1
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Wang J, Zhao Y, Sun B, Yang Y, Wang S, Feng Z, Li J. The structure of anthocyanins and the copigmentation by common micromolecular copigments: A review. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113837. [PMID: 38163689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Under natural physiological conditions, anthocyanins can keep bright and stable color for a long time due to the relatively stable acid-base environment of plant vacuoles and the copigmentation from various copigment substances, such as polyphenols, nucleotides, metallic ions and other substances. Therefore, the copigmentation caused by copigments is considered an effective way to stabilize anthocyanins against adverse environmental conditions. This is attributed to the covalent and noncovalent interactions between colored forms of anthocyanins (flavylium ions and quinoidal bases) and colorless or pale yellow organic molecules (copigments). These interactions are usually manifested in both hyperchromic effect and bathochromic shifts. In addition to making anthocyanins more stable, the copigmentation also could make an important contribution to the diversification of their tone. Based on the molecular structure of anthocyanins, this review focuses on the interaction mode of auxochrome groups or copigments with anthocyanins and their effects on the chemical and color stability of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tian Jin 300134, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tian Jin 300134, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tian Jin 300134, China
| | - Yutong Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tian Jin 300134, China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tian Jin 300134, China
| | - Zirui Feng
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tian Jin 300134, China
| | - Jianying Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tian Jin 300134, China
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2
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Chen Y, Yang J, Meng Q, Tong H. Non-volatile metabolites profiling analysis reveals the tea flavor of "Zijuan" in different tea plantations. Food Chem 2023; 412:135534. [PMID: 36732104 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic metabolites including tea polyphenols, amino acids, catechins, caffeine, sugars and anthocyanins were fully analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-ESI-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and showed significant differences among Zijuan tea from different plantations in Yunnan province (YN-ZJ), Qijiang (QJ-ZJ) and Ersheng (ES-ZJ) district, China, indicating that Zijuan is significantly influenced by growth conditions. Monosaccharides were the most abundant soluble sugars in YN-ZJ and ES-ZJ, while disaccharides was abundant in QJ-ZJ. d-galactose, d-mannose, d-sorbitol, inositol, d-glucose, d-galacturonic acid and raffinose involved in galactose metabolism were significantly changed (P < 0.05). Delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin and their glycoside derivatives were the major anthocyanins, and showed significant differences among Zijuan samples. Flavonoids and procyanidins abundant in Zijuan provided more substrates for anthocyanins accumulation. This study presented comprehensive chemical profiling and characterized metabolites of Zijuan in different tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Juan Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Qing Meng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huarong Tong
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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3
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Yang G, Meng Q, Shi J, Zhou M, Zhu Y, You Q, Xu P, Wu W, Lin Z, Lv H. Special tea products featuring functional components: Health benefits and processing strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1686-1721. [PMID: 36856036 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional components in tea confer various potential health benefits to humans. To date, several special tea products featuring functional components (STPFCs) have been successfully developed, such as O-methylated catechin-rich tea, γ-aminobutyric acid-rich tea, low-caffeine tea, and selenium-rich tea products. STPFCs have some unique and enhanced health benefits when compared with conventional tea products, which can meet the specific needs and preferences of different groups and have huge market potential. The processing strategies to improve the health benefits of tea products by regulating the functional component content have been an active area of research in food science. The fresh leaves of some specific tea varieties rich in functional components are used as raw materials, and special processing technologies are employed to prepare STPFCs. Huge progress has been achieved in the research and development of these STPFCs. However, the current status of these STPFCs has not yet been systematically reviewed. Here, studies on STPFCs have been comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their potential health benefits and processing strategies. Additionally, other chemical components with the potential to be developed into special teas and the application of tea functional components in the food industry have been discussed. Finally, suggestions on the promises and challenges for the future study of these STPFCs have been provided. This paper might shed light on the current status of the research and development of these STPFCs. Future studies on STPFCs should focus on screening specific tea varieties, identifying new functional components, evaluating health-promoting effects, improving flavor quality, and elucidating the interactions between functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Meng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiushuang You
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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4
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The Positive Modulation Effect of a 6-Week Consumption of an Anthocyanin-Rich Mulberry Milk on Working Memory, Cholinergic, and Monoaminergic Functions in Healthy Working-Age Adults. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5520059. [PMID: 34484562 PMCID: PMC8416394 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5520059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increase of stress-related memory impairment accompanying with the COVID-19 pandemic and financial crisis, the prevention of cognitive decline induced by stress has gained much attention. Based on the evidence that an anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk demonstrated the cognitive enhancing effect, we hypothesized that it should be able to enhance memory in working-age volunteers who are exposed to working stress. This study is an open-label, two-arm randomized study. Both men and women volunteers at age between 18 and 60 years old were randomly assigned to consume the tested product either 1 or 2 servings daily for 6 weeks. All subjects were assessed for cortisol, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A), and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) in saliva, and their working memory was determined both at baseline and at a 6-week period. The results showed that the working memory of subjects in both groups was enhanced at the end of the study period together with the reduction of saliva cortisol. The suppression of AChE, MAO, and MAO-A was also observed in subjects who consumed the tested product 2 servings daily. Therefore, we suggest the memory enhancing effect of an anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk. The possible mechanism may occur primarily via the suppression of cortisol. In addition, the high dose of mulberry milk also suppresses AChE, MAO, and MAO-A.
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5
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He X, Huang R, Liu L, Li Y, Wang W, Xu Q, Yu Y, Zhou T. CsUGT78A15 catalyzes the anthocyanidin 3-O-galactoside biosynthesis in tea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:738-749. [PMID: 34217130 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a group of natural water-soluble pigments in plants that contribute to the pink-purple color of a range of tissues. Because anthocyanins have various biological activities in human health, there is great research interest in the development of anthocyanin-rich foods and beverages, including purple shoot tea. Anthocyanidin 3-O-galactosides have been identified as one of the main anthocyanin components in purple shoot tea, but the enzyme responsible for their biosynthesis remains unclear. UDP-galactose anthocyanidin 3-O-galactosyltransferase (UA3GalT) is presumed to catalyze the galactosylation of anthocyanidin. Therefore, we assayed the UA3GalT activity in five tea samples with varying degrees of purple color and found that its activity was strongly positively correlated (r = 0.929, p < 0.05) with anthocyanin content. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment suggested that CsUGT78A15 encoded a UA3GalT enzyme. Enzymatic assays indicated that rCsUGT78A15 could catalyze the synthesis of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and delphinidin 3-O-galactoside using UDP-galactose as a sugar donor, and it showed higher catalytic efficiency towards delphinidin than cyanidin. These results indicate that CsUGT78A15 acts as a UA3GalT in vitro. Subcellular localization showed that CsUGT78A15 was located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nucleus, consistent with the location of anthocyanin synthesis. Transient overexpression of CsUGT78A15 in the fruit of mature 'Granny Smith' apples showed that the upregulation of CsUGT78A15 promoted cyanidin 3-O-galactoside accumulation in apple skins. These results suggested that CsUGT78A15 could catalyze galactosylation of anthocyanidins in planta. Our findings provide insight into the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ronghao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianshan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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6
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Zhu MZ, Zhou F, Ran LS, Li YL, Tan B, Wang KB, Huang JA, Liu ZH. Metabolic Profiling and Gene Expression Analyses of Purple-Leaf Formation in Tea Cultivars ( Camellia sinensis var. sinensis and var. assamica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:606962. [PMID: 33746994 PMCID: PMC7973281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.606962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Purple-leaf tea cultivars are known for their specific chemical composition that greatly influences tea bioactivity and plant resistance. Some studies have tried to reveal the purple-leaf formation mechanism of tea by comparing the purple new leaves and green older leaves in the same purple-leaf tea cultivar. It has been reported that almost all structural genes involved in anthocyanin/flavonoid biosynthesis were down-regulated in purple-leaf tea cultivars when the purple new leaves become green older leaves. However, anthocyanin/flavonoid biosynthesis is also affected by the growth period of tea leaves, gradually decreasing as new tea leaves become old tea leaves. This leads to uncertainty as to whether the purple-leaf formation is attributed to the high expression of structural genes in anthocyanin/flavonoid biosynthesis. To better understand the mechanisms underlying purple-leaf formation, we analyzed the biosynthesis of three pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins/flavonoids) by integrated metabolic and gene expression analyses in four purple-leaf tea cultivars including Camellia sinensis var. sinensis and var. assamica. Green-leaf and yellow-leaf cultivars were employed for comparison. The purple-leaf phenotype was mainly attributed to high anthocyanins and low chlorophylls. The purple-leaf phenotype led to other flavonoid changes including lowered monomeric catechin derivatives and elevated polymerized catechin derivatives. Gene expression analysis revealed that 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (HEME) gene in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway were responsible for high anthocyanin and low chlorophyll, respectively. These findings provide insights into the mechanism of purple-leaf formation in tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-zhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Research Center for Development and Utilization of Medicinal Plants in Eastern Hubei Province, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-sha Ran
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-long Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun-bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Kun-bo Wang,
| | - Jian-an Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Jian-an Huang,
| | - Zhong-hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhong-hua Liu,
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7
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Lin YC, Lu HF, Chen JC, Huang HC, Chen YH, Su YS, Tung CY, Huang C. Purple-leaf tea (Camellia sinensis L.) ameliorates high-fat diet induced obesity and metabolic disorder through the modulation of the gut microbiota in mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:376. [PMID: 33302947 PMCID: PMC7727182 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and its associated diseases have become a major world-wide health problem. Purple-leaf Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) (PLT), that is rich of anthocyanins, has been shown to have preventive effects on obesity and metabolic disorders. The intestinal microbiota has been shown to contribute to inflammation, obesity, and several metabolic disorders. However, whether PLT consumption could prevent obesity and diet-induced metabolic diseases by modulating the gut microbiota, is not clearly understood. Methods In this study, six-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or a high fat diet (HFD) without or with PLT for 10 weeks. Results PLT modulated the gut microbiota in mice and alleviated the symptoms of HFD-induced metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, adipocyte hypertrophy, and hepatic steatosis. PLT increased the diversity of the microbiota and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. f_Barnesiellaceae, g_Barnesiella, f_Ruminococcaceae, and f_Lachnospiraceae were discriminating faecal bacterial communities of the PLT mice that differed from the HFD mice. Conclusions These data indicate that PLT altered the microbial contents of the gut and prevented microbial dysbiosis in the host, and consequently is involved in the modulation of susceptibility to insulin resistance, hepatic diseases, and obesity that are linked to an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Departments of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Restaurant, Hotel and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Huang
- Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30014, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Changhua County, 51544, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shuo Su
- Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taoyuan, 324, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Cancer Progression Research Center of National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, 11153, Taiwan.
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8
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Fakhar Z, Faramarzi B, Pacifico S, Faramarzi S. Anthocyanin derivatives as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: An in-silico perspective of therapeutic targets against COVID-19 pandemic. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6171-6183. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1801510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Fakhar
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bahar Faramarzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Caserta, Italy
| | - Shadab Faramarzi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Caserta, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Breeding of Fruit Trees, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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9
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Iraji A, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Khoshneviszadeh M, Edraki N. Novel small molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease: Focusing on BACE1 and multi-target directed ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103649. [PMID: 32101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that effects 50 million people worldwide. In this review, AD pathology and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting AD were fully discussed. In particular, common approaches to prevent Aβ production and/or accumulation in the brain including α-secretase activators, specific γ-secretase modulators and small molecules BACE1 inhibitors were reviewed. Additionally, natural-origin bioactive compounds that provide AD therapeutic advances have been introduced. Considering AD is a multifactorial disease, the therapeutic potential of diverse multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that combine the efficacy of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, BACE1 inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors, for the treatment of AD are also reviewed. This article also highlights descriptions on the regulator of serotonin receptor (5-HT), metal chelators, anti-aggregants, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents targeting AD. Finally, current computational methods for evaluating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) and virtual screening (VS) of AD drugs are discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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10
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Mei X, Zhou C, Zhang W, Rothenberg DO, Wan S, Zhang L. Comprehensive analysis of putative dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene family in tea plant. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227225. [PMID: 31877197 PMCID: PMC6932780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One identified dihydroflavonol 4-reductases (DFR) encoding gene (named as CsDFRa herein) and five putative DFRs (named as CsDFRb1, CsDFRb2, CsDFRb3, CsDFRc and CsDFRd) in tea (Camellia sinensis) have been widely discussed in recent papers concerning multi-omics data. However, except for CsDFRa, their function and biochemical characteristics are not clear. This study aims to compare all putative CsDFRs and preliminarily evaluate their function. We investigated the sequences of genes (coding and promoter regions) and predicted structures of proteins encoded, and determined the activities of heterologously expressed CsDFRs under various conditions. The results showed that the sequences of five putative CsDFRs were quite different from CsDFRa, and had lower expression levels as well. The five putative CsDFRs could not catalyze three dihydroflavonol substrates. The functional CsDFRa had the strongest affinity with dihydroquercetin, and performed best at pH around 7 and 35°C but was not stable at lower pHs or higher temperatures. Single amino acid mutation at position 141 modified the preference of CsDFRa for dihydroquercetin and dihydromyricetin, and also weakened its stability. These data suggest that only CsDFRa works in the pathway for generating anthocyanidins and catechins. This study provides new insights into the function of CsDFRs and may assist to develop new strategies to manipulate the composition of tea flavonoids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mei
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caibi Zhou
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Tea Science, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dylan O’Neill Rothenberg
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihua Wan
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Afzal M, Redha A, AlHasan R. Anthocyanins Potentially Contribute to Defense against Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:E4255. [PMID: 31766696 PMCID: PMC6930593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ANTs) are plant pigments that belong to a flavanol class of polyphenols and have diverse pharmacological properties. These compounds are primarily found in fruits and vegetables, with an average daily intake of 180 mgd-1 of these compounds in the developed world. ANTs are potent antioxidants that might regulate the free radical-mediated generation of amyloid peptides (Abeta-amyloids) in the brain, which causes Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study presents a literature review of ANTs from different berries and their potential therapeutic value, with particular emphasis on neurodegenerative AD, which owing to oxidative stress. This review also highlights reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through energy metabolism, nitrogen reactive species, the role of transition metals in generating ROS, and the radical-quenching mechanisms of natural antioxidants, including ANTs. The current status of the bioavailability, solubility, and structure activity relationship of ANTs is discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afzal
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat-13060, Kuwait; (A.R.); (R.A.)
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12
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Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites as Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090333. [PMID: 31443476 PMCID: PMC6770078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are characterized by the death of neurons within specific regions of the brain or spinal cord. While the etiology of many neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive, several factors are thought to contribute to the neurodegenerative process, such as oxidative and nitrosative stress, excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. These processes culminate in the death of vulnerable neuronal populations, which manifests symptomatically as cognitive and/or motor impairments. Until recently, most treatments for these disorders have targeted single aspects of disease pathology; however, this strategy has proved largely ineffective, and focus has now turned towards therapeutics which target multiple aspects underlying neurodegeneration. Anthocyanins are unique flavonoid compounds that have been shown to modulate several of the factors contributing to neuronal death, and interest in their use as therapeutics for neurodegeneration has grown in recent years. Additionally, due to observations that the bioavailability of anthocyanins is low relative to that of their metabolites, it has been proposed that anthocyanin metabolites may play a significant part in mediating the beneficial effects of an anthocyanin-rich diet. Thus, in this review, we will explore the evidence evaluating the neuroprotective and therapeutic potential of anthocyanins and their common metabolites for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rothenberg DO, Yang H, Chen M, Zhang W, Zhang L. Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea ( Camellia sinensis). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061064. [PMID: 30889908 PMCID: PMC6471635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haijun Yang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Common Basic Courses, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Meiban Chen
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wenting Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Wasai M, Nonaka H, Murata M, Kitamura R, Sato Y, Tachibana H. Long-term dietary supplementation with the green tea cultivar Sunrouge prevents age-related cognitive decline in the senescence-accelerated mouse Prone8. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:339-347. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1530093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A majority of the potential health benefits of green tea, including the potential to prevent cognitive decline, have been attributed to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Sunrouge is a green tea cultivar that contains EGCG and several other bioactive components such as quercetin, myricetin, cyanidin and delphinidin. We compared the effects of Sunrouge and Yabukita, the most popular Japanese green tea cultivar, on cognitive function in the senescence-accelerated mouse Prone8. These mice were fed an experimental diet containing Sunrouge extract (SRE) or Yabukita extract (YBE). SRE feeding significantly prevented cognitive decline, whereas YBE feeding had little effect. Moreover, SRE feeding prevented elevation of the amyloid-β42 level while improving the gene expression of neprilysin and decreasing beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 in the brain. These preventive effects of SRE against cognitive decline were attributed to the characteristic composition of Sunrouge and strongly suggest that consumption of this cultivar could protect against age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Wasai
- Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruna Nonaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoki Murata
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Wasai M, Fujimura Y, Nonaka H, Kitamura R, Murata M, Tachibana H. Postprandial glycaemia-lowering effect of a green tea cultivar Sunrouge and cultivar-specific metabolic profiling for determining bioactivity-related ingredients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16041. [PMID: 30375449 PMCID: PMC6207662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the major green tea catechins can inhibit the activity of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, there is a paucity of information describing the potential of other green tea ingredients and numerous green tea cultivars. Herein, we reveled that a green tea cultivar Sunrouge significantly suppressed the postprandial blood glucose level in mice. Unlike the most representative Japanese green tea cultivar, Yabukita, the suppression by Sunrouge was observed clearly during the initial period after oral dosing of starch. Sunrouge also strongly inhibited the carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase when compared with that of Yabukita and many other cultivars. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolic profiling (MP) of 42 Japanese green tea cultivars was performed. Multivariate statistical analysis enabled visualization of the differences among cultivars with respect to their ability to inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing activities. Analysis of metabolites, contributing to the discrimination and prediction of the bioactivity of cultivars, showed that O-methylated catechins, epicatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (ECG3"Me) and epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3"Me), were newly identified α-glucosidase inhibitors. Such ability was also observed in epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECG), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and myricetin-3-O-glucoside. The amounts of these compounds in Sunrouge were higher than that in many other cultivars. These results suggest that Sunrouge has high potential for suppressing the elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level, and an MP approach may become a valuable strategy for evaluating the anti-hyperglycemic activity of green tea and for screening its active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Wasai
- Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujimura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruna Nonaka
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitamura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoki Murata
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Maeda-Yamamoto M, Nishimura M, Kitaichi N, Nesumi A, Monobe M, Nomura S, Horie Y, Tachibana H, Nishihira J. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Daily Ingestion of Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) cv. "Yabukita" and "Sunrouge" on Eyestrain and Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050569. [PMID: 29734777 PMCID: PMC5986449 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivar “Sunrouge” contains anthocyanins, catechins and flavonols. To determine whether ingesting green tea containing anthocyanins improves visual function and blood pressure (BP) in healthy adults, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed. A total of 120 healthy subjects, aged between 20 and 60 years and with a systolic BP (SBP) value of ≤125 and <155 and a diastolic BP (DBP) value <95, or a DBP of ≤75 mmHg and <95 mmHg and a SBP <155 mmHg, were randomly assigned to one of three groups. For 12 weeks, the placebo group received barley extract without catechin; another group received “Sunrouge” extract containing 11.2 mg anthocyanin and 323.6 mg epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG); and a third group received “Yabukita” extract containing 322.2 mg EGCG. Home BP, accommodation ability, visual analog scale questionnaires for eyestrain, and metabolic-associated markers were analyzed at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intake period. The ingestion of “Sunrouge” tea significantly improved accommodation ability and eyestrain in subjects younger than 45 years and in subjects who operated visual display terminals every day. It also elevated BP. “Yabukita” tea ingestion significantly increased serum adiponectin levels. No adverse effects were observed. We conclude that long-term intake of “Sunrouge” tea containing anthocyanins and flavonols might improve visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Maeda-Yamamoto
- Agri-Food Business Innovation Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan.
| | - Mie Nishimura
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8585, Japan.
| | - Nobuyoshi Kitaichi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido 002-8072, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nesumi
- Institute of Fruit and Tea Science, NARO, Makurazaki, Kagoshima 898-0087, Japan.
| | - Manami Monobe
- Institute of Fruit and Tea Science, NARO, Shimada, Shizuoka 428-8501, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Nomura
- Institute of Fruit and Tea Science, NARO, Shimada, Shizuoka 428-8501, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Horie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido 002-8072, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Jun Nishihira
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8585, Japan.
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Isolation and Characterization of Key Genes that Promote Flavonoid Accumulation in Purple-leaf Tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Sci Rep 2018; 8:130. [PMID: 29317677 PMCID: PMC5760735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There were several high concentrations of flavonoid components in tea leaves that present health benefits. A novel purple-leaf tea variety, 'Mooma1', was obtained from the natural hybrid population of Longjing 43 variety. The buds and young leaves of 'Mooma1' were displayed in bright red. HPLC and LC-MS analysis showed that anthocyanins and O-Glycosylated flavonols were remarkably accumulated in the leaves of 'Mooma1', while the total amount of catechins in purple-leaf leaves was slightly decreased compared with the control. A R2R3-MYB transcription factor (CsMYB6A) and a novel UGT gene (CsUGT72AM1), that were highly expressed in purple leaf were isolated and identified by transcriptome sequencing. The over-expression of transgenic tobacco confirmed that CsMYB6A can activate the expression of flavonoid-related structural genes, especially CHS and 3GT, controlling the accumulation of anthocyanins in the leaf of transgenic tobacco. Enzymatic assays in vitro confirmed that CsUGT72AM1 has catalytic activity as a flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase, and displayed broad substrate specificity. The results were useful for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the flavonoid metabolic fluxes in the tea plant.
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18
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Shirai N. The Inhibitory Effects of Anthocyanin-Rich Sunrouge Tea on Pancreatic Lipase Activity. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:1343-1348. [PMID: 29129901 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of Sunrouge (SR), which is an anthocyaninrich green tea. Hot and cold water extracts (CWEX) of Yabukita (YK; regular green tea), SR second crop (SR2), and SR third crop (SR3) were prepared. The 50% inhibitory concentrations for YK, SR2, and SR3 CWEXs against pancreatic lipase in vitro were 12.3±2.8, 6.2±0.3, and 4.0±1.1 mg/mL, respectively. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) accounted for 4.3%, 6.0%, and 6.3% of YK, SR2, and SR3 CWEXs, respectively. SR2 had the highest anthocyanin content of these three samples. In vivo, the increase in the plasma triacylglycerol (TG) concentration following oral administration of oil to mice was significantly suppressed at 60 and 120 min in animals treated with SR2. No significant differences were observed between the plasma TG concentration in the YK and control groups. These results suggested that concomitant administration of SR with oil may suppress lipid absorption and that EGCG may exert this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Shirai
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science
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19
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NOMURA S, MONOBE M, EMA K, MAEDA-YAMAMOTO M, NESUMI A. Comparison of the Effects of Three Tea Cultivars ( Camellia sinensis L.) on Nitric Oxide Production and Aortic Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Expression in High-Salt Diet-Fed Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2017; 63:306-314. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.63.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko NOMURA
- Tea Research Division, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Manami MONOBE
- Tea Research Division, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Kaori EMA
- Tea Research Division, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
| | | | - Atsushi NESUMI
- Tea Research Division, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
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20
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Lai YS, Li S, Tang Q, Li HX, Chen SX, Li PW, Xu JY, Xu Y, Guo X. The Dark-Purple Tea Cultivar 'Ziyan' Accumulates a Large Amount of Delphinidin-Related Anthocyanins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2719-26. [PMID: 26996195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we developed a novel tea cultivar 'Ziyan' with distinct purple leaves. There was a significant correlation between leaf color and anthocyanin pigment content in the leaves. A distinct allocation of metabolic flow for B-ring trihydroxylated anthocyanins and catechins in 'Ziyan' was observed. Delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin (88.15 mg/100 g FW in total) but no other anthocyanin pigments were detected in 'Ziyan', and delphinidin (70.76 mg/100 g FW) was particularly predominant. An analysis of the catechin content in 'Ziyan' and eight other cultivars indicated that 'Ziyan' exhibits a preference for synthesizing B-ring trihydroxylated catechins (with a proportion of 74%). The full-length cDNA sequences of flavonoid pathway genes were isolated by RNA-Seq coupled with conventional TA cloning, and their expression patterns were characterized. Purple-leaved cultivars had lower amounts of total catechins, polyphenols, and water extract than ordinary non-anthocyanin cultivars but similar levels of caffeine. Because dark-purple-leaved Camellia species are rare in nature, this study provides new insights into the interplay between the accumulations of anthocyanins and other bioactive components in tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Song Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Xiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen-Xiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin-Wu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yi Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Guo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University , 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
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Murakami A, Nesumi A, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Yamaguchi H, Yashima K, Miura M, Nakano T, Nekoshima K. Anthocyanin-rich tea Sunrouge upregulates expressions of heat shock proteins in the gastrointestinal tract of ICR mice: A comparison with the conventional tea cultivar Yabukita. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:407-416. [PMID: 28911697 PMCID: PMC9351784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunrouge is an anthocyanin-rich, new tea cultivar that contains similar levels of catechins as Yabukita, the most popular tea cultivar consumed in Japan. Interestingly, Sunrouge preparations have previously been shown to have more pronounced acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and anticolitis activities than those of Yabukita. In this study, we examined their effects on expressions of self-defensive molecules, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are molecular chaperones involved in homeostasis and longevity. Hot water extract from freeze-dried Sunrouge significantly upregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of HSP40, HSP70, and HSP32 (heme oxygenase-1), with grades greater than those shown by Yabukita. Oral administration of freeze-dried preparation of Sunrouge to male ICR mice at a dose of 1% in the basal diet for 1 month resulted in marked upregulations of several HSP mRNA expressions in mucosa from the gastrointestinal tract, especially the upper small intestine. Again, its efficacy was remarkably higher than that of Yabukita. Moreover, exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to Sunrouge conferred thermoresistant phenotype, and also resulted in a significant life-span elongation. Taken together, our results suggest that Sunrouge is a unique and promising tea cultivar for regulating self-defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Murakami
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nesumi
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Setocho, Makurazaki, Kagoshima 898-0087, Japan
| | - Mari Maeda-Yamamoto
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | | | - Koji Yashima
- Nepuree Corporation, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 104-0031, Japan
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Protective effect of black tea extract against aluminium chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease in rats: A behavioural, biochemical and molecular approach. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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23
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Maeda-Yamamoto M, Okuda Y, Ohsuge T, Monobe M. Examination of Conditions for the Efficient Extraction of Various Functional Ingredients from Tea Leaves ( Camellia sinensis L.) using a Tea Infuser, ‘Rich plus’ (RICH+ ®). J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.61.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Limón PM, Gavara R, Pina F. Thermodynamics and kinetics of cyanidin 3-glucoside and caffeine copigments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5245-5251. [PMID: 23697334 DOI: 10.1021/jf4006643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The multiequilibrium system of reactions of cyanidin 3-glucoside at acidic and mildly acidic pH values was studied in the presence of caffeine as a copigment. The thermodynamic and kinetic constants were determined using the so-called direct and reverse pH jump experiments that were followed by conventional UV-vis spectroscopy or stopped flow coupled to a UV-vis detector, depending on the rate of the monitored process. Compared with that of free anthocyanin, the copigmentation with caffeine extends the domain of the flavylium cation up to less acidic pH values, while in a moderately acidic medium, the quinoidal base becomes more stabilized. As a consequence, the hydration to give the colorless hemiketal is difficult over the entire range of pH values. At pH 1, two adducts were found for the flavylium cation-caffeine interaction, with stoichiometries of 1:1 and 1:2 and association constants of 161 M⁻¹ (K₁) and 21 M⁻¹ (K₂), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piedad M Limón
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Jaén University , EPS of Linares, Alfonso X El Sabio, n° 28, 23700 Linares, Jaén, Spain
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