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Álvarez M, Agostini I, Sampaio A, Román Á, Delgado J, Rodrigues P. Unravelling the effect of control agents on Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi on a chestnut-based medium by proteomics. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1895-1903. [PMID: 38053437 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi is the major chestnut pathogen, responsible for economic losses and recently described as a 3-nitropropionic acid and diplodiatoxin mycotoxin producer. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST 713 (Serenade® ASO), B. amyloliquefaciens CIMO-BCA1, and the fungicide Horizon® (tebuconazole) have been shown to reduce the growth of G. smithogilvyi. However, they enhanced mycotoxin production. Proteomics can clarify the mould's physiology and the impact of antifungal agents on the mould's metabolism. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of Horizon®, Serenade®, and B. amyloliquefaciens CIMO-BCA1 in the proteome of G. smithogilvyi to unveil their modes of action and decipher why the mould responds by increasing the mycotoxin production. For this, the mycelium close to the inhibition zone provoked by antifungals was macroscopically and microscopically observed. Proteins were extracted and analysed using a Q-Exactive plus Orbitrap. RESULTS The results did not elucidate specific proteins involved in the mycotoxin biosynthesis, but these agents provoked different kinds of stress on the mould, mainly affecting the cell wall structures and antioxidant response, which points to the mycotoxins overproduction as a defence mechanism. The biocontrol agent CIMO-BCA1 acts similar to tebuconazole. The results revealed different responses on the mould's metabolism when co-cultured with the two B. amyloliquefaciens, showing different modes of action of each bacterium, which opens the possibility of combining both biocontrol strategies. CONCLUSION These results unveil different modes of action of the treatments that could help to reduce the use of toxic chemicals to combat plant pathogens worldwide. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Álvarez
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isadora Agostini
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ana Sampaio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Instituto para a Inovação, Capacitação e Sustentabilidade da Produção Agroalimentar, Universidad de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ángel Román
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Josué Delgado
- Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Wang S, Chen Y, Zhang G. TMT-Based Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Sodium Pheophorbide A against Black Spot Needle Blight Caused by Pestalotiopsis neglecta in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:102. [PMID: 38392774 PMCID: PMC10889695 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Black spot needle blight is a minor disease in Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) caused by Pestalotiopsis neglecta, but it can cause economic losses in severe cases. Sodium pheophorbide a (SPA), an intermediate product of the chlorophyll metabolism pathway, is a compound with photoactivated antifungal activity, which has been previously shown to inhibit the growth of P. neglecta. In this study, SPA significantly reduced the incidence and disease index and enhanced the chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities of P. sylvestris var. mongolica. To further study the molecular mechanism of the inhibition, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of P. neglecta mycelia with and without SPA treatment. The cellular proteins were obtained from P. neglecta mycelial samples and subjected to a tandem mass tag (TMT)-labelling LC-MS/MS analysis. Based on the results of de novo transcriptome assembly, 613 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (p < 0.05) were identified, of which 360 were upregulated and 253 downregulated. The 527 annotated DEPs were classified into 50 functional groups according to Gene Ontology and linked to 256 different pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database as a reference. A joint analysis of the transcriptome and proteomics results showed that the top three pathways were Amino acid metabolism, Carbohydrate metabolism, and Lipid metabolism. These results provide new viewpoints into the molecular mechanism of the inhibition of P. neglecta by SPA at the protein level and a theoretical basis for evaluating SPA as an antifungal agent to protect forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuren Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yunze Chen
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Gutiérrez-Pacheco MM, Torres-Moreno H, Flores-Lopez ML, Velázquez Guadarrama N, Ayala-Zavala JF, Ortega-Ramírez LA, López-Romero JC. Mechanisms and Applications of Citral's Antimicrobial Properties in Food Preservation and Pharmaceuticals Formulations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1608. [PMID: 37998810 PMCID: PMC10668791 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Citral is a monoterpene constituted by two isomers known as neral and geranial. It is present in different plant sources and recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In recent years, investigations have demonstrated that this compound exhibited several biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, by in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, when incorporated into different food matrices, citral can reduce the microbial load of pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life. This compound has acceptable drug-likeness properties and does not present any violations of Lipinski's rules, which could be used for drug development. The above shows that citral could be a compound of interest for developing food additives to extend the shelf life of animal and vegetable origin foods and develop pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heriberto Torres-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - María Liliana Flores-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Científica y Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25070, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Norma Velázquez Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera Gustavo Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, San Luis Río Colorado 83430, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Julio César López-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
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Citral and cinnamaldehyde – Pickering emulsion stabilized by zein coupled with chitosan against Aspergillus. spp and their application in food storage. Food Chem 2023; 403:134272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals the inhibition mechanism of pulsed light on fungal growth and ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus carbonarius. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112501. [PMID: 36869509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed light (PL) technology has a good effect on the control of fungi in postharvest fruit. In this present work, PL inhibited the growth of Aspergillus carbonarius in a dose-dependent manner, the mycelial growth decreased by 4.83 %, 13.91 % and 30.01 % at a fluence of 4.5 J·cm-2 (PL5), 9 J·cm-2 (PL10) and 13.5 J·cm2 (PL15), respectively. When inoculated with PL15 treated A. carbonarius, the scab diameter of the pears, ergosterol and OTA content was reduced by 23.2 %, 27.9 % and 80.7 % after 7 days, respectively. The third-generation sequencing technique was applied to study the transcriptome response of A. carbonarius treated with PL. Compared with the blank control, a total number of 268 and 963 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered in the group of PL10 and PL15, respectively. To be specific, a large amount of DEGs involved in DNA metabolism were up-regulated, while most of DEGs related to cell integrity, energy and glucose metabolism, ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis and transport were down-regulated. In addition, the stress response of A. carbonarius was imbalanced, including up-regulation of Catalase and PEX12 and down-regulation of taurine and subtaurine metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, the results of transmission electron microscopy, mycelium cellular leakage and DNA electrophoresis indicated that PL15 treatment caused mitochondrial swelling, the destroyed cell membrane permeability and imbalance of DNA metabolism. The expression of P450 and Hal involved in OTA biosynthesis pathway were down-regulated in PL treated samples detected by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, this study reveals the molecular mechanism of pulsed light on inhibiting the growth, development and toxin production of A. carbonarius.
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Proteomics as a New-Generation Tool for Studying Moulds Related to Food Safety and Quality. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054709. [PMID: 36902140 PMCID: PMC10003330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mould development in foodstuffs is linked to both spoilage and the production of mycotoxins, provoking food quality and food safety concerns, respectively. The high-throughput technology proteomics applied to foodborne moulds is of great interest to address such issues. This review presents proteomics approaches useful for boosting strategies to minimise the mould spoilage and the hazard related to mycotoxins in food. Metaproteomics seems to be the most effective method for mould identification despite the current problems related to the bioinformatics tool. More interestingly, different high resolution mass spectrometry tools are suitable for evaluating the proteome of foodborne moulds able to unveil the mould's response under certain environmental conditions and the presence of biocontrol agents or antifungals, being sometimes combined with a method with limited ability to separate proteins, the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. However, the matrix complexity, the high ranges of protein concentrations needed and the performing of multiple steps are some of the proteomics limitations for the application to foodborne moulds. To overcome some of these limitations, model systems have been developed and proteomics applied to other scientific fields, such as library-free data independent acquisition analyses, the implementation of ion mobility, and the evaluation of post-translational modifications, are expected to be gradually implemented in this field for avoiding undesirable moulds in foodstuffs.
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Yang Q, Dhanasekaran S, Ngea GLN, Tian S, Li B, Zhang H. Unveiling ochratoxin a controlling and biodetoxification molecular mechanisms: Opportunities to secure foodstuffs from OTA contamination. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113437. [PMID: 36165818 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anarchic growth of ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi during crop production, prolonged storage, and processing results in OTA contamination in foodstuffs. OTA in food exacerbates the risk of health and economic problems for consumers and farmers worldwide. Although the toxic effects of OTA on human health have not been well established, comprehensive preventive and remedial measures will be essential to eliminate OTA from foodstuffs. Strict regulations, controlling OTA at pre- or post-harvest stage, and decontamination of OTA have been adopted to prevent human and animal OTA exposure. Biological control of OTA and bio-decontamination are the most promising strategies due to their safety, specificity and nutritional value. This review addresses the current understanding of OTA biodegradation mechanisms and recent developments in OTA control and bio-decontamination strategies. Additionally, this review analyses the strength and weaknesses of different OTA control methods and the contemporary approaches to enhance the efficiency of biocontrol agents. Overall, this review will support the implementation of new strategies to effectively control OTA in food sectors. Further studies on efficacy-related issues, production issues and cost-effectiveness of OTA biocontrol are to be carried out to improve the knowledge, develop improved delivery technologies and safeguard the durability of OTA biocontrol approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Département de Transformation et Contrôle de qualité des Produits Halieutiques, Institut des Sciences Halieutiques, Université de Douala à Yabassi, PO. Box. 7236, Douala-Bassa, Cameroon
| | - Shiping Tian
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan Nanxincun 20, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan Nanxincun 20, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Peng Y, Chang J, Xiao Z, Huang J, Xu T, Chen S, Fan G, Liao S, Wang Z, Luo H. Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel Tetrahydrogeranyl Quaternary Ammonium Salts. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221078452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the excessive use of antifungal agents, drug resistance and ecological problems are increasing. Some antifungal agents are difficult to degrade and have high toxicity and several side effects. In this study, 15 novel tetrahydrogeranyl quaternary ammonium salts (8a–8o) were synthesized from the natural compound citral. The structures of the quaternary ammonium salts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, and the antifungal activities of these compounds at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL against 10 plant pathogenic fungi were tested. The results showed that compound 8i had the best antifungal activity, and its inhibition rates against Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and Poria vaporaria reached 100%. For Fusarium verticillioides, the inhibition rate of compound 8i was 93.28%, which was higher than that of chlorothalonil. In addition, it was found that the inhibition rates of compounds with N,N-di- n-propyl group (8l, 8m) against R solani, F oxysporum f. sp. niveum, S sapinea, P parasitica var. nicotianae, F verticillioides, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Coriolus versicolor were higher than compounds with N,N-diethyl and N,N-dimethyl groups (8a, 8b, 8j, 8k). The inhibition rates of compounds with morpholine groups (8n, 8o) were generally low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiayu Chang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Jiazong Huang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Xu
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Guorong Fan
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengliao Liao
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai Luo
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Camphor Engineering Research Center of NFGA/Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
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Song X, Zhao Q, Zhou A, Wen X, Li M, Li R, Liao X, Xu T. The Antifungal Effects of Citral on Magnaporthe oryzae Occur via Modulation of Chitin Content as Revealed by RNA-Seq Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121023. [PMID: 34947005 PMCID: PMC8704549 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product citral has previously been demonstrated to possess antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae. The purpose of this study was to screen and annotate genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) in M. oryzae after treatment with citral using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Thereafter, samples were reprepared for quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis verification of RNA-seq data. The results showed that 649 DEGs in M. oryzae were significantly affected after treatment with citral (100 μg/mL) for 24 h. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and a gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolic pathways, including the chitin synthesis pathway and UDP sugar synthesis pathway. The results of the RT-qPCR analysis also showed that the chitin present in M. oryzae might be degraded to chitosan, chitobiose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and β-D-fructose-6-phosphate following treatment with citral. Chitin degradation was indicated by damaged cell-wall integrity. Moreover, the UDP glucose synthesis pathway was involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, providing precursors for the synthesis of polysaccharides. Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which is involved in the regulation of UDP-α-D-galactose and α-D-galactose-1-phosphate, was downregulated. This would result in the inhibition of UDP glucose (UDP-Glc) synthesis, a reduction in cell-wall glucan content, and the destruction of cell-wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Song
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qijun Zhao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Aiai Zhou
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-151-8514-8063
| | - Xun Liao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tengzhi Xu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.S.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (T.X.)
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
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