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Xiong R, Peng Z, Zhou H, Xue G, He A, Yao X, Weng W, Wu W, Ma C, Bai Q, Ruan J. Genome-wide identification, structural characterization and gene expression analysis of the WRKY transcription factor family in pea (Pisum sativum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:113. [PMID: 38365619 PMCID: PMC10870581 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WRKY gene family is one of the largest families of transcription factors in higher plants, and WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and development as well as in response to abiotic stresses; however, the WRKY gene family in pea has not been systematically reported. RESULTS In this study, 89 pea WRKY genes were identified and named according to the random distribution of PsWRKY genes on seven chromosomes. The gene family was found to have nine pairs of tandem duplicates and 19 pairs of segment duplicates. Phylogenetic analyses of the PsWRKY and 60 Arabidopsis WRKY proteins were performed to determine their homology, and the PsWRKYs were classified into seven subfamilies. Analysis of the physicochemical properties, motif composition, and gene structure of pea WRKYs revealed significant differences in the physicochemical properties within the PsWRKY family; however, their gene structure and protein-conserved motifs were highly conserved among the subfamilies. To further investigate the evolutionary relationships of the PsWRKY family, we constructed comparative syntenic maps of pea with representative monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and found that it was most recently homologous to the dicotyledonous WRKY gene families. Cis-acting element analysis of PsWRKY genes revealed that this gene family can respond to hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid (SA). Further analysis of the expression of 14 PsWRKY genes from different subfamilies in different tissues and fruit developmental stages, as well as under five different hormone treatments, revealed differences in their expression patterns in the different tissues and fruit developmental stages, as well as under hormone treatments, suggesting that PsWRKY genes may have different physiological functions and respond to hormones. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we systematically identified WRKY genes in pea for the first time and further investigated their physicochemical properties, evolution, and expression patterns, providing a theoretical basis for future studies on the functional characterization of pea WRKY genes during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Xiong
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Zhonghua Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Sichuan Province Seed Station, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Guoxing Xue
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Ailing He
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Wenfeng Weng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Weijiao Wu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Qing Bai
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, P R China.
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Chiu YC, Liao PQ, Mejia HM, Lee YC, Chen YK, Yang JY. Detection, Identification and Molecular Characterization of the 16SrII-V Subgroup Phytoplasma Strain Associated with Pisum sativum and Parthenium hysterophorus L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:891. [PMID: 36840237 PMCID: PMC9962045 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two unrelated plant species, green pea and parthenium weed, harboring typical phytoplasma symptoms, were discovered in Yunlin, Taiwan. Green pea (Pisum sativum.) and parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) are both herbaceous annual plants belonging to the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families, respectively. Displayed symptoms were witches' broom, phyllody and virescence, which are typical indications of phytoplasma infection. Pleomorphic phytoplasma-like bodies were observed under the transmission electron microscope in the sieve elements of symptomatic green pea and parthenium weed. The iPhyClassifier-based virtual RFLP study demonstrated that the phytoplasma associated with the diseased plants belongs to the 16SrII-V subgroup. The disease symptoms of both plants can be explained by the identification of PHYL1 and SAP11 effectors, identical to those of peanut witches' broom phytoplasma. The phytoplasma strains identified in this study present a very close phylogenetic relationship with other 16SrII-V subgroup phytoplasma strains discovered in Taiwan. These results not only convey the local status of the 16SrII-V subgroup phytoplasma strains but also encourage attention to be given to preventing the spread of this threat before it becomes pervasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Qing Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Helen Mae Mejia
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Kun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Domiciliation of Trichoderma asperellum Suppresses Globiosporangium ultimum and Promotes Pea Growth, Ultrastructure, and Metabolic Features. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010198. [PMID: 36677490 PMCID: PMC9866897 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial microorganisms represent a new and hopeful solution for a sustainable environment and development. In this investigation, Trichoderma asperellum ZNW, isolated from seeds, was domiciliated within the pea plant for improving growth, disease management, and enhancement of productivity. Globisporangium ultimum NZW was isolated from deformed pea seeds, representing the first record of the pathogen caused by pea damping-off. Both fungi were molecularly identified. T. asperellum ZNW produced several lytic enzymes and bioactive metabolites as detected by GC-MC. The SEM illustrated the mycoparasitic behavior of T. asperellum ZNW on G. ultimum NZW mycelia. In the pot experiment, T. asperellum domiciliated the root and grew as an endophytic fungus, leading to root vessel lignification. Under soil infection, T. asperellum reduced damping-off, by enhancing peroxidase, polyphenol, total phenols, and photosynthetic pigments content. The vegetative growth, yield, and soil dehydrogenase activity were improved, with an enhancement in the numerical diversity of the microbial rhizosphere. This work may enable more understanding of the plant-fungal interaction, yet, working on domiciliation is recommended as a new approach to plant protection and growth promotion under various ecological setups.
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Jha R, Yadav HK, Raiya R, Singh RK, Jha UC, Sathee L, Singh P, Thudi M, Singh A, Chaturvedi SK, Tripathi S. Integrated breeding approaches to enhance the nutritional quality of food legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984700. [PMID: 36161025 PMCID: PMC9490089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global food security, both in terms of quantity and quality remains as a challenge with the increasing population. In parallel, micronutrient deficiency in the human diet leads to malnutrition and several health-related problems collectively known as "hidden hunger" more prominent in developing countries around the globe. Biofortification is a potential tool to fortify grain legumes with micronutrients to mitigate the food and nutritional security of the ever-increasing population. Anti-nutritional factors like phytates, raffinose (RFO's), oxalates, tannin, etc. have adverse effects on human health upon consumption. Reduction of the anti-nutritional factors or preventing their accumulation offers opportunity for enhancing the intake of legumes in diet besides increasing the bioavailability of micronutrients. Integrated breeding methods are routinely being used to exploit the available genetic variability for micronutrients through modern "omic" technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, ionomics, and metabolomics for developing biofortified grain legumes. Molecular mechanism of Fe/Zn uptake, phytate, and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated. Transgenic, microRNAs and genome editing tools hold great promise for designing nutrient-dense and anti-nutrient-free grain legumes. In this review, we present the recent efforts toward manipulation of genes/QTLs regulating biofortification and Anti-nutrient accumulation in legumes using genetics-, genomics-, microRNA-, and genome editing-based approaches. We also discuss the success stories in legumes enrichment and recent advances in development of low Anti-nutrient lines. We hope that these emerging tools and techniques will expedite the efforts to develop micronutrient dense legume crop varieties devoid of Anti-nutritional factors that will serve to address the challenges like malnutrition and hidden hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintu Jha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Yadav
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Raiya
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Uday Chand Jha
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lekshmy Sathee
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, India
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Center for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowmba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anshuman Singh
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaturvedi
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Deng D, Sun S, Wu W, Xiang C, Duan C, Yu D, Wu X, Zhu Z. Disease Resistance and Molecular Variations in Irradiation Induced Mutants of Two Pea Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8793. [PMID: 35955926 PMCID: PMC9369183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced mutation is useful for improving the disease resistance of various crops. Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew are two important diseases which severely influence pea production worldwide. In this study, we first evaluated Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew resistance of mutants derived from two elite vegetable pea cultivars, Shijiadacaiwan 1 (SJ1) and Chengwan 8 (CW8), respectively. Nine SJ1 and five CW8 M3 mutants showed resistant variations in Fusarium wilt, and the same five CW8 mutants in powdery mildew. These resistant variations were confirmed in M4 and M5 mutants as well. Then, we investigated the genetic variations and relationships of mutant lines using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Among the nine effective SSR markers, the genetic diversity index and polymorphism information content (PIC) values were averaged at 0.55 and 0.46, which revealed considerable genetic variations in the mutants. The phylogenetic tree and population structure analyses divided the M3 mutants into two major groups at 0.62 genetic similarity (K = 2), which clearly separated the mutants of the two cultivars and indicated that a great genetic difference existed between the two mutant populations. Further, the two genetic groups were divided into five subgroups at 0.86 genetic similarity (K = 5) and each subgroup associated with resistant phenotypes of the mutants. Finally, the homologous PsMLO1 cDNA of five CW8 mutants that gained resistance to powdery mildew was amplified and cloned. A 129 bp fragment deletion was found in the PsMLO1 gene, which was in accord with er1-2. The findings provide important information on disease resistant and molecular variations of pea mutants, which is useful for pea production, new cultivar breeding, and the identification of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Suli Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Xiang
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Li X, Wang J, Qu Y, Li Y, Humaira Y, Muhammad S, Pu H, Yu L, Li H. Comparison of storage and lignin accumulation characteristics between two types of snow pea. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268776. [PMID: 35776731 PMCID: PMC9249198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Snow pea is a very important vegetable, and its postharvest storage characteristics vary with species. Few studies on the differences in its storage characteristics are available. In this study, postharvest changes in metabolic rate (respiration rate and water loss rate), membrane permeability (relative conductivity), nutrient contents (total sugar, amino acids, starch), lignin, cellulose, β-Glucosidase (β-GC) enzyme activity, texture properties, PG enzyme activity and their relationship were analyzed in large sweet broad peas and small snow peas. On the 8th day of storage, we found that the respiration rate and water loss rate were increased, total sugars and total amino acids were decreased significantly in these two legume vegetables, and that metabolic rate was slower with less nutrients consumed in large sweet broad peas than in small snow peas. Throughout the 8-day whole storage, the lignin and cellulose contents were always lower in large sweet broad peas than in small snow peas. With the increasing storage time, small snow peas were more susceptible to lignification and fibrosis, which was observed in their texture properties. The enzyme activities related to cellulose and pectin degradation (β-GC, PG) also showed the same trend during the storage. At the late stage of storage, the taste of large sweet broad peas was better than that of small snow peas. In conclusion, the storage period of large sweet broad peas was longer than that of the small snow peas, and its lignification degree was lower than that of the small snow peas. Meanwhile, senescence and lignin accumulation led to hardening of snow pea during postharvest storage. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for improving the postharvest storage quality of snow pea and extending the shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Li
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Datong University, Datong, Shanxi, China
| | - Yunhui Qu
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yasmin Humaira
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongmei Pu
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Diaz S, Polania J, Ariza-Suarez D, Cajiao C, Grajales M, Raatz B, Beebe SE. Genetic Correlation Between Fe and Zn Biofortification and Yield Components in a Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:739033. [PMID: 35046970 PMCID: PMC8761845 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.739033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important legume for direct human consumption worldwide. It is a rich and relatively inexpensive source of proteins and micronutrients, especially iron and zinc. Bean is a target for biofortification to develop new cultivars with high Fe/Zn levels that help to ameliorate malnutrition mainly in developing countries. A strong negative phenotypic correlation between Fe/Zn concentration and yield is usually reported, posing a significant challenge for breeders. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic relationship between Fe/Zn. We used Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) mapping and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) analysis in three bi-parental populations that included biofortified parents, identifying genomic regions associated with yield and micromineral accumulation. Significant negative correlations were observed between agronomic traits (pod harvest index, PHI; pod number, PdN; seed number, SdN; 100 seed weight, 100SdW; and seed per pod, Sd/Pd) and micronutrient concentration traits (SdFe and SdZn), especially between pod harvest index (PHI) and SdFe and SdZn. PHI presented a higher correlation with SdN than PdN. Seventy-nine QTLs were identified for the three populations: 14 for SdFe, 12 for SdZn, 13 for PHI, 11 for SdN, 14 for PdN, 6 for 100SdW, and 9 for Sd/Pd. Twenty-three hotspot regions were identified in which several QTLs were co-located, of which 13 hotpots displayed QTL of opposite effect for yield components and Fe/Zn accumulation. In contrast, eight QTLs for SdFe and six QTLs for SdZn were observed that segregated independently of QTL of yield components. The selection of these QTLs will enable enhanced levels of Fe/Zn and will not affect the yield performance of new cultivars focused on biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen E. Beebe
- Bean Program, Crops for Health and Nutrition Area, Alliance Bioversity International – CIAT, Cali, Colombia
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Lindsay DL, Jha AB, Arganosa G, Glahn R, Warkentin TD. Agronomic Performance in Low Phytic Acid Field Peas. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081589. [PMID: 34451634 PMCID: PMC8398427 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Field pea is a pulse that delivers high protein content, slowly digestible starch and fiber, and many vitamins and minerals, including iron. Naturally occurring plant phytic acid molecules bind iron, lowering its availability for absorption during digestion. Two low phytic acid (lpa) pea lines, 1-2347-144 and 1-150-81, developed by our group had 15% lower yield and 6% lower seed weight relative to their progenitor cultivar. Subsequently, we crossed the two lpa lines and two cultivars, and derived 19 promising lpa pea breeding lines; here we document their agronomic performance based on 10 replicated field trials in Saskatchewan. Seventeen of these lpa lines yielded greater than 95% of the check mean (associated cultivars) and 16 were above 98% of the check mean for 1000 seed weight. The 19 lpa lines showed 27 to 55% lower phytic acid concentration than the check mean. Iron concentrations were similar in all the lpa lines and cultivars, yet the Caco-2 human cell culture assay revealed 14 of the 19 lpa lines had 11 to 55% greater iron bioavailability than check means. Thus, a single round of plant breeding has allowed for closing the gap in performance of low phytic acid pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L. Lindsay
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (D.L.L.); (A.B.J.); (G.A.)
| | - Ambuj B. Jha
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (D.L.L.); (A.B.J.); (G.A.)
| | - Gene Arganosa
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (D.L.L.); (A.B.J.); (G.A.)
| | - Raymond Glahn
- Robert W Holley Ctr Ag & Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2901, USA;
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (D.L.L.); (A.B.J.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
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