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Samoraj M, Mironiuk M, Izydorczyk G, Witek-Krowiak A, Szopa D, Moustakas K, Chojnacka K. The challenges and perspectives for anaerobic digestion of animal waste and fertilizer application of the digestate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133799. [PMID: 35114259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase in livestock production creates a serious problem of managing animal waste and by-products. Among the wide range of waste valorization methods available, anaerobic digestion is very promising. It is a form of material recycling that also produces renewable energy in the form of biogas, which is reminiscent of energy recycling. The effluent and digestate from the anaerobic digestion process need to be processed further. These materials are widely used in agriculture due to their composition. Both the liquid and solid fractions of digestate are high in nitrogen, making them a valuable source for plants. Before soil or foliar application, conditioning (e.g., with inorganic acids) and neutralization (e.g., with potassium hydroxide) is required to eliminate odorous compounds and microorganisms. Various methods of conducting the process by anaerobic digestion (use of additives increasing activity of microorganisms, co-digestion, multiple techniques of substrate preparation) and the possibility of controlling process parameters such as optimal C/N ratio (15-30), optimal temperature (psychrophilic (<20 °C), mesophilic (35-37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) for microorganism activity ensure high efficiency of the process. Literature data describing tests of various digestates on different plants prove high efficiency, determined by yield increase (even by 28%), nitrogen uptake (by 20%) or phosphorus recovery rate (by 43%) or increase of biometric parameters (e.g., leaf area).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Samoraj
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Mironiuk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Szopa
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
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Wang T, Gao X, Chen S, Li D, Chen S, Xie M, Xu Z, Yang G. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of ethylene responsive factor family transcription factors in Juglans regia. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12429. [PMID: 34820183 PMCID: PMC8607932 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Walnut is an important economic tree species with prominent economic value and ecological functions. However, in recent years, walnuts have become susceptible to drought stress, resulting in a decline in comprehensive benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the regulatory molecular mechanism associated with walnut response to drought. In many plants, ethylene responsive factor (ERF) gene family plays important roles in response to biotic and abiotic stress, especial drought. Therefore, the identification and characterisation of walnut ERF genes will benefit walnut with regard to the clarification of drought response mechanism as well as the management, production, and quality of plantations. Methods ‘ERF’ was compared against the walnut transcriptome, and the JrERFs with a complete open reading frame (ORF) were identified by ORF Finder. The molecular weights, amino acid residues, and theoretical isoelectric point (pI) were predicted by ExPASy. The distribution of JrERFs in chromosome locations was determined based on walnut genome data from NCBI. The intron-exon structures and conserved domains were analysed using Gene Structure Display Server 2.0 and CD-Search, accordingly. Multi-sequence alignment and a phylogenetic tree were constructed by ClustalX2.1 and MEGA7, respectively. The conserved motifs were acquired using MEME. Total RNA was isolated using the cetyltrimethylammonium ammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Yang et al., 2018). Gene expression was determined by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and calculated according to the 2−ΔΔCT method (Livak & Schmittgen, 2001). Results A total of 44 JrERFs were identified from the walnut transcriptome, whose ORFs were 450–1,239 bp in length. The molecular weights of the JrERF proteins (consisting 149–412 amino acids) were 16.81–43.71 kDa, with pI ranging from 4.8 (JrERF11) to 9.89 (JrERF03). The JrERFs can be divided into six groups (B1–B6), and among the groups, B6 contained the most number of members. Each JrERF contained 1–6 motifs and each motif comprised 9–50 amino acids. Among the motifs, motif1, motif2, and motif3 were the most abundant. More than 40% of JrERFs were up-regulated continuously when subjected to ethephon (ETH), PEG6000, and PEG6000+ETH treatments. Of all the JrERFs, JrERF11 showed the highest expression. Therefore, we conclude that walnut ERF genes are highly conserved and involved in the regulation of drought response in the presence of ETH. JrERFs are possibly important candidate genes for molecular breeding; hence, the findings of this study provides the theoretical basis for further investigation of ERF genes in walnut and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangqian Gao
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dapei Li
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization in Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization in Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhong Xie
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenggang Xu
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guiyan Yang
- Laboratory of Walnut Research Center, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization in Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Wang N, Wu X, Liao P, Zhang J, Liu N, Zhou Z, Huang H, Zhang L. Morphological transformation of heavy metals and their distribution in soil aggregates during biotransformation of livestock manure. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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