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Matsuzaka R, Yamaguchi H, Ohira C, Kurita T, Iwashita N, Takagi Y, Nishino T, Noda K, Sugita K, Kushiro M, Miyake S, Fukuyama T. Sub-acute oral exposure to lowest observed adverse effect level of nivalenol exacerbates atopic dermatitis in mice via direct activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal in antigen-presenting cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2173-2183. [PMID: 38616237 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the immunotoxic effects of the mycotoxin nivalenol (NIV) using antigen-presenting cells and a mouse model of atopic dermatitis (AD). In vitro experiments were conducted using a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and mouse dendritic cell line (DC 2.4). After cells were exposed to NIV (0.19-5 µmol) for 24 h, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) was quantified. To further investigate the inflammatory cytokine production pathway, the possible involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, such as ERK1/2, p-38, and JNK, in NIV exposure was analyzed using MAPK inhibitors and phosphorylation analyses. In addition, the pro-inflammatory effects of oral exposure to NIV at low concentrations (1 or 5 ppm) were evaluated in an NC/Nga mouse model of hapten-induced AD. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to NIV significantly enhanced the production of TNFα. In addition, it also directly induced the phosphorylation of MAPK, indicated by the inhibition of TNFα production following pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors. Oral exposure to NIV significantly exacerbated the symptoms of AD, including a significant increase in helper T cells and IgE-produced B cells in auricular lymph nodes and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, compared with the vehicle control group. Our findings indicate that exposure to NIV directly enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p-38, and JNK, resulting in a significant increase in TNFα production in antigen-presenting cells, which is closely related to the development of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reo Matsuzaka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ohira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kurita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwashita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Bioalch Co., Ltd, 3-28 Honshuku-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiichi Takagi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Japan SLC, Inc, 85 Ohara-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nishino
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Noda
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Sugita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayo Kushiro
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyake
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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Implications of Crop Rotation and Fungicide on Fusarium and Mycotoxin Spectra in Manitoba Barley, 2017–2019. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070463. [PMID: 35878201 PMCID: PMC9319603 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most important diseases of barley in Manitoba province (western Canada), and other major barley producing regions of the world. Little is known about the Fusarium species and mycotoxin spectra associated with FHB of barley in Manitoba. Hence, barley grain samples were collected from 149 commercial fields from 2017 to 2019, along with information on respective cropping history, and analyzed with respect to Fusarium species spectra, abundance, chemotype composition, and mycotoxin profiles. Fusarium poae was the predominant Fusarium species associated with FHB of barley in Manitoba, followed by F. graminearum, and F. sporotrichioides; F. equiseti and F. avenaceum were also detected but at low levels. F. poae strains with the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype and F. graminearum strains with 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) chemotypes were commonly detected in the barley grain samples. Nivalenol (597.7, 219.1, and 412.4 µg kg−1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (264.7, 56.7, and 65.3 µg kg−1) were the two most prevalent mycotoxins contaminating Manitoba barley in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. A substantially higher DON content was detected in grain samples from barley fields with cereals as a preceding crop compared to canola and flax. Furthermore, F. poae proved less sensitive to four triazole fungicides (metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, tebuconazole, and prothioconazole) than F. graminearum. Findings from this research will assist barley producers with improved understanding of FHB threat levels and optimizing practices for the best management of FHB in barley.
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