Influence of environment and substituents on the stability of the radical cations of several phenothiazine derivatives

Redox active mesoporous hybrid materials by in situ syntheses with urea-linked triethoxysilylated phenothiazines

Triethoxysilyl functionalized phenothiazinyl ureas were synthesized and immobilized by in situ synthesis into mesoporous hybrid materials. The designed precursor molecules influence the structure of the final materials and the intermolecular distance of the phenothiazines. XRD and N(2) adsorption measurements indicate the presence of highly ordered two-dimensional hexagonally structured functional materials, while the incorporation of the organic compounds in the solid materials was proved by means of (13)C and (29)Si solid state NMR spectroscopy as well as by FT-IR spectroscopy. Upon oxidation with (NO)BF(4) or SbCl(5), stable phenothiazine radical cations were generated in the pores of the materials, which was detected by means of UV/Vis, emission, and EPR spectroscopies.

Photochemically generated stable cation radical of phenothiazine aggregates in mildly acid buffered solutions

This work characterizes, for the first time, the photochemical behavior of the antipsychotic drugs thioridazine (TR), trifluoperazine (TFP), and fluphenazine (FP) influenced by the aggregation state of the molecules. Samples of monomeric and aggregated forms of phenothiazines were submitted to 20 min of irradiation at 254 nm for intervals of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 days. In high phenothiazine concentrations, the irradiation led to the appearance of absorbance bands in the visible region peaking at 633 nm for TR and 509 nm for FP and TFP. In the dark, at room temperature and at 4 degrees C, these bands disappeared, after approximately 15 and approximately 60 min, respectively, but reappeared after a new irradiation session. These visible bands were assigned to stable cation radicals that were characterized by direct EPR measurements and by flash photolysis. Photogenerated stable cation radicals in the phenothiazine aggregates at room temperature are formed probably due to the stacking of the thiazine phenyl moieties. For the monomeric forms of phenothiazines, the spectral changes observed during the irradiation suggested the formation of sulfoxide and hydroxylated derivates. Oxidized derivates were detected by mass spectrometry of the aggregated forms of phenothiazines (>100 microM) only in the samples irradiated for more than 20 days. In contrast, monomeric phenothiazines were totally converted to the oxidized forms after 20 min of irradiation. Surface tension measurements of phenothiazines revealed that, in concentrations above 100 microM, the drugs formed aggregates. In the case of TR, small-angle X-ray scattering measurements indicated that this compound forms large lamellar-like aggregates in aqueous solutions.