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Gressl C, Brunsteiner M, Davis A, Landis M, Pencheva K, Scrivens G, Sluggett GW, Wood GPF, Gruber-Woelfler H, Khinast JG, Paudel A. Drug–Excipient Interactions in the Solid State: The Role of Different Stress Factors. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4560-4571. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Gressl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Margaret Landis
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Process and Particle Engineering, University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G. Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Process and Particle Engineering, University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Goel A, Zhao Z, Sørensen D, Zhou J, Zhang F. Esterification of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride by citric acid in a solid dose pharmaceutical preparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:410-418. [PMID: 27474946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Esterification of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) by citric acid was observed in a solid dose pharmaceutical preparation at room temperature and accelerated stability condition (40°C/75% relative humidity). The esterification of PSE with citric acid was confirmed by a solid-state binary reaction in the presence of minor level of water at elevated temperature to generate three isomeric esters. The structures of the pseudoephedrine citric acid esters were elucidated using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Occurrence of esterification in solid state, instead of amidation which is generally more favorable than esterification, is likely due to remaining HCl salt form of solid pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to protect its amino group from amidation with citric acid. In contrast, the esterification was not observed from solution reaction between PSE and citric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Goel
- Analytical Research and Development, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, 890 Woodlawn Road West, Guelph, Ontario, N1K 1A5, Canada.
| | - Zhicheng Zhao
- Analytical Development, Johnson & Johnson Family of Consumer Companies, Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
| | - Dan Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jay Zhou
- Analytical Development, Johnson & Johnson Family of Consumer Companies, Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
| | - Fa Zhang
- Analytical Development, Johnson & Johnson Family of Consumer Companies, Skillman, NJ 08558, USA.
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Schou-Pedersen AMV, Cornett C, Nyberg N, Østergaard J, Hansen SH. Structure elucidation and quantification of impurities formed between 6-aminocaproic acid and the excipients citric acid and sorbitol in an oral solution using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Agnolet S, Jaroszewski JW, Verpoorte R, Staerk D. H NMR-based metabolomics combined with HPLC-PDA-MS-SPE-NMR for investigation of standardized Ginkgo biloba preparations. Metabolomics 2010; 6:292-302. [PMID: 20526353 PMCID: PMC2874492 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-009-0195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Commercial preparations of Ginkgo biloba are very complex mixtures prepared from raw leaf extracts by a series of extraction and prepurification steps. The pharmacological activity is attributed to a number of flavonoid glycosides and unique terpene trilactones (TTLs), with largely uncharacterized pharmacological profiles on targets involved in neurological disorders. It is therefore important to complement existing targeted analytical methods for analysis of Ginkgo biloba preparations with alternative technology platforms for their comprehensive and global characterization. In this work, (1)H NMR-based metabolomics and hyphenation of high-performance liquid chromatography, photo-diode array detection, mass spectrometry, solid-phase extraction, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HPLC-PDA-MS-SPE-NMR) were used for investigation of 16 commercially available preparations of Ginkgo biloba. The standardized extracts originated from Denmark, Italy, Sweden, and United Kingdom, and the results show that (1)H NMR spectra allow simultaneous assessment of the content as well as identity of flavonoid glycosides and TTLs based on a very simple sample-preparation procedure consisting of extraction, evaporation and reconstitution in acetone-d(6). Unexpected or unwanted extract constituents were also easily identified in the (1)H NMR spectra, which contrasts traditional methods that depend on UV absorption or MS ionizability and usually require availability of reference standards. Automated integration of (1)H NMR spectral segments (buckets or bins of 0.02 ppm width) provides relative distribution plots of TTLs based on their H-12 resonances. The present study shows that (1)H NMR-based metabolomics is an attractive method for non-selective and comprehensive analysis of Ginkgo extracts. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-009-0195-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Agnolet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jerzy W. Jaroszewski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Larsen J, Cornett C, Jaroszewski JW, Hansen SH. Reaction between drug substances and pharmaceutical excipients: formation of citric acid esters and amides of carvedilol in the solid state. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 49:11-7. [PMID: 18996664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of citric acid towards drug substances in the solid state was examined using the beta-blocker carvedilol as a model compound. The reaction mixtures were analysed by LC-MS, the reaction products were isolated by preparative HPLC, and the structures were elucidated by microprobe NMR spectroscopy. Heating a mixture of solid carvedilol and solid citric acid monohydrate for 96 h at 50 degrees C resulted in the formation of about 3% of a symmetrical ester as well as of a number of other reaction products in smaller amounts. Formation of the symmetrical ester was also observed at room temperature. At 70 degrees C, the amounts of three isomeric esters formed reached 6-8%. The minor reaction products were citric acid amides, O-acetylcarvedilol, and esters of itaconic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Larsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ballard JM, Zhu L, Nelson ED, Seburg RA. Degradation of vitamin D3 in a stressed formulation: The identification of esters of vitamin D3 formed by a transesterification with triglycerides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:142-50. [PMID: 16901672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Four unknown degradants in the LC-UV profile of a stressed experimental tablet formulation that contains vitamin D3 have been identified by a combination of Ag+-cationization electrospray ionization (ESI) LC/MS and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) LC/MS/MS. The peaks elute in the method chromatography in two pairs of two peaks. The first pair of peaks has m/z 511 while the second pair has m/z 539. The major, first peak of each set of peaks corresponds to the octanoate and decanoate ester of vitamin D3, respectively. These are formed by a transesterification with the two major fatty acid components (octanoate and decanoate) of the triglycerides present in the formulation. The formation of two degradation products with each fatty acid is due to the presence of both vitamin D3 (major component) and the isomeric pre-vitamin D3 (minor component) in the stressed formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ballard
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, United States
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Chand N, Sofia RD. Azelastine--a novel in vivo inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis: a possible mechanism of action: a mini review. J Asthma 1995; 32:227-34. [PMID: 7759463 DOI: 10.3109/02770909509089512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes have been proposed as important chemical mediators of allergic inflammation, and there is evidence that azelastine (Astelin) can affect leukotriene-mediated allergic responses. One of the enzymes required for the synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid is 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Azelastine, which is preferentially taken up by the lung and alveolar macrophages, inhibits leukotriene generation in the airways. This property of azelastine may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy in the long-term treatment and management of rhinitis and asthma. Azelastine does not directly inhibit 5-LO in disrupted murine peritoneal cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells (IC50 > 100 microM), but does have moderate 5-LO inhibitory activity in intact murine peritoneal cells (IC50 = 10 microM, 5 min) and in chopped guinea pig liver (IC50 = 14 microM, 2 hr). The generation and release of leukotrienes in human neutrophils and eosinophils is also inhibited by azelastine (IC50 = 0.9-1.1 microM). Furthermore, azelastine is a potent and specific inhibitor of allergen-induced generation of leukotrienes in the nose of the guinea pig (ID50 < 100 micrograms/kg, im, 20 min) as well as in patients with rhinitis (2 mg, po, 4 hr; ID50 < 30 micrograms/kg). Azelastine also inhibits allergen-induced, leukotriene-mediated, pyrilamine-resistant bronchoconstriction (oral ID50 = 60 micrograms/kg, 2 hr and 120 micrograms/kg, 24 hr). This profile suggests that azelastine may be a novel inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent translocation of 5-lipoxygenase from cytosol to the nuclear envelope or a FLAP inhibitor rather than a direct 5-LO inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chand
- Wallace Laboratories, Division of Carter-Wallace, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, USA
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