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Khodadadi S, Rabiei H, Sardari S, Mahboudi H, Bayatzadeh MA, Vazifeh Shiran N, Sardabi M, Akbari Eidgahi MR, Madanchi H, Mohammadpour N. Purification, and characterization of a new pro-coagulant protein from Iranian Echis carinatus venom. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101701. [PMID: 38601750 PMCID: PMC11004499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to purify the proteins that cause blood coagulation in the venom of the Iranian Echis carinatus snake species in a comprehensive manner. Gel filtration chromatography (GFC), Ion exchange chromatography (IEC), and Size Exclusion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (SEC-HPLC) were utilized in the purification of the coagulation factors. The prothrombin clotting time (PRCT) and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis were performed to confirm the coagulative fractions. The fraction with the shortest coagulation time was selected. The components of this designated fraction were identified through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) following thorough purification. Circular dichroism (CD) was employed to determine the second structure of the coagulation factor. The crude venom (CV) was analyzed and had a total protein concentration of 97%. Furthermore, the PRCT of the crude venom solution at a concentration of 1 mg/ml was determined to be 24.19 ± 1.05 s. The dosage administered was found to be a factor in the venom's capacity to induce hemolysis. According to CD analysis, the protein under investigation had a helical structure of 16.7%, a beta structure of 41%, and a turn structure of 9.8%. CHNS proved that the purified coagulant protein had a Carbon content of 77.82%, 5.66% Hydrogen, 3.19% Nitrogen, and 0.49% Sulphur. In the present investigation, a particular type of snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) has undergone the process of purification and characterization and has been designated as EC-124. This purified fraction shows significant efficacy as a procoagulant. Our findings have shown that this compound has a function similar to factor X and most likely it can cause blood coagulation by activating factor II (FII).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeneh Khodadadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Rabiei
- Venomous Animal and Antivenom Production Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical, Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13198, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Mahboudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Bayatzadeh
- Venomous Animal and Antivenom Production Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Iran
| | - Nader Vazifeh Shiran
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sardabi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Khwarizmi University, Alborz, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Madanchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical, Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13198, Tehran, Iran
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nasser Mohammadpour
- Venomous Animal and Antivenom Production Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Iran
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Deshwal A, Phan P, Datta J, Kannan R, Thallapuranam SK. A Meta-Analysis of the Protein Components in Rattlesnake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060372. [PMID: 34071038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity and potency of venom components give them a unique advantage in developing various pharmaceutical drugs. Though venom is a cocktail of proteins, rarely are the synergy and association between various venom components studied. Understanding the relationship between various components of venom is critical in medical research. Using meta-analysis, we observed underlying patterns and associations in the appearance of the toxin families. For Crotalus, Dis has the most associations with the following toxins: PDE; BPP; CRL; CRiSP; LAAO; SVMP P-I and LAAO; SVMP P-III and LAAO. In Sistrurus venom, CTL and NGF have the most associations. These associations can predict the presence of proteins in novel venom and understand synergies between venom components for enhanced bioactivity. Using this approach, the need to revisit the classification of proteins as major components or minor components is highlighted. The revised classification of venom components is based on ubiquity, bioactivity, the number of associations, and synergies. The revised classification can be expected to trigger increased research on venom components, such as NGF, which have high biomedical significance. Using hierarchical clustering, we observed that the genera's venom compositions were similar, based on functional characteristics rather than phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Deshwal
- Division of Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Phuc Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jyotishka Datta
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ragupathy Kannan
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA
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Péterfi O, Boda F, Szabó Z, Ferencz E, Bába L. Hypotensive Snake Venom Components-A Mini-Review. Molecules 2019; 24:E2778. [PMID: 31370142 PMCID: PMC6695636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is considered a major public health issue due to its high prevalence and subsequent risk of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Thus, the search for new antihypertensive compounds remains of great interest. Snake venoms provide an abundant source of lead molecules that affect the cardiovascular system, which makes them prominent from a pharmaceutical perspective. Such snake venom components include bradykinin potentiating peptides (proline-rich oligopeptides), natriuretic peptides, phospholipases A2, serine-proteases and vascular endothelial growth factors. Some heparin binding hypotensive factors, three-finger toxins and 5' nucleotidases can also exert blood pressure lowering activity. Great advances have been made during the last decade regarding the understanding of the mechanism of action of these hypotensive proteins. Bradykinin potentiating peptides exert their action primarily by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme and increasing the effect of endogenous bradykinin. Snake venom phospholipases A2 are capable of reducing blood pressure through the production of arachidonic acid, a precursor of cyclooxygenase metabolites (prostaglandins or prostacyclin). Other snake venom proteins mimic the effects of endogenous kallikrein, natriuretic peptides or vascular endothelial growth factors. The aim of this work was to review the current state of knowledge regarding snake venom components with potential antihypertensive activity and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Péterfi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Francisc Boda
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania.
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Specialty Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Elek Ferencz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - László Bába
- Department of Specialty Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania
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Rashidi R, Gorji Valokola M, Kamrani Rad SZ, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. Antiplatelet properties of snake venoms: a mini review. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1474927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogayyeh Rashidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Gorji Valokola
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zohreh Kamrani Rad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Xiong S, Huang C. Synergistic strategies of predominant toxins in snake venoms. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:142-154. [PMID: 29428543 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synergism is a significant phenomenon present in snake venoms that may be an evolving strategy to potentiate toxicities. Synergism exists between different toxins or toxin complexes in various snake venoms, with phospholipaseA2s (PLA2s) (toxins or subunits) the main enablers. The predominant toxins, snake venom PLA2s, metalloproteases (SVMPs), serine proteases (SVSPs) and three-finger toxins (3FTxs), play essential roles in synergistic processes. The hypothetical mechanisms of synergistic effect can be generalized under the effects of amplification and chaperoning. The Toxicity Score is among the few quantitative methods to assess synergism. Selection of toxins involved in synergistically enhanced toxicity as the targets are important for development of novel antivenoms or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Xiong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Mullins ME, Liss DB, Schwarz ES. Comment: severe anaphylactic reaction following crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) administration for copperhead snakebite. Ann Pharmacother 2015; 49:496. [PMID: 25762655 DOI: 10.1177/1060028015571964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Zhou Q, Xu W, Zhu L, Yu T, Ma B, Luo Y, Huang K. Preparation of a Monoclonal Antibody against a Kallikrein-Like Enzyme from Agkistrodon halys pallasVenom and Its Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.784914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ye Y, Li M, Chen X. Antinociceptive activity and pathway of the pallanalgesin isolated from venom of Agkistrodon halys (Pallas). PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:987-996. [PMID: 23734607 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.773521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Venom of Agkstrodon halys (Pallas) is a traditional Chinese medicine for the control of severe pain, but its analgesic mechanism is not clear. OBJECTIVE To isolate the analgesic fraction from the venom, evaluate the profile of its action on pain using preclinical nociceptive tests and determine the involvement of neurotransmitters in its action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Venom was separated with SPXL resin, and further purified by Superdex 75 and Superdex 30 resin. Its biochemical characteristics were analyzed including molecular weight (MW), isoelectric point (pI) and amino acid sequence. Animal pain models were applied including the hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, Randall-Selitto pressure test, antagonistic test, spinalized rats test and intracerebral injection test. The endogenous neuropeptides leucine-enkephalin, β-endorphin and P substance were determined by HPLC in the tissues of brain and spinal cord. RESULTS An analgesic protein named pallanalgesin (MW 16.6 kDa, pI 8.8) was obtained from the venom of A. halys. It had significant antinociceptive activity in different animal pain models of thermal, chemical and mechanical stimulation. It effects both central and peripheral nerve systems, and it is related to opiate receptors and monoamines rather than acetylcholine receptors. Pallanalgesin could modulate the levels of neuropeptides in the brain and spinal cord, which contributes to the recovery of nerve injury and pain control. CONCLUSION As a novel analgesic, pallanalgesin has been found to explain the function of the venom of A. halys on severe pain control in traditional uses, and can be used as a new analgesic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Ye Y, Li M, Chen X. Purification and characterization of a novel antinociceptive peptide from venom of Agkistrodon halys Pallas. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:448-56. [PMID: 23435917 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Venom of Agkistrodon halys Pallas can control severe pain such as cancer pain and neuropathic pain, but it is made up of complicated components. Aim of this study is to separate major analgesic fraction from venom of A. halys Pallas, and to reveal its biochemical and pharmacological properties. Three steps with ion exchange column first and molecular sieve columns next were used to separate and purify the fractions of venom. Analgesic effects were evaluated by hot plate tests and writhing tests in mice. The molecular weight (MW), isoelectric point, amino acid sequence, purity were respectively determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, Edman degradation and HPLC. The dependence and tolerance were observed by withdrawal test in rats, and analgesic effects were observed in mice during 7 days administration. Fourteen fractions were obtained by separation; the best analgesic fraction named Pallanalgesin was selected by ED50 and LD50. It had single band in electrophoresis, relative purity 92.16 %, MW 16.6 kDa, isoelectric point 8.8, and former sequence of ten amino acids H-L-L-Q-F-R-K-M-I-K. It showed significant analgesic effect without tolerance and dependence. As a novel analgesic, Pallanalgesin has been found to explain the function of venom of A. halys Pallas on severe pain control in traditional uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ye
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Zeng F, Shen B, Zhu Z, Zhang P, Ji Y, Niu L, Li X, Teng M. Crystal structure and activating effect on RyRs of AhV_TL-I, a glycosylated thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon halys snake venom. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:535-45. [PMID: 23052203 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A snake venom thrombin-like enzyme (SVTLE) from Agkistrodon halys pallas venom was isolated by means of a two-step chromatographic procedure. The purified enzyme, named AhV_TL-I, showed fibrinogenolytic activity against both the Aα and Bβ chains of bovine fibrinogen. Unlike the other SVTLEs, AhV_TL-I has poor esterolytic activity upon BAEE substrate. The N-terminal sequence of AhV_TL-I was determined to be IIGGDEXNINEHRFLVALYT, and the molecular mass was confirmed to 29389.533 Da by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Its complete cDNA and derived amino acid sequence were obtained by RT-PCR. The crystal structure of AhV_TL-I was determined at a resolution of 1.75 Å. A disaccharide was clearly mapped in the structure, which involved in regulating the esterolytic activity of AhV_TL-I. The presence of the N-glycan deformed the 99-loop, and the resulting steric hindrances hindered the substrates to access the active site. Furthermore, with the carbohydrate moiety, AhV_TL-I could induce mouse thoracic aortic ring contraction with the EC(50) of 147 nmol/L. Besides, the vasoconstrictor effects of AhV_TL-I were also independent of the enzymatic activity. The results of [Ca(2+)](i) measurement showed that the vasoconstrictor effects of AhV_TL-I were attributed to Ca(2+) releasing from Ca(2+) store. Further studies showed that it was related to the activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs). These offer new insights into the snake SVTLEs functions and provide a novel pathogenesis of A. halys pallas venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
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