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Boateng ID, Li F, Yang XM. Development, Validation, and Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ginkgolic Acids and Ginkgols in Ginkgo biloba. Foods 2024; 13:1250. [PMID: 38672921 PMCID: PMC11049217 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs), which comprise many phytoconstituents, also contain a toxic substance named ginkgolic acid (GA). Our previous research showed that heating could decarboxylate and degrade GA into ginkgols with high levels of bioactivity. Several methods are available to measure GA in GBLs, but no analytical method has been developed to measure ginkgols and GA simultaneously. Hence, for the first time, an HPLC-DAD method was established to simultaneously determine GA and ginkgols using acetonitrile (0.01% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v) as mobile phase A and water (0.01% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v) as mobile phase B. The gradient elution conditions were: 0-30 min, 75-90% phase A; 30-35 min, 90-90% phase A; 35-36 min, 90-75% phase A; 36-46 min, 75-75% phase A. The detection wavelength of GA and ginkgol were 210 and 270 nm, respectively. The flow rate and injection volume were 1.0 mL/min and 50 μL, respectively. The linearity was excellent (R2 > 0.999), and the RSD of the precision, stability, and repeatability of the total ginkgols was 0.20%, 2.21%, and 2.45%, respectively, in six parallel determinations. The recoveries for the low, medium, and high groups were 96.58%, 97.67%, and 101.52%, respectively. The limit of detection of ginkgol C13:0, C15:1, and C17:1 was 0.61 ppm, 0.50 ppm, and 0.06 ppm, respectively. The limit of quantification of ginkgol C13:0, C15:1, and C17:1 was 2.01 ppm, 1.65 ppm, and 0.20 ppm, respectively. Finally, this method accurately measured the GA and ginkgol content in ginkgo leaves and ginkgo tea products (ginkgo black tea, ginkgo dark tea, ginkgo white tea, and ginkgo green tea), whereas principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to help visualize the association between GA and ginkgols and five different processing methods for GBLs. Thus, this research provides an efficient and accurate quantitative method for the subsequent detection of GA and ginkgols in ginkgo tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (I.D.B.); (F.L.)
- Certified Group, 199 W Rhapsody Dr, San Antonio, TX 78216, USA
| | - Fengnan Li
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (I.D.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (I.D.B.); (F.L.)
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2
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Boateng ID. Ginkgols and bilobols in Ginkgo biloba L. A review of their extraction and bioactivities. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3211-3223. [PMID: 37190926 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (GB) has enormous bioactives with anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and immune-stimulating properties, with global sales exceeding $10 billion. The terpene trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, and C) and flavonoids (mostly quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol) have received the most significant focus in GB research to date, whereas other bioactive compounds such as ginkgols and bilobols with various bioactivities such as anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor actions have received less attention. Therefore, for the first time, this review focused on GB ginkgols, bilobols extraction, and bioactivities. This review showed that petroleum ether and acetone extraction had successfully extracted ginkgols and bilobols. Furthermore, bioactivities such as anti-tumor activity and so on have been demonstrated for ginkgols, and bilobols, providing theoretical justification for ginkgols and bilobol as raw material for nutraceuticals, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Future research could look into other biological applications (such as anti-oxidant, antitoxins, anti-radiation, anti-microbial, and antiparasite) and their applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. Besides, the primary research should be on developing green and effective methods for preparing ginkgols and bilobols and fully utilizing their pharmacological activity. This will also provide a new avenue for efficiently utilizing these bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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3
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Artico M, Roux C, Peruch F, Mingotaud AF, Montanier CY. Grafting of proteins onto polymeric surfaces: A synthesis and characterization challenge. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108106. [PMID: 36738895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review aims at answering the following question: how can a researcher be sure to succeed in grafting a protein onto a polymer surface? Even if protein immobilization on solid supports has been used industrially for a long time, hence enabling natural enzymes to serve as a powerful tool, emergence of new supports such as polymeric surfaces for the development of so-called intelligent materials requires new approaches. In this review, we introduce the challenges in grafting protein on synthetic polymers, mainly because compared to hard surfaces, polymers may be sensitive to various aqueous media, depending on the pH or reductive molecules, or may exhibit state transitions with temperature. Then, the specificity of grafting on synthetic polymers due to difference of chemical functions availability or difference of physical properties are summarized. We present next the various available routes to covalently bond the protein onto the polymeric substrates considering the functional groups coming from the monomers used during polymerization reaction or post-modification of the surfaces. We also focus our review on a major concern of grafting protein, which is avoiding the potential loss of function of the immobilized protein. Meanwhile, this review considers the different methods of characterization used to determine the grafting efficiency but also the behavior of enzymes once grafted. We finally dedicate the last part of this review to industrial application and future prospective, considering the sustainable processes based on green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Artico
- Laboratory IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - C Roux
- Laboratory IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - F Peruch
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, Pessac, France
| | - A-F Mingotaud
- Laboratory IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - C Y Montanier
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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4
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Song Y, Hu Y, Li J, Wang L, Jing W, Zhang L, Dai Y, Jia S, Meng X, Zhang H. Site-Directed Mutation of Salicylate Decarboxylase Gene and Mechanism of Ginkgo Acid Decarboxylation. Protein J 2023; 42:1-13. [PMID: 36527585 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo seed is an important Chinese medicine and food resource in China, but the toxicity of ginkgo acid in it limits its application. Previous studies have found that salicylic acid decarboxylase (Sdc) has a decarboxylation degradation effect on ginkgo acid. In order to improve the decarboxylation ability of Sdc to Ginkgo acid, 11 residues of the Sdc around the substrate (salicylic acid) were determined as mutation targets according to the analysis of crystal structure of Sdc (PDB ID:6JQX), from Trichosporon moniliiforme WU-0401, and a total of 30 single point mutant enzymes and one compound mutant enzyme were obtained. With Ginkgo acid C15:1 as the substrate, it was found from activity assay that Sdc-Y64T and Sdc-P191A had higher decarboxylation activity, which increased by 105.18% and 116.74% compared with that of wild type Sdc, respectively. The optimal pH for Sdc Y64T and Sdc-P191A to decarboxylate Ginkgo acid C15:1 was 5.5, which is the same as the wild type Sdc. The optimal temperature of Sdc-P191A was 50 °C, which was consistent with that of the wild type Sdc, but the optimal temperature of the mutant Sdc-Y64T was 40 °C, which was 10 °C lower than that of wild type Sdc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Hu
- Jining University, Xingtan Road, New District, Qufu City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiru Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Huitu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Teda Campus, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 9 of 13th Street, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Zone TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
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5
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Li F, Boateng ID, Yang X, Li Y. Extraction, Purification, and Elucidation of Six Ginkgol Homologs from Ginkgo biloba Sarcotesta and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227777. [PMID: 36431878 PMCID: PMC9699512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgols are active constituents from Ginkgo biloba L. (GB) and have pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In our previous report, only five ginkgols were separated. However, ginkgol C17:1 had two isomers, for which their separation, identification, and bioactivities have not yet been investigated. Hence, this research reports the successful isolation of six ginkgol homologs with alkyl substituents-C17:1-Δ12, C15:1-Δ8, C13:0, C17:2, C17:1-Δ10, and C15:0-for the first time using HPLC. This was followed by the identification of their chemical structures using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV), gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis. The results showed that two ginkgol isomers, C17:1-Δ12 and C17:1-Δ10, were obtained simultaneously from the ginkgol C17:1 mixture and identified entirely for the first time. That aside, the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that the six ginkgol homologs possessed significant antiproliferation effects against HGC and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the ginkgols with unsaturated side chains (C17:2, C15:1-Δ8, C17:1-Δ12, and C17:1-Δ10) exhibited more potent inhibitory effects than ginkgols with saturated side chains (C13:0, C15:0). In addition, unsaturated ginkgol C15:1-Δ8 showed the most potent cytotoxicity on HepG2 and HGC cells, of which the half-maximal inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 18.84 ± 2.58 and 13.15 ± 2.91 μM, respectively. The IC50 for HepG2 and HGC cells for the three unsaturated ginkgols (C17:1-Δ10, C17:2 and C17:1-Δ12) were ~59.97, ~60.82, and ~68.97 μM for HepG2 and ~30.97, ~33.81, and ~34.55 μM for HGC cells, respectively. Comparing the ginkgols' structure-activity relations, the findings revealed that the position and number of the double bonds of the ginkgols with 17 side chain carbons in length had no significant difference in anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengnan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Zhenjiang Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Center, Zhenjiang 212004, China
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Chen Z, Oh WD, Yap PS. Recent advances in the utilization of immobilized laccase for the degradation of phenolic compounds in aqueous solutions: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135824. [PMID: 35944673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds such as phenol, bisphenol A, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol are well known to be highly detrimental to both human and living beings. Thus, it is of critical importance that suitable remediation technologies are developed to effectively remove phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions. Biodegradation utilizing enzymatic technologies is a promising biotechnological solution to sustainably address the pollution in the aquatic environment as caused by phenolic compounds under a defined environmentally optimized strategy and thus should be investigated in great detail. This review aims to present the latest developments in the employment of immobilized laccase for the degradation of phenolic compounds in water. The review first succinctly delineates the fundamentals of biological enzyme degradation along with a critical discussion on the myriad types of laccase immobilization techniques, which include physical adsorption, ionic adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and self-immobilization. Then, this review presents the major properties of immobilized laccase, namely pH stability, thermal stability, reusability, and storage stability, as well as the degradation efficiencies and associated kinetic parameters. In addition, the optimization of the immobilized enzyme, specifically on laccase immobilization methods and multi-enzyme system are critically discussed. Finally, pertinent future perspectives are elucidated in order to significantly advance the developments of this research field to a higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wen-Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Pow-Seng Yap
- Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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7
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Medina-Castillo AL, Ruzic L, Nidetzky B, Bolivar JM. Hydrophilic Nonwoven Nanofiber Membranes as Nanostructured Supports for Enzyme Immobilization. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:6054-6066. [PMID: 35991305 PMCID: PMC9379912 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The high porosity, interconnected pore structure, and high surface area-to-volume ratio make the hydrophilic nonwoven nanofiber membranes (NV-NF-Ms) promising nanostructured supports for enzyme immobilization in different biotechnological applications. In this work, NV-NF-Ms with excellent mechanical and chemical properties were designed and fabricated by electrospinning in one step without using additives or complicated crosslinking processes after electrospinning. To do so, two types of ultrahigh-molecular-weight linear copolymers with very different mechanical properties were used. Methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (p(MMA)-co-p(HEMA)) and methyl acrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate (p(MA)-co-p(HEA)) were designed and synthesized by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (reverse-ATRP) and copper-mediated living radical polymerization (Cu0-MC-LRP), respectively. The copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and by triple detection gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The polarity, topology, and molecular weight of the copolymers were perfectly adjusted. The polymeric blend formed by (MMA)1002-co-(HEMA)1002 (M w = 230,855 ± 7418 Da; M n = 115,748 ± 35,567 Da; PDI = 2.00) and (MA)11709-co-(HEA)7806 (M w = 1.972 × 106 ± 33,729 Da; M n = 1.395 × 106 ± 35,019 Da; PDI = 1.41) was used to manufacture (without additives or chemical crosslinking processes) hydroxylated nonwoven nanofiber membranes (NV-NF-Ms-OH; 300 nm in fiber diameter) with excellent mechanical and chemical properties. The morphology of NV-NF-Ms-OH was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The suitability for enzyme binding was proven by designing a palette of different surface functionalization to enable both reversible and irreversible enzyme immobilization. NV-NF-Ms-OH were successfully functionalized with vinyl sulfone (281 ± 20 μmol/g), carboxyl (560 ± 50 μmol/g), and amine groups (281 ± 20 μmol/g) and applied for the immobilization of two enzymes of biotechnological interest. Galactose oxidase was immobilized on vinyl sulfone-activated materials and carboxyl-activated materials, while laccase was immobilized onto amine-activated materials. These preliminary results are a promising basis for the application of nonwoven membranes in enzyme technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L. Medina-Castillo
- Nanomateriales
y Polimeros S.L. (NanoMyP®), Spin-Off Company of the University
of Granada, BIC Building,
Avd. Innovacion 1, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucija Ruzic
- Nanomateriales
y Polimeros S.L. (NanoMyP®), Spin-Off Company of the University
of Granada, BIC Building,
Avd. Innovacion 1, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- FQPIMA
Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- FQPIMA
Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Jankowska K, Su Z, Zdarta J, Jesionowski T, Pinelo M. Synergistic action of laccase treatment and membrane filtration during removal of azo dyes in an enzymatic membrane reactor upgraded with electrospun fibers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129071. [PMID: 35650748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the increasing amounts of dyes present in wastewaters and even water bodies is an emerging global problem. In this work we decided to fabricate new biosystems made of nanofiltration or ultrafiltration membranes combined with laccase entrapped between polystyrene electrospun fibers and apply them for decolorization of aqueous solutions of three azo dyes, C.I. Acid Yellow 23 (AY23), C.I. Direct Blue 71 (DB71) and C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5). Besides effective decolorization of the permeate stream, the biosystems also allowed removal of dyes from the retentate stream as a result of enzymatic action. The effect of pH and applied pressure on decolorization efficiencies was investigated, and pH 5 and pressure of 2 bar gave the highest removal efficiencies of 97% for AY23 and 100% for both DB71 and RB5 from permeate solutions while decolorization of retentate for RB5 reached 65% under these conditions. Almost 100% decolorization of all dyes was achieved after three consecutive enzyme membrane cycles. Decolorization was shown to be due to the synergistic action of membrane separation and bioconversion. The biocatalytic action also enabled significant reduction of permeate and retentate toxicity, which is one of the biggest environmental health issues for these types of streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jankowska
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan PL-60965, Poland.
| | - Ziran Su
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan PL-60965, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan PL-60965, Poland
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Process and Systems Engineering Centre (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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9
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Boateng ID. Potentialities of Ginkgo extract on toxicants, toxins, and radiation: a critical review. Food Funct 2022; 13:7960-7983. [PMID: 35801619 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01298g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to toxins is a severe threat to human health and life in today's developing and industrialized world. Therefore, identifying a protective chemical could be valuable and fascinating in this case. The purpose of this article was to bring together thorough review of studies on Ginkgo biloba to aid in the creation of ways for delivering its phytoconstituents to treat toxicants and radiation. This review gathered and evaluated studies on the defensive impact of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) against toxicities caused by toxic chemical agents (such as lead, cadmium, and aluminum), natural toxins (for example, lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity and damage, gossypol, latadenes, and lotaustralin), and radiation (for example, gamma, ultra-violet, and radio-frequency radiation). According to this review, GBE has a considerable therapeutic effect by influencing specific pathophysiological targets. Furthermore, GBE has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antigenotoxicity properties against various toxicities. These are due to flavone glycosides (primarily isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin) and terpene trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and bilobalide) that aid GBEs' neutralizing effect against radiation and toxins by acting independently or synergistically. This will serve as a reference for the functional food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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10
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Boateng ID. A critical review of current technologies used to reduce ginkgotoxin, ginkgotoxin-5'-glucoside, ginkgolic acid, allergic glycoprotein, and cyanide in Ginkgo biloba L. seed. Food Chem 2022; 382:132408. [PMID: 35176549 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba has astonished scholars globally with enormous bioactives, with sales exceeding $10 billion since 2017. The Ginkgo biloba seed (GBS) is an essential part of culinary culture. Nevertheless, toxins in fresh Ginkgo biloba seed (GBS) have limited GBSs' daily consumption. Ginkgotoxin and ginkgotoxin-5-glucoside cause poisoning, tonic-clonic convulsions, and neurotoxic effects. Ginkgolic acid causes cytotoxicity and allergies. Allergic glycoprotein in GBS causes nausea, seizures, dyspnea, mydriasis, vomiting, and bellyache. The amygdalin-derived hydrocyanic acid cause dizziness, vomiting, cramping, and sleeping disorders. Food products are frequently exposed to various processing techniques to increase food safety and functionality. As a result, this review focused on the technologies that have been used to minimize toxins in GBS. In addition, a comparison of these techniques was made based on their benefits, drawbacks, feasibility, pharmacological activities, and future direction or opportunities to improve current ones were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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11
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Boateng ID. A critical review of Ginkgolic acid in Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb). Toxicity, technologies to remove the ginkgolic acids and its promising bioactivities. Food Funct 2022; 13:9226-9242. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01827f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is high in bioactive components (over 170), which are used in food additives, medicine, cosmetics, health products, and other sectors. Nonetheless, ginkgolic acids (GAs) in...
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12
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Rather AH, Khan RS, Wani TU, Beigh MA, Sheikh FA. Overview on immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:9-33. [PMID: 34672360 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement and type of support has a significant impact on the efficiency of immobilized enzymes. 1-dimensional fibrous materials can be one of the most desirable supports for enzyme immobilization. This is due to their high surface area to volume ratio, internal porosity, ease of handling, and high mechanical stability, all of which allow a higher enzyme loading, release and finally lead to better catalytic efficiency. Fortunately, the enzymes can reside inside individual nanofibers to remain encapsulated and retain their three-dimensional structure. These properties can protect the enzyme's tolerance against harsh conditions such as pH variations and high temperature, and this can probably enhance the enzyme's stability. This review article will discuss the immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymers, which are fabricated into nanofibers by electrospinning. This technique is rapidly gaining popularity as one of the most practical ways to fibricate polymer, metal oxide, and composite micro or nanofibers. As a result, there is interest in using nanofibers to immobilize enzymes. Furthermore, present research on electrospun nanofibers for enzyme immobilization is primarily limited to the lab scale and industrial scale is still challanging. The primary future research objectives of this paper is to investigate the use of electrospun nanofibers for enzyme immobilization, which includes increasing yield to transfer biological products into commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hamid Rather
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rumysa Saleem Khan
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Taha Umair Wani
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mushtaq A Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Faheem A Sheikh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Sharma D, Saha S, Satapathy BK. Recent advances in polymer scaffolds for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 33:342-408. [PMID: 34606739 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1989569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The review provides insights into current advancements in electrospinning-assisted manufacturing for optimally designing biomedical devices for their prospective applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, sensing, and enzyme immobilization, and others. Further, the evolution of electrospinning-based hybrid biomedical devices using a combined approach of 3 D printing and/or film casting/molding, to design dimensionally stable membranes/micro-nanofibrous assemblies/patches/porous surfaces, etc. is reported. The influence of various electrospinning parameters, polymeric material, testing environment, and other allied factors on the morphological and physico-mechanical properties of electrospun (nano-/micro-fibrous) mats (EMs) and fibrous assemblies have been compiled and critically discussed. The spectrum of operational research and statistical approaches that are now being adopted for efficient optimization of electrospinning process parameters so as to obtain the desired response (physical and structural attributes) has prospectively been looked into. Further, the present review summarizes some current limitations and future perspectives for modeling architecturally novel hybrid 3 D/selectively textured structural assemblies, such as biocompatible, non-toxic, and bioresorbable mats/scaffolds/membranes/patches with apt mechanical stability, as biological substrates for various regenerative and non-regenerative therapeutic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabani K Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Current Status and Future Perspectives of Supports and Protocols for Enzyme Immobilization. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The market for industrial enzymes has witnessed constant growth, which is currently around 7% a year, projected to reach $10.5 billion in 2024. Lipases are hydrolase enzymes naturally responsible for triglyceride hydrolysis. They are the most expansively used industrial biocatalysts, with wide application in a broad range of industries. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the low stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the processes required to solve these problems are complex and lack application feasibility at the industrial scale. Emerging technologies create new materials for enzyme carriers and sophisticate the well-known immobilization principles to produce more robust, eco-friendlier, and cheaper biocatalysts. Therefore, this review discusses the trending studies and industrial applications of the materials and protocols for lipase immobilization, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it summarizes the current challenges and potential alternatives for lipases at the industrial level.
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Zhang X, Tan L, Taxipalati M, Deng L. Fabrication and characterization of fast dissolving glycerol monolaurate microemulsion encapsulated gelatin nanofibers with antimicrobial activity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5660-5670. [PMID: 33782974 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrospun fibers are a good candidate for the delivery of bioactive compounds in the food industry because of their advantages that include a tunable diameter, high porosity and a high specific surface area. In the present study, we fabricated gelatin/glycerol monolaurate (GML) microemulsion nanofibers by solubilizing GML in Tween-80 followed by mixing with gelatin solution for electrospinning. We hypothesized that the addition of GML microemulsions affects the properties of the gelatin solution and modifies the physical and antimicrobial properties of the resulting nanofibers. RESULTS Both pure gelatin solution and gelatin/GML microemulsions showed shear-thinning behavior. However, electrospinnability was not affected by the addition of GML microemulsions. A significantly higher average diameter of nanofibers (1147 nm) with 5% GML was observed compared to the gelatin fiber diameter of 560 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed hydrogen bonding between gelatin molecules and GML microemulsions. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction indicated an amorphous structure of gelatin/GML microemulsion nanofibers, although a small amount of crystalline GML existed in the nanofibers with high GML content. Gelatin/GML microemulsion nanofibers showed high thermal stability and improved hydrophilicity. Nanofibers with 5% GML (weight with respect to nanofiber) (D64 nanofibers) showed effective antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSION Gelatin/GML microemulsion nanofibrous films demonstrate superhydrophilicity and fast dissolution properties as a result of the high surface-to-volume ratio, amorphous structure and improved hydrophilicity of the nanofiber surface. The results indicate the potential application of gelatin/GML microemulsion nanofibrous films as edible antimicrobial food packaging. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Linzhi Tan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | | | - Lingli Deng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Super-light Elastomer Materials of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
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Modification of Electrospun Regenerate Cellulose Nanofiber Membrane via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) Approach as Advanced Carrier for Laccase Immobilization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020182. [PMID: 33419168 PMCID: PMC7825495 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to modify an electrospun regenerated cellulose (RC) nanofiber membrane by surface grafting 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as a monomer via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), as well as investigate the effects of ATRP conditions (i.e., initiation and polymerization) on enzyme immobilization. Various characterizations including XPS, FTIR spectra, and SEM images of nanofiber membranes before and after monomer grafting verified that poly (DMAEMA) chains/brushes were successfully grafted onto the RC nanofiber membrane. The effect of different ATRP conditions on laccase immobilization was investigated, and the results indicated that the optimal initiation and monomer grafting times were 1 and 2 h, respectively. The highest immobilization amount was obtained from the RC-Br-1h-poly (DMAEMA)-2h membrane (95.04 ± 4.35 mg), which increased by approximately 3.3 times compared to the initial RC membrane (28.57 ± 3.95 mg). All the results suggested that the optimization of initiation and polymerization conditions is a key factor that affects the enzyme immobilization amount, and the surface modification of the RC membrane by ATRP is a promising approach to develop an advanced enzyme carrier with a high enzyme loading capacity.
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Enzymatic degradation of ginkgolic acids by laccase immobilized on core/shell Fe 3O 4/nylon composite nanoparticles using novel coaxial electrospraying process. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:270-280. [PMID: 33418049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization can increase enzyme reusability to reduce cost of industrial production. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is commonly used for medical purposes, but it contains ginkgolic acid, which has negative effects on human health. Here, we report a novel approach to solve the problem by degrading the ginkgolic acid with immobilized-laccase, where core/shell composite nanoparticles prepared by coaxial electrospraying might be first applied to enzyme immobilization. The core/shell Fe3O4/nylon 6,6 composite nanoparticles (FNCNs) were prepared using one-step coaxial electrospraying and can be simply recovered by magnetic force. The glutaraldehyde-treated FNCNs (FNGCNs) were used to immobilize laccase. As a result, thermal stability of the free laccase was significantly improved in the range of 60-90 °C after immobilization. The laccase-immobilized FNGCNs (L-FNGCNs) were applied to degrade the ginkgolic acids, and the rate constants (k) and times (τ50) were ~0.02 min-1 and lower than 39 min, respectively, showing good catalytic performance. Furthermore, the L-FNGCNs exhibited a relative activity higher than 0.5 after being stored for 21 days or reused for 5 cycles, showing good storage stability and reusability. Therefore, the FNGCNs carrier was a promising enzyme immobilization system and its further development and applications were of interest.
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Smith S, Goodge K, Delaney M, Struzyk A, Tansey N, Frey M. A Comprehensive Review of the Covalent Immobilization of Biomolecules onto Electrospun Nanofibers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2142. [PMID: 33121181 PMCID: PMC7692479 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecule immobilization has attracted the attention of various fields such as fine chemistry and biomedicine for their use in several applications such as wastewater, immunosensors, biofuels, et cetera. The performance of immobilized biomolecules depends on the substrate and the immobilization method utilized. Electrospun nanofibers act as an excellent substrate for immobilization due to their large surface area to volume ratio and interconnectivity. While biomolecules can be immobilized using adsorption and encapsulation, covalent immobilization offers a way to permanently fix the material to the fiber surface resulting in high efficiency, good specificity, and excellent stability. This review aims to highlight the various covalent immobilization techniques being utilized and their benefits and drawbacks. These methods typically fall into two categories: (1) direct immobilization and (2) use of crosslinkers. Direct immobilization techniques are usually simple and utilize the strong electrophilic functional groups on the nanofiber. While crosslinkers are used as an intermediary between the nanofiber substrate and the biomolecule, with some crosslinkers being present in the final product and others simply facilitating the reactions. We aim to provide an explanation of each immobilization technique, biomolecules commonly paired with said technique and the benefit of immobilization over the free biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshana Smith
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (K.G.); (N.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Katarina Goodge
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (K.G.); (N.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Michael Delaney
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Ariel Struzyk
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Nicole Tansey
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (K.G.); (N.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Margaret Frey
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (K.G.); (N.T.); (M.F.)
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