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Davies DW, Seo B, Park SK, Shiring SB, Chung H, Kafle P, Yuan D, Strzalka JW, Weber R, Zhu X, Savoie BM, Diao Y. Unraveling two distinct polymorph transition mechanisms in one n-type single crystal for dynamic electronics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1304. [PMID: 36944642 PMCID: PMC10030468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperativity is used by living systems to circumvent energetic and entropic barriers to yield highly efficient molecular processes. Cooperative structural transitions involve the concerted displacement of molecules in a crystalline material, as opposed to typical molecule-by-molecule nucleation and growth mechanisms which often break single crystallinity. Cooperative transitions have acquired much attention for low transition barriers, ultrafast kinetics, and structural reversibility. However, cooperative transitions are rare in molecular crystals and their origin is poorly understood. Crystals of 2-dimensional quinoidal terthiophene (2DQTT-o-B), a high-performance n-type organic semiconductor, demonstrate two distinct thermally activated phase transitions following these mechanisms. Here we show reorientation of the alkyl side chains triggers cooperative behavior, tilting the molecules like dominos. Whereas, nucleation and growth transition is coincident with increasing alkyl chain disorder and driven by forming a biradical state. We establish alkyl chain engineering as integral to rationally controlling these polymorphic behaviors for novel electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel William Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bumjoon Seo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Joellabuk-do, 55324, South Korea
| | - Stephen B Shiring
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hyunjoong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Prapti Kafle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ralph Weber
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave. M/C 251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Xu S, Snyder CR, Rowlette J, Lee YJ. Three-Dimensional Molecular Orientation Imaging of a Semicrystalline Polymer Film under Shear Deformation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xu
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jeremy Rowlette
- DRS Daylight Solutions, San Diego, California 92127, United States
| | - Young Jong Lee
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Mosquera-Vargas E, Marín C. Raman analysis of intermediate phases during melting and freezing in long-chain n-alkanes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120767. [PMID: 34952442 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Structural changes of the n-alkanes (n = 18, 20, 21, 22) have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy during the melting from solid phase to the intermediate transition phase to the molten phase. With increasing temperature docosane (C22) undergoes an orthorhombic-hexagonal (rotator, R) phase follow by an alpha (α) phase. In addition, the α phase as an intermediate transition between the solid and liquid phases is observed in heneicosane (C21). For eicosane (C20) and octadecane (C18) the transition from solid to liquid phase is almost instantaneous unlike docosane (C22) and heneicosane (C21) where the intermediate transitions are observed. During freezing from the liquid phase, the even n-alkanes show the rotator phase (R) a few degrees lower than melting and just before the crystalline solid phase. The intermediate phase transition temperature can be spectrally determined with the 1100-1350 cm-1 Raman region of the CH2 band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Mosquera-Vargas
- Grupo de Transiciones de Fase y Materiales Funcionales (GTFMF), Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia; Centro de Excelencia en Nuevos Materiales (CENM), Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360, Santiago de Cali, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Marín
- Department of Engineering Sciences & Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA.
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Blázquez-Blázquez E, Barranco-García R, Cerrada ML, Martínez JC, Pérez E. Synchrotron and Raman Study of the Rotator Phases and Polymorphism in Tricosane Paraffin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061341. [PMID: 32545732 PMCID: PMC7362007 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed study of the phase behavior of n-paraffin C23H48 has been performed by means of real-time variable-temperature experiments with synchrotron radiation. Two detectors were employed for simultaneous analysis of the small-angle (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray-scattering (WAXS) regions. This paraffin presents a very interesting phase behavior, involving two crystal polymorphs, three rotator phases and the liquid state. The Ostwald rule of stages is invoked to find similarities of the rotator phases with the eventual transient mesomorphic structure in the multistage model of polymer crystallization. That study is complemented by variable-temperature Raman experiments covering frequencies down to 150 cm−1. It was found that the low-frequency region is the most informative regarding the phase transitions, and specifically the intensity of the first overtone. From these analyses, several parameters are evaluated as function of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Blázquez-Blázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-B.); (R.B.-G.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Rosa Barranco-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-B.); (R.B.-G.); (M.L.C.)
| | - María L. Cerrada
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-B.); (R.B.-G.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Juan C. Martínez
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ernesto Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-B.); (R.B.-G.); (M.L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-1258-7577
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Jin Y, Kotula AP, Snyder CR, Hight Walker AR, Migler KB, Lee YJ. Raman Identification of Multiple Melting Peaks of Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, ‡Materials Science & Engineering Division, and §Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Anthony P. Kotula
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, ‡Materials Science & Engineering Division, and §Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, ‡Materials Science & Engineering Division, and §Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Angela R. Hight Walker
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, ‡Materials Science & Engineering Division, and §Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kalman B. Migler
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, ‡Materials Science & Engineering Division, and §Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Young Jong Lee
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, ‡Materials Science & Engineering Division, and §Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Abstract
Least squares regression is proposed as a moving-windows method for analysis of a series of spectra acquired as a function of external perturbation. The least squares moving-window (LSMW) method can be considered an extended form of the Savitzky-Golay differentiation for nonuniform perturbation spacing. LSMW is characterized in terms of moving-window size, perturbation spacing type, and intensity noise. Simulation results from LSMW are compared with results from other numerical differentiation methods, such as single-interval differentiation, autocorrelation moving-window, and perturbation correlation moving-window methods. It is demonstrated that this simple LSMW method can be useful for quantitative analysis of nonuniformly spaced spectral data with high frequency noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jong Lee
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Corsetti S, Rabl T, McGloin D, Kiefer J. Intermediate phases during solid to liquid transitions in long-chain n-alkanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:13941-13950. [PMID: 28513676 PMCID: PMC6040280 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The solid to liquid phase transition of n-alkanes with more than ten carbon atoms is an interesting phenomenon relevant to many fields, from cosmetics to automotive. Here we report Raman spectroscopy of tetradecane, pentadecane and hexadecane as a function of temperature. In order to gain information on the structural changes that the hydrocarbons undergo during melting, and to determine the temperature and the speed at which the phase change occurs, their temperature-dependent Raman spectra are acquired. The spectra are analysed not only with respect to frequency shifts, band widths, and intensity ratio of certain bands, but also using a principal component analysis. The spectroscopic data suggest that the solid to liquid phase transition in hexadecane, differently from tetradecane and pentadecane, is almost instantaneous. Tetradecane shows a slightly faster transition than pentadecane. In addition, a rotator phase as an intermediate state between the liquid and crystalline solid phases is identified in pentadecane. Different characteristic features in the solid spectra of the hydrocarbons relate tetradecane and hexadecane to a tryclinic crystalline structure, and pentadecane to an orthorhombic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Corsetti
- SUPA, School of Science & Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK.
| | - Thomas Rabl
- SUPA, School of Science & Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK. and Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - David McGloin
- SUPA, School of Science & Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK.
| | - Johannes Kiefer
- Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany and School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
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Kotula AP, Snyder CR, Migler KB. Determining conformational order and crystallinity in polycaprolactone via Raman spectroscopy. POLYMER 2017; 117:1-10. [PMID: 28824207 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a popular method for non-invasive analysis of biomaterials containing polycaprolactone in applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. However there remain fundamental challenges in interpretation of such spectra in the context of existing dielectric spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry results in both the melt and semi-crystalline states. In this work, we develop a thermodynamically informed analysis method which utilizes basis spectra - ideal spectra of the polymer chain conformers comprising the measured Raman spectrum. In polycaprolactone we identify three basis spectra in the carbonyl region; measurement of their temperature dependence shows that one is linearly proportional to crystallinity, a second correlates with dipole-dipole interactions that are observed in dielectric spectroscopy and a third which correlates with amorphous chain behavior. For other spectral regions, e.g. C-COO stretch, a comparison of the basis spectra to those from density functional theory calculations in the all-trans configuration allows us to indicate whether sharp spectral peaks can be attributed to single chain modes in the all-trans state or to crystalline order. Our analysis method is general and should provide important insights to other polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, NIST Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, NIST Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kalman B Migler
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, NIST Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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