacokinetics in rats between ENC and emodin did not reflect such improved solubility of ENC in vitro relative to emodin. Instead, the plasma concentrations of a major metabolite of emodin showed a positive correlation with in vitro dissolution results, suggesting rapid gastrointestinal metabolism of emodin during absorption. In conclusion, PVP contributes to enhanced dissolution rates of ENC and inhibits crystallization of emodin in vivo, so that more metabolites can be formed and absorbed. Therefore, a metabolism inhibitor would be necessary to improve the oral bioavailability of emodin further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Ban
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Seongnam 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon An
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Seongnam 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Boosung Park
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Seongnam 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Park
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Seongnam 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Eun Yoon
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Jung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Seongnam 463-400, Republic of Korea.
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6
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The role of pH and dose/solubility ratio on cocrystal dissolution, drug supersaturation and precipitation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105422. [PMID: 32531350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystals that are more soluble than the constituent drug, generate supersaturation levels during dissolution and are predisposed to conversion to the less soluble drug. Drug release studies during cocrystal dissolution generally compare several cocrystals and their crystal structures. However, the influence of drug dose and solubility in different dissolution media has been scarcely reported. The present study aims to investigate how drug dose/solubility ratio (Do=Cdose/Sdrug), cocrystal solubility advantage over drug (SA=Scocrystal/Sdrug), and dissolution media affect cocrystal dissolution-drug supersaturation and precipitation (DSP) behavior. SA and Ksp values of 1:1 cocrystals of meloxicam-salicylic acid (MLX-SLC) and meloxicam-maleic acid (MLX-MLE) were determined at cocrystal/drug eutectic points. Results demonstrate that both cocrystals enhance SA by orders of magnitude (20 to 100 times for the SLC and over 300 times for the MLE cocrystal) in the pH range of 1.6 to 6.5. It is shown that during dissolution, cocrystals regulate the interfacial pH (pHint) to 1.6 for MLX-MLE and 4.5 for MLX-SLC, therefore diminishing the cocrystal dissolution rate dependence on bulk pH. Do values ranged from 2 (pH 6.5) to 410 (pH 1.6) and were mostly determined by the drug solubility dependence on pH. Drug release profiles show that maximum supersaturation (σmax=Cmax/Sdrug)and AUC increased with increasing Do as pH decreased. When Do>>SA, the cocrystal solubility is not sufficient to dissolve the dose so that a dissolution-precipitation quasi-equilibrium state is able to sustain supersaturation for the extent of the experiment (24 h). When Do<<SA, cocrystal solubility is more than adequate to dissolve the dose. Low σmax values (1.7 and 1.5) near the value of Do (2.3 and 2.4) were observed, where a large fraction of the cocrystal added is dissolved to reach σmax. Two different cocrystal to drug conversion pathways were observed: (1) surface nucleation of the metastable MLX polymorph IV on the dissolving cocrystal preceeded formation of the stable MLX polymorph I in bulk solution (in all conditions without FeSSIF), and (2) bulk nucleation of the stable MLX polymorph (in FeSSIF). The interplay between cocrystal SA, Do, and drug precipitation pathways provide a framework to interpret and understand the DSP behavior of cocrystals.
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7
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Alvani A, Jouyban A, Shayanfar A. The effect of surfactant and polymer on solution stability and solubility of tadalafil-methylparaben cocrystal. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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do Amaral LH, do Carmo FA, Amaro MI, de Sousa VP, da Silva LCRP, de Almeida GS, Rodrigues CR, Healy AM, Cabral LM. Development and Characterization of Dapsone Cocrystal Prepared by Scalable Production Methods. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2687-2699. [PMID: 29968042 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the formation of caffeine/dapsone (CAF/DAP) cocrystals by scalable production methods, such as liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) and spray drying, was investigated in the context of the potential use of processed cocrystal powder for pulmonary delivery. A CAF/DAP cocrystal (1:1 M ratio) was successfully prepared by slow evaporation from both acetone and ethyl acetate. Acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were all successfully used to prepare cocrystals by LAG and spray drying. The powders obtained were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Laser diffraction analysis indicated a median particle size (D50) for spray-dried powders prepared from acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate of 5.4 ± 0.7, 5.2 ± 0.1, and 5.1 ± 0.0 μm respectively, which are appropriate sizes for pulmonary delivery by means of a dry powder inhaler. The solubility of the CAF/DAP cocrystal in phosphate buffer pH 7.4, prepared by spray drying using acetone, was 506.5 ± 31.5 μg/mL, while pure crystalline DAP had a measured solubility of 217.1 ± 7.8 μg/mL. In vitro cytotoxicity studies using Calu-3 cells indicated that the cocrystals were not toxic at concentrations of 0.1 and of 1 mM of DAP, while an in vitro permeability study suggested caffeine may contribute to the permeation of DAP by hindering the efflux effect. The results obtained indicate that the CAF/DAP cocrystal, particularly when prepared by the spray drying method, represents a possible suitable approach for inhalation formulations with applications in pulmonary pathologies.
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9
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Sathisaran I, Dalvi SV. Engineering Cocrystals of PoorlyWater-Soluble Drugs to Enhance Dissolution in Aqueous Medium. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E108. [PMID: 30065221 PMCID: PMC6161265 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II and IV drugs suffer from poor aqueous solubility and hence low bioavailability. Most of these drugs are hydrophobic and cannot be developed into a pharmaceutical formulation due to their poor aqueous solubility. One of the ways to enhance the aqueous solubility of poorlywater-soluble drugs is to use the principles of crystal engineering to formulate cocrystals of these molecules with water-soluble molecules (which are generally called coformers). Many researchers have shown that the cocrystals significantly enhance the aqueous solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this review, we present a consolidated account of reports available in the literature related to the cocrystallization of poorly water-soluble drugs. The current practice to formulate new drug cocrystals with enhanced solubility involves a lot of empiricism. Therefore, in this work, attempts have been made to understand a general framework involved in successful (and unsuccessful) cocrystallization events which can yield different solid forms such as cocrystals, cocrystal polymorphs, cocrystal hydrates/solvates, salts, coamorphous solids, eutectics and solid solutions. The rationale behind screening suitable coformers for cocrystallization has been explained based on the rules of five i.e., hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding (and in general non-covalent bonding), length of carbon chain, molecular recognition points and coformer aqueous solubility. Different techniques to screen coformers for effective cocrystallization and methods to synthesize cocrystals have been discussed. Recent advances in technologies for continuous and solvent-free production of cocrystals have also been discussed. Furthermore, mechanisms involved in solubilization of these solid forms and the parameters influencing dissolution and stability of specific solid forms have been discussed. Overall, this review provides a consolidated account of the rationale for design of cocrystals, past efforts, recent developments and future perspectives for cocrystallization research which will be extremely useful for researchers working in pharmaceutical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Sathisaran
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India.
| | - Sameer Vishvanath Dalvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India.
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10
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Avdeef A. Cocrystal Solubility Product Prediction Using an in combo Model and Simulations to Improve Design of Experiments. Pharm Res 2018; 35:40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Plum J, Madsen CM, Teleki A, Bevernage J, da Costa Mathews C, Karlsson EM, Carlert S, Holm R, Müller T, Matthews W, Sayers A, Ojala K, Tsinsman K, Lingamaneni R, Bergström CAS, Rades T, Müllertz A. Investigation of the Intra- and Interlaboratory Reproducibility of a Small Scale Standardized Supersaturation and Precipitation Method. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4161-4169. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Plum
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie M Madsen
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Analytical
Research and Development, H.Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Teleki
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Bevernage
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Eva M Karlsson
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sara Carlert
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rene Holm
- Biologics
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, H.Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Müller
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany
| | - Wayne Matthews
- Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Sayers
- Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Rades
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bioneer:FARMA, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Berry DJ, Steed JW. Pharmaceutical cocrystals, salts and multicomponent systems; intermolecular interactions and property based design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:3-24. [PMID: 28344021 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As small molecule drugs become harder to develop and less cost effective for patient use, efficient strategies for their property improvement become increasingly important to global health initiatives. Improvements in the physical properties of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), without changes in the covalent chemistry, have long been possible through the application of binary component solids. This was first achieved through the use of pharmaceutical salts, within the last 10-15years with cocrystals and more recently coamorphous systems have also been consciously applied to this problem. In order to rationally discover the best multicomponent phase for drug development, intermolecular interactions need to be considered at all stages of the process. This review highlights the current thinking in this area and the state of the art in: pharmaceutical multicomponent phase design, the intermolecular interactions in these phases, the implications of these interactions on the material properties and the pharmacokinetics in a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Berry
- Durham University, Division of Pharmacy, Queen's Campus, Stockton on Tees, TS17 6BH, UK.
| | - Jonathan W Steed
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, University Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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13
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Avdeef A. Cocrystal solubility product analysis - Dual concentration-pH mass action model not dependent on explicit solubility equations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 110:2-18. [PMID: 28392495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel general computational approach is described to address many aspects of cocrystal (CC) solubility product (Ksp) determination of drug substances. The CC analysis program, pDISOL-X, was developed and validated with published model systems of various acid-base combinations of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and coformers: (i) carbamazepine cocrystal systems with 4-aminobenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, saccharin, and salicylic acid, (ii) for indomethacin with saccharin, (iii) for nevirapine with maleic acid, saccharin, and salicylic acid, and (iv) for gabapentin with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. In all systems but gabapentin, the coformer is much more soluble than the API. The model systems selected are those with available published dual concentration-pH data, one set for the API and one set for the coformer, generally measured at eutectic points (thermodynamically-stable three phases: solution, cocrystal, and crystalline API or coformer). The carbamazepine-cinnamic acid CC showed a substantial elevation in the API equilibrium concentration above pH5, consistent with the formation of a complex between carbamazepine and cinnamate anion. The analysis of the gabapentin:3-hydroxybenzoic acid 1:1 CC system indicated four zones of solid suspensions: coformer (pH<3.25), coformer and cocrystal eutectic (pH3.25-4.44), cocrystal (pH4.44-5.62), and API (pH>5.62). The general approach allows for testing of many possible equilibrium models, including those comprising drug-coformer complexation. The program calculates the ionic strength at each pH. From this, the equilibrium constants are adjusted for activity effects, based on the Stokes-Robinson hydration theory. The complete speciation analysis of the CC systems may provide useful insights into pH-sensitive dissolution effects that could potentially influence bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue #102, New York, NY 10128, USA.
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14
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Dalpiaz A, Pavan B, Ferretti V. Can pharmaceutical co-crystals provide an opportunity to modify the biological properties of drugs? Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1134-1138. [PMID: 28130117 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly soluble and/or permeable molecules jeopardize the discovery and development of innovative medicines. Pharmaceutical co-crystals, formed by an active pharmaceutical substance (API) and a co-crystal former, can show enhanced dissolution and permeation values compared with those of the parent crystalline pure phases. It is currently assumed that co-crystallization with pharmaceutical excipients does not affect the pharmacological activity of an API or, indeed, might even improve physical properties such as solubility and permeability. However, as we highlight here, the biological behavior of co-crystals can differ drastically with respect to that of their parent physical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Valeria Ferretti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Kale DP, Zode SS, Bansal AK. Challenges in Translational Development of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:457-470. [PMID: 27914793 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last 2 decades have witnessed increased research in the area of cocrystals resulting in deeper scientific understanding, increase in intellectual property landscape, and evolution in the regulatory environment. Pharmaceutical cocrystals have received significant attention as a new solid form on account of their ability to modulate poor physicochemical properties of drug molecules. However, pharmaceutical development of cocrystals could be challenging, thus limiting their translation into viable drug products. In the present commentary, the role of cocrystals in the modulation of material properties and challenges involved in the pharmaceutical development of cocrystals have been discussed. The major hurdles encountered in the development of cocrystals such as safety of coformers, unpredictable performance during dissolution and solubility in different media, difficulties in establishing in vitro-in vivo correlation, and polymorphism have been extensively discussed. The influence of selecting appropriate formulation and process design on these challenges has been discussed. Finally, a brief outline of cocrystals that are undergoing clinical development has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar P Kale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sandeep S Zode
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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16
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Kuminek G, Cao F, Bahia de Oliveira da Rocha A, Gonçalves Cardoso S, Rodríguez-Hornedo N. Cocrystals to facilitate delivery of poorly soluble compounds beyond-rule-of-5. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:143-166. [PMID: 27137109 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Besides enhancing aqueous solubilities, cocrystals have the ability to fine-tune solubility advantage over drug, supersaturation index, and bioavailability. This review presents important facts about cocrystals that set them apart from other solid-state forms of drugs, and a quantitative set of rules for the selection of additives and solution/formulation conditions that predict cocrystal solubility, supersaturation index, and transition points. Cocrystal eutectic constants are shown to be the most important cocrystal property that can be measured once a cocrystal is discovered, and simple relationships are presented that allow for prediction of cocrystal behavior as a function of pH and drug solubilizing agents. Cocrystal eutectic constant is a stability or supersatuation index that: (a) reflects how close or far from equilibrium a cocrystal is, (b) establishes transition points, and (c) provides a quantitative scale of cocrystal true solubility changes over drug. The benefit of this strategy is that a single measurement, that requires little material and time, provides a principled basis to tailor cocrystal supersaturation index by the rational selection of cocrystal formulation, dissolution, and processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Kuminek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, MI, USA
| | - Fengjuan Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, MI, USA
| | | | - Simone Gonçalves Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Naír Rodríguez-Hornedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, MI, USA
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Kuminek G, Rodríguez-Hornedo N, Siedler S, Rocha HVA, Cuffini SL, Cardoso SG. How cocrystals of weakly basic drugs and acidic coformers might modulate solubility and stability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5832-5. [PMID: 27042997 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00898d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals of a weakly basic drug (nevirapine) with acidic coformers are shown to alter the solubility dependence on pH, and to exhibit a pHmax above which a less soluble cocrystal becomes more soluble than the drug. The cocrystal solubility advantage can be dialed up or down by solution pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kuminek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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