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He Y, Li C, Yang M, Wang C, Guo H, Liu J, Liu H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms of Accumulation and Conversion of Folate Derivatives during Germination of Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3800-3813. [PMID: 38327020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Folate was enriched during quinoa germination, while molecular mechanisms were not well understood. In this study, three quinoa varieties were selected for germination, and changes in substrate content and enzyme activity of the folate biosynthesis pathway were monitored. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF) and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-THF) were significantly enriched in quinoa sprouts. Among the selected varieties, QL-2 exhibited the lowest content of the oxidation product MeFox and the highest total folate content. Based on transcriptome analysis, the p-ABA branch was found to be crucial for folate accumulation, while the pterin branch served as a key control point for the one carbon pool by folate pathway, which limited further folate biosynthesis. In the one carbon pool by folate pathway, genes CqMTHFR and CqAMT significantly contributed to the enrichment of 5-CH3-THF and 5-CHO-THF. Findings gained here would facilitate the potential application of quinoa sprouts as an alternative strategy for folate supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Miao Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Haiyun Guo
- Hebei Tongfu Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haijie Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Large-scale metabolome analysis reveals dynamic changes of metabolites during foxtail millet grain filling. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112516. [PMID: 36869517 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Compared with traditional staple crops, foxtail millet grain is rich in nutrition and beneficial to human health. Foxtail millet is also tolerance to various abiotic stresses, including drought, making it a good plant for growing in barren land. The study on the composition of metabolites and its dynamics changes during grain development is helpful to understand the process of foxtail millet grain formation. In our study, metabolic and transcriptional analysis were used to uncover the metabolic processes that could influence grain filling in foxtail millet. A total of 2104 known metabolites, belonging to 14 categories, were identified during grain filling. Functional analysis of DAMs and DEGs revealed a stage-specific metabolic properties in foxtail millet grain filling. Some important metabolic processes, such as flavonoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism and valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis were co-mapped for DEGs and DAMs. Thus, we constructed a gene-metabolite regulatory network of these metabolic pathways to explain their potential functions during grain filling. Our study showed the important metabolic processes during grain filling and focused on the dynamic changes of related metabolites and genes at different stages, which provided a reference for us to better understand and improve foxtail millet grain development and yield.
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Wang Y, Wang JS, Dong EW, Liu QX, Wang LG, Chen EY, Jiao XY, Diao XM. Foxtail millet [ Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] grown under nitrogen deficiency exhibits a lower folate contents. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1035739. [PMID: 36742438 PMCID: PMC9889834 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1035739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], as a rich source of folates, has been cultivated on arid infertile lands, for which N deficiency is one of the major issues. Growing environments might have a significant influence on cereal folate levels. However, little is known whether N deficiency modulates cereal folate levels. In order to obtain enriched folate foxtail millet production in nutrient-poor soil, we conducted a study investigating the content of folate derivatives of 29 diverse foxtail millet cultivars under two N regimes (0 and 150 kg N ha-1) for 2 years to explore folate potential grown under low N. The contents of total folate and most derivatives were reduced by N deficiency. The effect on total folate content caused by N was stronger than cultivar genotype did. Folate content of enriched folate cultivars was prone to be reduced by N deficiency. Structural equation models (SEMs) revealed that N fertilization had a positive indirect effect on grain folate content through influencing plant N and K accumulation. Collectively, the results indicate much more attention should be paid to N management when foxtail millet is cultivated in infertile soil, to improve foxtail millet folate contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin-song Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Er-wei Dong
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiu-xia Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li-ge Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Er-ying Chen
- Institute of Crop Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-yan Jiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-yan Jiao ✉
| | - Xian-min Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,Xian-min Diao ✉
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Hou S, Men Y, Wei M, Zhang Y, Li H, Sun Z, Han Y. Total Protein Content, Amino Acid Composition and Eating-Quality Evaluation of Foxtail Millet ( Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv). Foods 2022; 12:foods12010031. [PMID: 36613247 PMCID: PMC9818070 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxtail millet has attracted substantial attention in recent years because of its excellent properties as a cereal crop with high nutritional value. Although the cultivation area of foxtail millet keeps growing, the fundamental research into the nutritional and eating qualities of foxtail millet germplasm collections is limited. In this study, we performed a survey of protein content, amino acid composition and eating quality among a germplasm collection of foxtail millet accessions grown in different environments. Our results revealed 21 accessions with stable protein content under different environments. The correlation analysis further revealed that the protein content of the grains was affected by environmental and genotypic interactions. The further amino acid composition analyses suggested that higher protein content accessions have a better essential amino acid index, providing more nutritional value for human beings and animal feedstock. Moreover, the flavor-related amino acid content and other eating-quality trait analyses were also performed. The subordinative analysis suggested that B331 could be the best accession with high protein content and superior eating quality. Taken together, this study provides essential nutritional and eating-quality data on our germplasm collection of foxtail millets, and provides a core genetic resource from which to breed elite foxtail millet varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hou
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yihan Men
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yijuan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18636071356
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Hou S, Men Y, Zhang Y, Zhao K, Ma G, Li H, Han Y, Sun Z. Role of miRNAs in regulation of SA-mediated upregulation of genes involved in folate and methionine metabolism in foxtail millet. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1023764. [PMID: 36561440 PMCID: PMC9763449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1023764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on folate metabolism and the related gene regulatory mechanisms is still unclear. In this study, the panicle of foxtail millet treated with different SA concentrations showed that 6 mM SA doubled the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate content compared to that of the control. An untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 275 metabolites were enriched in amino acid metabolic pathways. Significantly, the relative content of methionine (Met) after 6 mM SA treatment was 3.14 times higher than the control. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the folate and amino acid biosynthesis pathways (including Met, Cys, Pro, Ser et al.). The miRNA-mRNA interactions related to the folate and Met metabolic pathways were analyzed and several likely structural gene targets for miRNAs were identified, miRNA-seq analysis revealed that 33 and 51 miRNAs targeted 11 and 15 genes related to the folate and Met pathways, respectively. Eight key genes in the folate metabolism pathway were likely to be up-regulated by 14 new miRNAs and 20 new miRNAs up-regulated the 9 key genes in the Met metabolism pathway. The 6 miRNA-mRNA interactions related to the folate and Met metabolism pathways were verified by qRT-PCR, and consistent with the prediction. The results showed that DHFR1 gene expression level related to folate synthesis was directly up-regulated by Nov-m0139-3p with 3.8 times, but DHFR2 was down-regulated by Nov-m0731-5p with 0.62 times. The expression level of CYSC1 and APIP related to Met synthesis were up-regulated by Nov-m0461-5p and Nov-m0664-3p with 4.27 and 1.32 times, respectively. Our results suggested that exogenous SA could induce the folate and Met accumulated in the panicle of foxtail millet. The higher expression level of DHFR1, FTHFD, CYSC1 and APIP in the folate and Met metabolism pathway and their regulators, including Nov-m0139-3p, Nov-m0717-5p, Nov-m0461-5p and Nov-m0664-3p, could be responsible for these metabolites accumulation. This study lays the theoretical foundation for elucidating the post-transcription regulatory mechanisms of folate and Met metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hou
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yihan Men
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yijuan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Guifang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Hou S, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Man X, Ma G, Men Y, Du W, Yang Y, Li H, Han Y, Zhao Y, Sun Z. Heterologous Expression of SiFBP, a Folate-Binding Protein from Foxtail Millet, Confers Increased Folate Content and Altered Amino Acid Profiles with Nutritional Potential to Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6272-6284. [PMID: 35575700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying folate degradation in foxtail millet grains remains unclear. Here, we identified SiFBP (Setaria italica folate-binding protein) from foxtail millet. A phylogenetic tree revealed that FBPs have close genetic relationships among cereal crop species. Docking analysis and heterologous expression of SiFBP in yeast showed that it could bind folic acid (FA). The SiFBP localized to the plasma membrane in tobacco mesophyll cells by transient expression. In Arabidopsis, it was expressed specifically in the roots and germinating seeds. Overexpressing SiFBP in yeast and Arabidopsis significantly increased folate contents. Untargeted metabolome analysis revealed differentially accumulated metabolites between the transgenic lines (TLs) and wild type (WT); these metabolites were mainly enriched in the amino acid metabolism pathway. The relative contents of lysine and leucine, threonine, and l-methionine were significantly higher in the TLs than in WT. Genes related to the folate and lysine synthesis pathways were upregulated in the TLs. Thus, SiFBP can be used for biofortification of folate and important amino acids in crops via genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hou
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Yijuan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaxia Man
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Guifang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yihan Men
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
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Lian T, Wang X, Li S, Jiang H, Zhang C, Wang H, Jiang L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Folate Accumulation in Maize Grains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031708. [PMID: 35163628 PMCID: PMC8836222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the complexity of folate accumulation in the early stages of maize kernel development has been reported, but the mechanisms of folate accumulation are unclear. Two maize inbred lines, DAN3130 and JI63, with different patterns of folate accumulation and different total folate contents in mature kernels were used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of folate metabolism during late stages of kernel formation by comparative transcriptome analysis. The folate accumulation during DAP 24 to mature kernels could be controlled by circumjacent pathways of folate biosynthesis, such as pyruvate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and serine/glycine metabolism. In addition, the folate variation between these two inbred lines was related to those genes among folate metabolism, such as genes in the pteridine branch, para-aminobenzoate branch, serine/tetrahydrofolate (THF)/5-methyltetrahydrofolate cycle, and the conversion of THF monoglutamate to THF polyglutamate. The findings provided insight into folate accumulation mechanisms during maize kernel formation to promote folate biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Plant Genetics, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Sha Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
- National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
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Meng Z, Yi L, Hu Q, Lin Z, Ramaswamy HS, Wang C. Optimized Extraction and Characterization of Folates From Date Palm Fruits and Their Tracking During Fruits Wine Fermentation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:699555. [PMID: 34557510 PMCID: PMC8452929 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.699555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates belong to the essential B vitamins group and participate in one-carbon metabolism. Date palm fruits (Phoenix dactilyfera L. family Arecaceae) are consumed by millions of people and are good sources of folates. To date, no detailed study has been carried out on suitable methods for folate extraction from date palm fruits. In the present study, an experimental design using response surface methodology (RSM) was used to maximize the extraction yield of folates from date palm fruits by including enzymatic depectinization. By applying this new strategy and a UHPLC-MS/MS technique for analysis, total folate and different folate vitamers of three cultivars of date palm fruits (Muzafti, Zahdi, and Rubai), brewer's yeast, and fermented date wine were analyzed. The optimized extraction conditions of folates from date palm fruits were found to be a pectinase activity of 47.7 U, an incubation temperature of 40°C, and an incubation time of 38 min, which yielded a total folate content of 191–301 μg/100 g. In brewer's yeast, the extracted total folate content was very high (4,870 μg/100 g), and, in the resulting date wine, it reached a maximum of 700 μg/L on the fifth day. The predominant folate vitamers in date fruit and fruit wine were 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-THF) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF). During date palm fruit fermentation for up to 8 days, the 5-CHO-THF content gradually decreased by 20%, while 5-CH3-THF increased linearly from day 1 to day 5 (y = 0.058 x + 0.0284, R2 = 0.9614). This study shows that date palm fruit and fruit wine are excellent sources of folate, and further study can be focused on different methods to improve folate stability during wine storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Meng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxin Hu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hosahalli S Ramaswamy
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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