1
|
Salami SA, Valenti B, Luciano G, Lanza M, Umezurike-Amahah NM, Kerry JP, O’Grady MN, Newbold CJ, Priolo A. Dietary cardoon meal modulates rumen biohydrogenation and bacterial community in lambs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16180. [PMID: 34376766 PMCID: PMC8355377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardoon meal is a by-product of oil extraction from the seeds of Cynara cardunculus and can serve as a novel alternative feedstuff for ruminants. This study examined the rumen fermentation, biohydrogenation of fatty acids (FA) and microbial community in lambs fed a concentrate diet containing 15% dehydrated lucerne (CON, n = 8) or cardoon meal (CMD, n = 7) for 75 days pre-slaughter. Diets did not influence rumen fermentation characteristics and the abundance of bacteria, methanogens, fungi, or protozoa. Rumen digesta in CMD-fed lambs displayed a higher concentration of total saturated FA and lower total odd- and branched-chain FA and monounsaturated FA. Feeding CMD decreased total trans-18:1 isomer and the ratio of trans-10 to trans-11 C18:1, known as the "trans-10 shift". Amplicon sequencing indicated that the rumen bacterial community in CMD-fed lambs had lower diversity and a higher relative phyla abundance of Proteobacteria at the expense of Bacteroidetes and Fibrobacteres. At the genus level, CMD mediated specific shifts from Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Solobacterium and Fibrobacter to Ruminobacter, suggesting that these genera may play important roles in biohydrogenation. Overall, these results demonstrate that cardoon meal can be used as a feedstuff for ruminants without negatively affecting rumen fermentation and microbiota but its impact on biohydrogenation may influence the FA composition in meat or milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saheed A. Salami
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department Di3A, Animal Production Science, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Bernardo Valenti
- grid.9027.c0000 0004 1757 3630Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali (DSA3), University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luciano
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department Di3A, Animal Production Science, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Lanza
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department Di3A, Animal Production Science, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ngozi M. Umezurike-Amahah
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department Di3A, Animal Production Science, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Joseph P. Kerry
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael N. O’Grady
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Charles J. Newbold
- grid.426884.40000 0001 0170 6644Scotland’s Rural College, Peter Wilson Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG UK
| | - Alessandro Priolo
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department Di3A, Animal Production Science, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lashkari S, Johansen M, Weisbjerg MR, Jensen SK. Milk from cows fed clover-rich silage compared with cows fed grass silage is higher in n-3 fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9813-9826. [PMID: 34176621 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of a high proportion of different forage species in the diet, parity, milking time, and days in milk (DIM) on milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, n-6, and n-3 in dairy cows. Swards with perennial ryegrass [early maturity stage (EPR) and late maturity stage (LPR)], festulolium, tall fescue (TF), red clover (RC), and white clover (WC) were cut in the primary growth, wilted, and ensiled without additives. Thirty-six Danish Holstein cows in an incomplete Latin square design were fed ad libitum with total mixed rations containing a high forage proportion (70% on dry matter basis). The total mixed rations differed only in forage source, which was either 1 of the 6 pure silages or a mixture of LPR silage with either RC or WC silage (50:50 on dry matter basis). Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA was affected by diet, and RC and WC diets resulted in the highest proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA (21.6 and 21.8 g/kg of FA, respectively). The highest and lowest milk C18:3n-3 proportion was observed in WC and LPR, respectively. In addition, WC diet resulted in highest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 from feed to milk (12.2%) followed by RC diet (10.7%), whereas EPR diet resulted in the lowest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 (3.45%). The highest milk proportion of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed in cows fed TF (3.20 g/kg of FA), which was 23 to 64% higher than the proportion observed in the cows fed the other diets. The highest α-tocopherol concentration (µg/mL) in milk was observed in EPR (1.15), LPR (1.10), and festulolium (1.06). Primiparous cows showed higher proportion of cis-9,trans-11 CLA (2.63 g/kg of FA) than multiparous cows (2.21 g/kg of FA). Cows early in lactation had a higher proportion of long-chain FA in milk than cows later in lactation, as long-chain FA decreased with 0.184 g/kg of FA per DIM, whereas medium-chain FA increased with 0.181 g/kg of FA per DIM. Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk from evening milking was higher than in milk from morning milking (16.7 vs. 15.8 g/kg of FA). In conclusion, the results showed that milk FA profile of cows was affected by forage source in the diet, and RC and WC increased the health-promoting FA components, particularly n-3, whereas the TF diet increased proportion of CLA isomers in milk. Proportion of CLA isomers in milk FA from primiparous cows was higher than in milk from multiparous cows. In addition, evening milk contained more FA originating from diets compared with morning milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lashkari
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - S K Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Costa M, Pio L, Bule P, Cardoso V, Alfaia CM, Coelho D, Brás J, Fontes CMGA, Prates JAM. An individual alginate lyase is effective in the disruption of Laminaria digitata recalcitrant cell wall. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9706. [PMID: 33958695 PMCID: PMC8102539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 199 pre-selected Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) and sulfatases were assessed, either alone or in combination, to evaluate their capacity to disrupt Laminaria digitata cell wall, with the consequent release of interesting nutritional compounds. A previously characterized individual alginate lyase, belonging to the family 7 of polysaccharide lyases (PL7) and produced by Saccharophagus degradans, was shown to be the most efficient in the in vitro degradation of L. digitata cell wall. The alginate lyase treatment, compared to the control, released up to 7.11 g/L of reducing sugars (p < 0.001) and 8.59 mmol/100 g dried alga of monosaccharides (p < 0.001), and reduced cell wall fluorescence intensity by 39.1% after staining with Calcofluor White (p = 0.001). The hydrolysis of gel-forming polymer alginate by the alginate lyase treatment could prevent the trapping of fatty acids and release beneficial monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly 18:1c9 (p < 0.001), to the extracellular medium. However, no liberation of proteins (p > 0.170) or pigments (p > 0.070) was observed. Overall, these results show the ability of an individual alginate lyase, from PL7 family, to partially degrade L. digitata cell wall under physiological conditions. Therefore, this CAZyme can potentially improve the bioavailability of L. digitata bioactive compounds for monogastric diets, with further application in feed industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Costa
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Pio
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vânia Cardoso
- NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço Do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina M Alfaia
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coelho
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Brás
- NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço Do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
- NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço Do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal.
- NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço Do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vasta V, Daghio M, Cappucci A, Buccioni A, Serra A, Viti C, Mele M. Invited review: Plant polyphenols and rumen microbiota responsible for fatty acid biohydrogenation, fiber digestion, and methane emission: Experimental evidence and methodological approaches. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3781-3804. [PMID: 30904293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interest of the scientific community in the effects of plant polyphenols on animal nutrition is increasing. These compounds, in fact, are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, especially in some spontaneous plants exploited as feeding resources alternative to cultivated crops and in several agro-industry by-products. Polyphenols interact with rumen microbiota, affecting carbohydrate fermentation, protein degradation, and lipid metabolism. Some of these aspects have been largely reviewed, especially for tannins; however, less information is available about the direct effect of polyphenols on the composition of rumen microbiota. In the present paper, we review the most recent literature about the effect of plant polyphenols on rumen microbiota responsible for unsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation, fiber digestion, and methane production, taking into consideration the advances in microbiota analysis achieved in the last 10 yr. Key aspects, such as sample collection, sample storage, DNA extraction, and the main phylogenetic markers used in the reconstruction of microbial community structure, are examined. Furthermore, a summary of the new high-throughput methods based on next generation sequencing is reviewed. Several effects can be associated with dietary polyphenols. Polyphenols are able to depress or modulate the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by a perturbation of ruminal microbiota composition. In particular, condensed tannins have an inhibitory effect on biohydrogenation, whereas hydrolyzable tannins seem to have a modulatory effect on biohydrogenation. With regard to fiber digestion, data from literature are quite consistent about a general depressive effect of polyphenols on gram-positive fibrolytic bacteria and ciliate protozoa, resulting in a reduction of volatile fatty acid production (mostly acetate molar production). Methane production is also usually reduced when tannins are included in the diet of ruminants, probably as a consequence of the inhibition of fiber digestion. However, some evidence suggests that hydrolyzable tannins may reduce methane emission by directly interacting with rumen microbiota without affecting fiber digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Vasta
- Food Scientist, viale delle Alpi 40, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Daghio
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-Alimentari e dell'Ambiente, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - A Cappucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Buccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-Alimentari e dell'Ambiente, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - A Serra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - C Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agro-Alimentari e dell'Ambiente, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - M Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali "E. Avanzi," University of Pisa, Via Vecchia di Masrina, 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee MRF, Fychan R, Tweed JKS, Gordon N, Theobald V, Yadav R, Marshall A. Nitrogen and fatty acid rumen metabolism in cattle offered high or low polyphenol oxidase red clover silage. Animal 2018; 13:1623-1634. [PMID: 30565534 PMCID: PMC6639759 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red clover (RC) has been shown to reduce both lipolysis and proteolysis in silo and implicated (in vitro) in the rumen. However, all in vivo comparisons have compared RC with other forages, typically with lower levels of PPO, which brings in other confounding factors as to the cause for the greater protection of dietary nitrogen (N) and C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on RC silage. This study compared two RC silages which when ensiled had contrasting PPO activities (RC+ and RC-) against a control of perennial ryegrass silage (PRG) to ascertain the effect of PPO activity on dietary N digestibility and PUFA biohydrogenation. Two studies were performed the first to investigate rumen and duodenal flow with six Hereford×Friesian steers, prepared with rumen and duodenal cannulae, and the second investigating whole tract N balance using six Holstein-Friesian non-lactating dairy cows. All diets were offered at a restricted level based on animal live weight with each experiment consisting of two 3×3 Latin squares using big bale silages ensiled in 2010 and 2011, respectively. For the first experiment digesta flow at the duodenum was estimated using a dual-phase marker system with ytterbium acetate and chromium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as particulate and liquid phase markers, respectively. Total N intake was higher on the RC silages in both experiments and higher on RC- than RC+. Rumen ammonia-N reflected intake with ammonia-N per unit of N intake lower on RC+ than RC-. Microbial N duodenal flow was comparable across all silage diets with non-microbial N higher on RC than the PRG with no difference between RC+ and RC-, even when reported on a N intake basis. C18 PUFA biohydrogenation was lower on RC silage diets than PRG but with no difference between RC+ and RC-. The N balance trial showed a greater retention of N on RC+ over RC-; however, this response is likely related to the difference in N intake over any PPO driven protection. The lack of difference between RC silages, despite contrasting levels of PPO, may reflect a similar level of protein-bound-phenol complexing determined in each RC silage. Previously this complexing has been associated with PPOs protection mechanism; however, this study has shown that protection is not related to total PPO activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. F. Lee
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - R. Fychan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - J. K. S. Tweed
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - N. Gordon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - V. Theobald
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - R. Yadav
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - A. Marshall
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Manzocco L, Plazzotta S, Spilimbergo S, Nicoli MC. Impact of high-pressure carbon dioxide on polyphenoloxidase activity and stability of fresh apple juice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
7
|
Boeckx T, Winters A, Webb KJ, Kingston-Smith AH. Detection of Potential Chloroplastic Substrates for Polyphenol Oxidase Suggests a Role in Undamaged Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:237. [PMID: 28316605 PMCID: PMC5334603 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have a recognized role during pathogen and arthropod attack. As an immediate consequence of such wounding, cellular compartmentation is destroyed allowing the chloroplastic PPO enzyme to interact with vacuolar substrates catalyzing the oxidation of monophenols and/or o-diphenols to o-diquinones. This ultimately results in a reduction in the nutritional value of wounded tissue through the formation of non-digestible secondary melanin pigments. However, the chloroplastic location of PPO enzyme could indicate a role for PPO in undamaged tissues. In this study, a wild-type red clover population exhibiting high leaf PPO activity had significantly higher yield than a low leaf PPO mutant population while leaf isoflavonoids and hydroxycinnammates (PPO substrates) accumulated at similar levels in these plants. These data suggest that the presence of leaf PPO activity affects plant vigor. Understanding how this advantage is conferred requires knowledge of the cellular mechanism, including intra-organellar substrates. Here we present evidence of candidate PPO substrates within chloroplasts of wild-type red clover, including the monophenolic acid, coumaroyl malate, and low levels of the diphenolic acid, phaselic acid (caffeoyl malate). Interestingly, chloroplastic phaselic acid concentration increased significantly under certain growth conditions. We discuss the implications of this in regard to a potential role for chloroplastic PPO in undamaged leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alison H. Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leduc M, Gervais R, Tremblay G, Chiquette J, Chouinard P. Milk fatty acid profile in cows fed red clover- or alfalfa-silage based diets differing in rumen-degradable protein supply. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Gadeyne F, De Neve N, Vlaeminck B, Fievez V. State of the art in rumen lipid protection technologies and emerging interfacial protein cross‐linking methods. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Gadeyne
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Nympha De Neve
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Bruno Vlaeminck
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee MRF, Theobald VJ, Gordon N, Leyland M, Tweed JKS, Fychan R, Scollan ND. The effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:5076-87. [PMID: 25349355 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in red clover (Trifolium pratense) has been reported to reduce both proteolysis and lipolysis, resulting in greater N use efficiency and protection of PUFA across the rumen. Although high levels of PPO have been reported in grasses such as cocksfoot (orchard grass; Dactylis glomerata), no in vivo research has determined whether grass PPO elicits the same response as red clover PPO. To test the hypothesis that silage ensiled from grass with high levels of PPO protects N and PUFA across the rumen, 6 steers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were offered cocksfoot silage (CO; high-PPO grass), perennial ryegrass silage (PR; Lolium perenne; low-PPO grass), or red clover silage (RC; high-PPO control) at 16 g DM/kg BW daily with the experiment consisting of two 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-d periods, consisting of 12 d of diet adaptation, 6 d of duodenal marker infusion, 2 d of duodenal sampling, and 1 d of ruminal sampling. All silages were well preserved, with DM of 34.4, 55.3, and 45.4% for CO, PR, and RC. Activity of PPO in silages was low due to deactivation but was greater in CO than either PR or RC (0.15 vs. 0.05 and 0.08 μkatal/g DM). Protein-bound phenol (mg/g DM) as a measure of the degree of oxidation and an indication of PPO protection was greatest for RC (15.9) but comparable for PR (10.1) and CO (12.2). Biohydrogenation of C18 PUFA was significantly lower on RC compared to the 2 grass silages with CO greater than PR. Despite lower levels of total fatty acid intake and subsequent duodenal flow, CO resulted in greater levels of phytanic acid and total branched and odd chain fatty acids in duodenal digesta than RC or PR. Ruminal ammonia concentration was greatest for RC, with no difference between the grasses. Duodenal flow of microbial N and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were lowest for CO and comparable for RC and PR. The CO (high-grass PPO) did not result in elevated levels of C18 PUFA escaping the rumen or improve efficiency of total N transfer through the rumen compared to PR. The RC resulted in a greater flow of N and nonmicrobial N to the duodenum than the 2 grasses with PR greater than CO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R F Lee
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - V J Theobald
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - N Gordon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - M Leyland
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - J K S Tweed
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - R Fychan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - N D Scollan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koivunen E, Jaakkola S, Heikkilä T, Lampi AM, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Lee MRF, Winters AL, Shingfield KJ, Vanhatalo A. Effects of plant species, stage of maturity, and level of formic acid addition on lipolysis, lipid content, and fatty acid composition during ensiling1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4408-23. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
12
|
Gadeyne F, Van Ranst G, Vlaeminck B, Vossen E, Van der Meeren P, Fievez V. Protection of polyunsaturated oils against ruminal biohydrogenation and oxidation during storage using a polyphenol oxidase containing extract from red clover. Food Chem 2015; 171:241-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Genetic modification of plants by the insertion of transgenes can be a powerful experimental approach to answer basic questions about gene product function. This technology can also be used to make improved crop varieties for use in the field. To apply this powerful tool to red clover, an important forage legume, a population of red clover with high potential for regeneration in tissue culture has been developed. Here we provide a detailed procedure for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of genotypes derived from this regenerable population. We have successfully used this methodology to express β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes as well as for hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of endogenous genes for polyphenol oxidase and a transferase crucial in phaselic acid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Sullivan
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparison of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and cicer milkvetch in combination with 25, 50, or 75% tall fescue in a continuous-culture system1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Lee MRF. Forage polyphenol oxidase and ruminant livestock nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:694. [PMID: 25538724 PMCID: PMC4259006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is predominately associated with the detrimental effect of browning fruit and vegetables, however, interest within PPO containing forage crops (crops to be fed to animals) has grown since the browning reaction was associated with reduced nitrogen (N) losses in silo and the rumen. The reduction in protein breakdown in silo of red clover (high PPO forage) increased the quality of protein, improving N-use efficiency [feed N into product N (e.g., Milk): NUE] when fed to ruminants. A further benefit of red clover silage feeding is a significant reduction in lipolysis (cleaving of glycerol-based lipid) in silo and an increase in the deposition of beneficial C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in animal products, which has also been linked to PPO activity. PPOs protection of plant protein and glycerol based-PUFA in silo is related to the deactivation of plant proteases and lipases. This deactivation occurs through PPO catalyzing the conversion of diphenols to quinones which bind with cellular nucleophiles such as protein reforming a protein-bound phenol (PBP). If the protein is an enzyme (e.g., protease or lipase) the complexing denatures the enzyme. However, PPO is inactive in the anaerobic rumen and therefore any subsequent protection of plant protein and glycerol based-PUFA in the rumen must be as a result of events that occurred to the forage pre-ingestion. Reduced activity of plant proteases and lipases would have little effect on NUE and glycerol based-PUFA in the rumen due to the greater concentration of rumen microbial proteases and lipases. The mechanism for PPOs protection of plant protein in the rumen is a consequence of complexing plant protein, rather than protease deactivation per se. These complexed proteins reduce protein digestibility in the rumen and subsequently increase undegraded dietary protein flow to the small intestine. The mechanism for protecting glycerol-based PUFA has yet to be fully elucidated but may be associated with entrapment within PBP reducing access to microbial lipases or differences in rumen digestion kinetics of the forage and therefore not related to PPO activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. F. Lee
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of BristolBristol, UK
- Rothamsted Research – North WykeOkehampton, UK
- *Correspondence: Michael R. F. Lee, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU, Bristol, UK e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Webb KJ, Cookson A, Allison G, Sullivan ML, Winters AL. Polyphenol oxidase affects normal nodule development in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:700. [PMID: 25566275 PMCID: PMC4269121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) may have multiple functions in tissues depending on its cellular or tissue localization. Here we use PPO RNAi transformants of red clover (Trifolium pratense) to determine the role PPO plays in normal development of plants, and especially in N2-fixing nodules. In red clover, PPO was not essential for either growth or nodule production, or for nodule function in plants grown under optimal, N-free conditions. However, absence of PPO resulted in a more reduced environment in all tissues, as measured by redox potential, and caused subtle developmental changes in nodules. Leaves and, to a lesser extent nodules, lacking PPO tended to accumulate phenolic compounds. A comparison of nodules of two representative contrasting clones by microscopy revealed that nodules lacking PPO were morphologically and anatomically subtly altered, and that phenolics accumulated in different cells and tissues. Developing nodules lacking PPO were longer, and there were more cell layers within the squashed cell layer (SCL), but the walls of these cells were less thickened and the cells were less squashed. Within the N2-fixing zone, bacteroids appeared more granular and were less tightly packed together, and were similar to developmentally compromised bacteroids elicited by catalase mutant rhizobia reported elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Judith Webb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
- *Correspondence: K. Judith Webb, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Gogerddan, Ceredigion SY23 3EE, UK e-mail:
| | - Alan Cookson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Gordon Allison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Michael L. Sullivan
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureMadison, WI, USA
| | - Ana L. Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Vanhatalo A, Toivonen V, Heikkilä T, Lee M, Shingfield K. Effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5882-900. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Webb KJ, Cookson A, Allison G, Sullivan ML, Winters AL. Gene expression patterns, localization, and substrates of polyphenol oxidase in red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7421-30. [PMID: 23790148 DOI: 10.1021/jf401122d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes and their corresponding enzyme activities occur in many plants; natural PPO substrates and enzyme/substrate localization are less well characterized. Leaf and root PPO activities in Arabidopsis and five legumes were compared with those of high-PPO red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). Red clover PPO enzyme activity decreased leaves > stem > nodules > peduncle = petiole > embryo; PPO1 and PPO4 genes were expressed early in leaf emergence, whereas PPO4 and PPO5 predominated in mature leaves. PPO1 was expressed in embryos and nodules. PPO substrates, phaselic acid and clovamide, were detected in leaves, and clovamide was detected in nodules. Phaselic acid and clovamide, along with caffeic and chlorogenic acids, were suitable substrates for PPO1, PPO4, and PPO5 genes expressed in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) leaves. PPO enzyme presence and activity were colocalized in leaves and nodules by cytochemistry. Substrates and PPO activity were localized in developing squashed cell layer of nodules, suggesting PPO may have a developmental role in nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Judith Webb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University , Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EE, Wales, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lipid metabolism in mixtures of red clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in lab scale silages and in vitro rumen incubations. Animal 2013; 7:1454-63. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
20
|
Lipid metabolism in the rumen: New insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Cabiddu A, Salis L, Tweed JKS, Molle G, Decandia M, Lee MRF. The influence of plant polyphenols on lipolysis and biohydrogenation in dried forages at different phenological stages: in vitro study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:829-835. [PMID: 20355119 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that forage legumes show a higher transfer efficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to ruminant dairy products in comparison with grasses. Legumes are usually characterised by moderate levels of plant secondary metabolites, which can have an effect on lipolysis and biohydrogenation in the rumen. An in vitro study was carried out to compare two species with different plant phenol compositions, Vicia sativa (VS, common vetch, cv. Jose) and Trifolium incarnatum (TI, crimson clover, cv. Viterbo) cut at the vegetative (Veg) and reproductive (Rep) stages, on lipolysis and PUFA biohydrogenation in the rumen. RESULTS The study showed that forage species and phenological stage affected the levels of bound phenols (BP) and tannic polyphenols (TP). VS was characterised by a higher level of TP than TI at both Veg and Rep stages, whereas BP levels were low in both forages. BP and TP had a negative effect on lipolysis and biohydrogenation, but TP showed a greater negative correlation than BP for both forages. CONCLUSION These results showed that lipolysis and biohydrogenation of PUFA could be affected by plant phenols, particularly TP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cabiddu
- Dipartimento per la Ricerca nelle Produzioni Animali, AGRIS Sardegna, I-07040 Olmedo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|