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Sensitivity Testing of Natural Antifungal Agents on Fusarium fujikuroi to Investigate the Potential for Sustainable Control of Kiwifruit Leaf Spot Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030239. [PMID: 35330241 PMCID: PMC8954223 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit is a nutritious and economically important fruit that is widely cultivated in China. In 2021, leaf spot disease of kiwifruit was discovered in the main kiwifruit-producing area of Xifeng County, Guizhou Province, China. Leaf spot disease weakens plant photosynthesis and reduces nutrient synthesis, thereby affecting plant growth. We studied the morphological characteristics and performed a combined analysis of EF-1α, RPB2, and TUB2 genes of Fusarium fujikuroi, a fungus associated with leaf spot disease. The pathogenicity of F. fujikuroi followed Koch’s hypothesis, confirming that this fungus is the cause of kiwifruit leaf spot disease. The sensitivity of seven natural antifungal agents against F. fujikuroi was measured using the mycelial growth rate method. Honokiol, cinnamaldehyde, and osthol showed good antifungal effects against F. fujikuroi, with EC50 values of 18.50, 64.60, and 64.86 μg/mL, respectively. The regression coefficient of cinnamaldehyde was the largest at 2.23, while that of honokiol was the smallest at 0.408. Fusarium fujikuroi was the most sensitive to cinnamaldehyde.
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Li T, Su X, Qu H, Duan X, Jiang Y. Biosynthesis, regulation, and biological significance of fumonisins in fungi: current status and prospects. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:450-462. [PMID: 34550845 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1979465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are one of the most important mycotoxin classes due to their widespread occurrence and potential health threat to humans and animals. Currently, most of the research focuses on the control of fumonisin contamination in the food supply chain. In recent years, significant progress in biochemistry, enzymology, and genetic regulation of fumonisin biosynthesis has been achieved using molecular technology. Furthermore, new insights into the roles of fumonisins in the interaction between fungi and plant hosts have been reported. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of fumonisins. The ecological significance of fumonisins to Fusarium species that produce the toxins is discussed, and the complex regulatory networks of fumonisin synthesis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinguo Su
- Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Department, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Iqbal N, Czékus Z, Poór P, Ördög A. Plant defence mechanisms against mycotoxin Fumonisin B1. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 343:109494. [PMID: 33915161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin which prevails in several crops and affects the growth and yield as well. Hence, keeping the alarming consequences of FB1 under consideration, there is still a need to seek other more reliable approaches and scientific knowledge for FB1-induced cell death and a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of plant defence strategies. FB1-induced disturbance in sphingolipid metabolism initiates programmed cell death (PCD) through various modes such as the elevated generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and activation of specific proteases and nucleases causing DNA fragmentation. There is a close interaction between sphingolipids and defence phytohormones in response to FB1 exposure regulating PCD and defence. In this review, the model plant Arabidopsis and various crops have been presented with different levels of susceptibility and resistivity exposed to various concentration of FB1. In addition to this, regulation of PCD and defence mechanisms have been also demonstrated at the physiological, biochemical and molecular levels to help the understanding of the role and function of FB1-inducible molecules and genes and their expressions in plants against pathogen attacks which could provide molecular and biochemical markers for the detection of toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
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Sultana S, Bao W, Shimizu M, Kageyama K, Suga H. Frequency of three mutations in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster of Fusarium fujikuroi that are predicted to block fumonisin production. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi is the most prominent pathogen found in rice. In addition to gibberellin, F. fujikuroi produces various secondary metabolites, including the polyketide mycotoxins, fumonisins. Fumonisin production is conferred by the fumonisin biosynthetic gene (FUM) cluster consisting of 15-17 genes. F. fujikuroi is phylogenetically subclassified into one group with fumonisin production (F-group) and another group in which fumonisin production is undetectable (G-group). In a previous study, a G-to-T substitution (FUM21_G2551T) in the FUM cluster transcription factor gene, FUM21, was identified as a cause of fumonisin-non-production in a G-group strain. In the current study, further analysis of G-group strains identified two additional mutations that involved FUM-cluster genes essential for fumonisin production: (1) a 22.4-kbp deletion in the FUM10-FUM19 region; and (2) a 1.4-kbp insertion in FUM6. PCR analysis of 44 G-group strains, indicated that 84% had the FUM21_G2551T mutation, 50% had the 22.4-kbp FUM10-FUM19 deletion, and 32% had the 1.4-kbp insertion in FUM6, and some strains had two or all the mutations. None of the mutations were detected in the 51 F-group strains examined. Each of the three mutations alone could account for the lack of fumonisin production in G-group strains. However, one G-group strain did not have any of the mutations. Therefore, another mutation(s) is likely responsible for the lack of fumonisin production in some G-group strains of F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sultana
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - W.X. Bao
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - M. Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - K. Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - H. Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Qiu J, Lu Y, He D, Lee YW, Ji F, Xu J, Shi J. Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Associated With Rice, Maize, and Soybean From Jiangsu Province, China: Phylogenetic, Pathogenic, and Toxigenic Analysis. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2193-2201. [PMID: 32552395 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-1909-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Species belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) are of vital importance and are a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide, as they not only cause serious diseases in crops but also produce various mycotoxins. To characterize the population structure and evaluate the risk of poisonous secondary metabolites, a total of 237 candidate strains were isolated from rice, maize, and soybean samples in Jiangsu Province, China. Species identification of the individual strain was accomplished by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF-1α) and the fumonisin (FB) synthetic gene (FUM1). The distribution of Fusarium species among the different crops was observed. The maize seeds were dominated by F. proliferatum (teleomorph, Gibberella intermedia) and F. verticillioides (teleomorph, G. moniliformis), whereas F. fujikuroi (teleomorph, G. fujikuroi) was the most frequently isolated species from rice and soybean samples. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of these strains were performed, and the results suggested clear groups showing no obvious relationship with the origin source. FFSC species pathogenicity and toxigenicity were studied. All of the species reduced the rice seed germination rate, with no significant differences. F. fujikuroi showed two distinct patterns of influencing the length of rice seedlings, which were correlated with FBs and gibberellic acid synthesis. FBs were mainly produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi also produced moniliformin and beauvericin. The toxigenicity of F. andiyazi (teleomorph, G. andiyazi) was extremely low. Further analysis indicated that the sequence variations in TEF-1α and the differences in the expression levels of the toxin synthesis genes were associated with the diversity of secondary metabolites in F. fujikuroi strains. These findings provide insight into the population-level characterization of the FFSC and might be helpful in the development of strategies for the management of diseases and mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yunan Lu
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Microbiology Discipline, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety - State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety; and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Katsurayama AM, Martins LM, Iamanaka BT, Fungaro MHP, Silva JJ, Pitt JI, Frisvad JC, Taniwaki MH. Fungal communities in rice cultivated in different Brazilian agroclimatic zones: From field to market. Food Microbiol 2020; 87:103378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Piombo E, Bosio P, Acquadro A, Abbruscato P, Spadaro D. Different Phenotypes, Similar Genomes: Three Newly Sequenced Fusarium fujikuroi Strains Induce Different Symptoms in Rice Depending on Temperature. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:656-665. [PMID: 31721656 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-19-0359-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bakanae, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, is one of the most important diseases of rice and is attributed to up to 75% of losses, depending on the strain and environmental conditions. Some strains cause elongation and thin leaves, whereas others induce stunting and chlorotic seedlings. Differences in symptoms are attributed to genetic differences in the strains. F. fujikuroi strains Augusto2, CSV1, and I1.3 were sequenced with Illumina MiSeq, and pathogenicity trials were conducted on rice cultivar Galileo, which is susceptible to bakanae. By performing gene prediction, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling, and structural variant analysis with a reference genome, we show how an extremely limited number of polymorphisms in genes not commonly associated with bakanae disease can cause strong differences in phenotype. CSV1 and Augusto2 were particularly close, with only 21,887 SNPs between them, but they differed in virulence, reaction to temperature, induced symptoms, colony morphology and color, growth speed, fumonisin, and gibberellin production. Genes potentially involved in the shift in phenotype were identified. Furthermore, we show how temperature variation may result in different symptoms even in rice plants inoculated with the same F. fujikuroi strain. Moreover, all of the F. fujikuroi strains became more virulent at higher temperatures. Significant differences were likewise observed in gibberellic acid production and in the expression of both fungal and plant gibberellin biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Pietro Bosio
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | | | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
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Scherm B, Balmas V, Infantino A, Aragona M, Valente MT, Desiderio F, Marcello A, Phanthavong S, Burgess LW, Rau D. Clonality, spatial structure, and pathogenic variation in Fusarium fujikuroi from rain-fed rice in southern Laos. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226556. [PMID: 31869352 PMCID: PMC6927642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bakanae disease, caused by the fungal phytopathogen Fusarium fujikuroi, can be detected in most rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing areas worldwide. In this study, we investigated the population structure of this fungus in southern Lao PDR, a country located near the geographic origin of rice domestication. Microsatellites (SSRs) and mating type (MAT) analyses, pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity tests were integrated in the study. The first key finding is that the population genetic structure of F. fujikuroi in Lao PDR is consistent with high clonal reproduction. Indeed, (i) “true” clones were identified; (ii) within populations, MAT types were frequently skewed from 1:1 ratio, (iii) linkage disequilibrium (among SSRs as also among SSRs and MAT) was present, and (iv) gene-flow between opposite MAT types within the same population is restricted. The presence of genetic divergence among areas and populations and the occurrence of positive spatial autocorrelation of genetic variation, indicate that migration is restricted, and that genetic drift plays an important role in the evolution of this fungus. Two main well-defined groups of isolates were detected (FST = 0.213) that display a non-random spatial distribution. They differ in the ability to induce seedlings death but not seedlings elongation (the typical Bakanae symptom) suggesting that the pathogen’s ability to induce the two symptoms is under different genetic control. Finally, we compared two agroecosystems with contrasting characteristics: low-input and traditional (Lao PDR) vs high-input and modern (Italy). We found differences in the level of population structuring and of spatial autocorrelation. This suggests that the evolutionary potential of the fungus not only depends on its intrinsic characteristics, but is strongly influenced by other external factors, most likely by the dynamics of infested seed exchange. Thus, quarantine and chemical treatments are a way to reduce population connectivity and hence the evolutionary potential of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Aragona
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Valente
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Desiderio
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Angela Marcello
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sengphet Phanthavong
- Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Thaluang Village, Pakse, Champasak, Lao PDR
| | - Lester W. Burgess
- Sydney Insitute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Domenico Rau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Balendres MAO, Karlovsky P, Cumagun CJR. Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Agricultural Crop Commodities in the Philippines: A Review. Foods 2019; 8:E249. [PMID: 31288486 PMCID: PMC6678526 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical, warm, and humid conditions that are favorable to the growth and development of mycotoxigenic fungi put the Philippines at a high risk of mycotoxin contamination. To date, seven mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species, four Fusarium species, and one Penicillium species have been isolated from various agricultural crop commodities in the country. There are five mycotoxin groups (aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, nivalenol, and zearalenone) that have been detected in both the raw form and the by-products of major crops grown in the country. Since the first scientific report of aflatoxin contamination in the Philippines in 1972, new information has been generated on mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi, but little has been known of other mycotoxins until the last two decades. Further, despite the increase in the understanding of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in the country, very limited knowledge exists on practices and measures that control both the fungi and the toxins. This paper reviews the current literature on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in the Philippines with emphasis on the last two decades and on other mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Angelo O Balendres
- Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Joseph R Cumagun
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
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Sultana S, Kitajima M, Kobayashi H, Nakagawa H, Shimizu M, Kageyama K, Suga H. A Natural Variation of Fumonisin Gene Cluster Associated with Fumonisin Production Difference in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040200. [PMID: 30987138 PMCID: PMC6521250 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, stands out as a rice bakanae disease pathogen with a high production of gibberellic acid. Not all, but some F. fujikuroi strains are known to produce a carcinogenic mycotoxin fumonisin. Fumonisin biosynthesis is dependent on the FUM cluster composed of 16 FUM genes. The FUM cluster was detected not only from a fumonisin producing strain, but also from a fumonisin nonproducing strain that does not produce a detectable level of fumonisin. Genetic mapping indicated the causative mutation(s) of fumonisin nonproduction is present in the FUM cluster of the fumonisin nonproducing strain. Comparative analyses of FUM genes between the fumonisin producing and the nonproducing strains and gene complementation indicated that causative mutation of fumonisin nonproduction is not a single occurrence and the mutations are distributed in FUM21 and FUM7. Our research revealed a natural variation in the FUM cluster involving fumonisin production difference in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Miha Kitajima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- Faculty of National Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Koji Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Genetic Differentiation Associated with Fumonisin and Gibberellin Production in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 85:AEM.02414-18. [PMID: 30341078 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02414-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi is a pathogenic fungus that infects rice. It produces several important mycotoxins, such as fumonisins. Fumonisin production has been detected in strains of maize, strawberry, and wheat, whereas it has not been detected in strains from rice seedlings infested with bakanae disease in Japan. We investigated the genetic relationships, pathogenicity, and resistance to a fungicide, thiophanate-methyl (TM), in 51 fumonisin-producing strains and 44 nonproducing strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and two specific genes (a combined sequence of translation elongation factor 1α [TEF1α] and RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit [RPB2]) indicated differential clustering between the fumonisin-producing and -nonproducing strains. One of the AFLP markers, EATMCAY107, was specifically present in the fumonisin-producing strains. A specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between the fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains was also detected in RPB2, in addition to an SNP previously found in TEF1α. Gibberellin production was higher in the nonproducing than in the producing strains according to an in vitro assay, and the nonproducing strains had the strongest pathogenicity with regard to rice seedlings. TM resistance was closely correlated with the cluster of fumonisin-nonproducing strains. The results indicate that intraspecific evolution in Japanese F. fujikuroi is associated with fumonisin production and pathogenicity. Two subgroups of Japanese F. fujikuroi, designated G group and F group, were distinguished based on phylogenetic differences and the high production of gibberellin and fumonisin, respectively.IMPORTANCE Fusarium fujikuroi is a pathogenic fungus that causes rice bakanae disease. Historically, this pathogen has been known as Fusarium moniliforme, along with many other species based on a broad species concept. Gibberellin, which is currently known as a plant hormone, is a virulence factor of F. fujikuroi Fumonisin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin posing a serious threat to food and feed safety. Although it has been confirmed that F. fujikuroi produces gibberellin and fumonisin, production varies among strains, and individual production has been obscured by the traditional appellation of F. moniliforme, difficulties in species identification, and variation in the assays used to determine the production of these secondary metabolites. In this study, we discovered two phylogenetic subgroups associated with fumonisin and gibberellin production in Japanese F. fujikuroi.
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12
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Hoogendoorn K, Barra L, Waalwijk C, Dickschat JS, van der Lee TAJ, Medema MH. Evolution and Diversity of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Fusarium. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1158. [PMID: 29922257 PMCID: PMC5996196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi in the Fusarium genus cause severe damage to crops, resulting in great financial losses and health hazards. Specialized metabolites synthesized by these fungi are known to play key roles in the infection process, and to provide survival advantages inside and outside the host. However, systematic studies of the evolution of specialized metabolite-coding potential across Fusarium have been scarce. Here, we apply a combination of bioinformatic approaches to identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) across publicly available genomes from Fusarium, to group them into annotated families and to study gain/loss events of BGC families throughout the history of the genus. Comparison with MIBiG reference BGCs allowed assignment of 29 gene cluster families (GCFs) to pathways responsible for the production of known compounds, while for 57 GCFs, the molecular products remain unknown. Comparative analysis of BGC repertoires using ancestral state reconstruction raised several new hypotheses on how BGCs contribute to Fusarium pathogenicity or host specificity, sometimes surprisingly so: for example, a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of hexadehydro-astechrome was identified in the genome of the biocontrol strain Fusarium oxysporum Fo47, while being absent in that of the tomato pathogen F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Several BGCs were also identified on supernumerary chromosomes; heterologous expression of genes for three terpene synthases encoded on the Fusarium poae supernumerary chromosome and subsequent GC/MS analysis showed that these genes are functional and encode enzymes that each are able to synthesize koraiol; this observed functional redundancy supports the hypothesis that localization of copies of BGCs on supernumerary chromosomes provides freedom for evolutionary innovations to occur, while the original function remains conserved. Altogether, this systematic overview of biosynthetic diversity in Fusarium paves the way for targeted natural product discovery based on automated identification of species-specific pathways as well as for connecting species ecology to the taxonomic distributions of BGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Hoogendoorn
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lena Barra
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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13
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Choi JH, Lee S, Nah JY, Kim HK, Paek JS, Lee S, Ham H, Hong SK, Yun SH, Lee T. Species composition of and fumonisin production by the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex isolated from Korean cereals. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 267:62-69. [PMID: 29291460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To assess the risk of fumonisin contamination in Korean cereals, we isolated colonies of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) from barley, maize, rice and soybean samples from 2011 to 2015. A total of 878 FFSC strains were isolated mostly from maize and rice, and species identity of the isolates were determined using the DNA sequence of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α) and RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes. Fusaria recovered from Korean cereals included F. fujikuroi (317 isolates and a frequency of 36%), F. proliferatum (212 isolates and 24.1%), F. verticillioides (170 isolates and 19.4%), F. concentricum (86 strains and 9.8%), F. andiyazi (56 isolates and 6.4%), F. subglutinans (28 isolates and 3.2%), F. thapsinum (5 isolates and 0.6%), and F. circinatum (2 isolates and 0.2%). The rice samples were dominated by F. fujikuroi (47.4%), F. proliferatum (27.3%), and F. concentricum (15.1%), whereas maize samples were dominated by F. verticillioides (33.9%), F. fujikuroi (25.3%), and F. proliferatum (21.1%). A phylogenetic analysis of 70 representative isolates demonstrated that each species was resolved as genealogically exclusive in the ML tree. Fumonisin production potential was evaluated using a PCR assay for the fumonisin biosynthesis gene, FUM1 in all of the isolates. Most of the isolates tested (94%) were positive for FUM1. All of the isolates assigned to F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides and F. thapsinum were positive for FUM1 irrespective of their host origin. Seventy-seven representative isolates positive for FUM1 were examined for fumonisin production in rice medium. The majority of F. proliferatum (26/27, 96.3%), F. verticillioides (16/17, 94.1%) and F. fujikuroi (19/25, 76.0%) produced both FB1 and FB2. Notably, 16 of 19 fumonisin-producing F. fujikuroi produced >1000μg/g of fumonisins (FB1+FB2) in rice medium, which is higher than that in previous reports. These results suggest that F. fujikuroi can produce high levels of fumonisins similar to F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hye Choi
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seolhee Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Nah
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Paek
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonheui Ham
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kee Hong
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Bolton SL, Brannen PM, Glenn AE. A Novel Population of Fusarium fujikuroi Isolated from Southeastern U.S. Winegrapes Reveals the Need to Re-Evaluate the Species' Fumonisin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090254. [PMID: 27589800 PMCID: PMC5037480 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins pose a challenge to a safe food supply worldwide, and their threat is expected to worsen with our changing climate. The need for diligence is exemplified by the discovery of fumonisin B2 in wine, which joins ochratoxin A as a mycotoxin of concern in the grape-wine chain. To elucidate the mycotoxin risk in southeastern American wine, grape samples were collected from vineyards during harvest in 2013 and potentially mycotoxigenic fungi (Fusarium and Aspergillus) were isolated from the samples. Numerous Fusarium isolates were recovered and identified to the species level by comparison of translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences to verified strains. Fusariumfujikuroi was the most abundant species recovered (239 isolates), followed by F. proliferatum (52), F. incarnatum-equiseti (14), F. oxysporum (7), F. concentricum (1), and F. solani (1). In vitro assays quantified fumonisin production for representative isolates via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, nearly all F. fujikuroi isolates produced fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 at levels comparable to both the F. proliferatum isolates and the positive control, Fusariumverticillioides. Such capacity for fumonisin production refutes the generally accepted notion that F.fujikuroi produces undetectable or low levels of fumonisins and provides evidence to reconsider this species as a mycotoxigenic threat to economically significant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bolton
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Phillip M Brannen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, R.B. Russell Research Center, USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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15
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Hwang IS, Ahn IP. Multi-Homologous Recombination-Based Gene Manipulation in the Rice Pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:173-181. [PMID: 27298592 PMCID: PMC4892813 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2015.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene disruption by homologous recombination is widely used to investigate and analyze the function of genes in Fusarium fujikuroi, a fungus that causes bakanae disease and root rot symptoms in rice. To generate gene deletion constructs, the use of conventional cloning methods, which rely on restriction enzymes and ligases, has had limited success due to a lack of unique restriction enzyme sites. Although strategies that avoid the use of restriction enzymes have been employed to overcome this issue, these methods require complicated PCR steps or are frequently inefficient. Here, we introduce a cloning system that utilizes multi-fragment assembly by In-Fusion to generate a gene disruption construct. This method utilizes DNA fragment fusion and requires only one PCR step and one reaction for construction. Using this strategy, a gene disruption construct for Fusarium cyclin C1 (FCC1 ), which is associated with fumonisin B1 biosynthesis, was successfully created and used for fungal transformation. In vivo and in vitro experiments using confirmed fcc1 mutants suggest that fumonisin production is closely related to disease symptoms exhibited by F. fujikuroi strain B14. Taken together, this multi-fragment assembly method represents a simpler and a more convenient process for targeted gene disruption in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Il-Pyung Ahn
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-63-238-4668, FAX) +82-63-238-4654, E-mail)
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16
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Mohammadi A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Kachuei R, Gholami-Shabani M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Giberella fujikuroi species complex isolated from maize and wheat in Iran: distribution, molecular identification and fumonisin B1 in vitro biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1333-1340. [PMID: 25903322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination of food and agricultural crops by Fusarium species is a major concern of food spoilage and a potential public health hazard. In the present study, natural contamination of maize and wheat samples from main cultivation areas of Iran by Fusarium species belonging to the Giberella fujikuroi species complex was evaluated, with special attention to the ability of the isolates to produce fumonisin B1 (FB1 ). RESULTS A total of 55 Fusarium isolates were obtained from 27/32 maize samples (84.4%) and 11/15 wheat samples (73.3%). They were identified as F. verticillioides (47.3%), F. proliferatum (47.3%), F. fujikuroi (1.8%), F. nygamai (1.8%) and F. redolens (1.8%) by sequence analysis of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α). Twenty-two of 55 Fusarium isolates belonging to F. proliferatum (23.6%), F. verticillioides (14.5%) and F. fujikuroi (1.8%) produced FB1 in the concentration range 230.4-9565.0 µg mL(-1) . The dendrogram resulting from the TEF1-α profile showed that the genotypes were divided into clusters I, II and III, of which cluster III contained only F. redolens, its first report from Iran. CONCLUSION On the basis of in vitro FB1 biosynthesis of the analyzed strains, the high degree of contamination of maize and wheat with Fusarium strains reported here should be considered as a potential public health threat, because a meaningful number of the isolates were found to produce hazardous levels of carcinogenic FB1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser Mohammadi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-331, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-331, Iran
| | - Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Agronomy and Plant Breeding Group, Lorestan University, PO Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Rösler SM, Sieber CMK, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B. Interplay between pathway-specific and global regulation of the fumonisin gene cluster in the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5869-82. [PMID: 26966024 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rice pathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is known to produce a large variety of secondary metabolites. Besides the gibberellins, causing the bakanae effect in infected rice seedlings, the fungus produces several mycotoxins and pigments. Among the 47 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters identified in the genome of F. fujikuroi, the fumonisin gene cluster (FUM) shows very high homology to the FUM cluster of the main fumonisin producer Fusarium verticillioides, a pathogen of maize. Despite the high level of cluster gene conservation, total fumonisin FB1 and FB2 levels (FBx) produced by F. fujikuroi were only 1-10 % compared to F. verticillioides under inducing conditions. Nitrogen repression was found to be relevant for wild-type strains of both species. However, addition of germinated maize kernels activated the FBx production only in F. verticillioides, reflecting the different host specificity of both wild-type strains. Over-expression of the pathway-specific transcription factor Fum21 in F. fujikuroi strongly activated the FUM cluster genes leading to 1000-fold elevated FBx levels. To gain further insights into the nitrogen metabolite repression of FBx biosynthesis, we studied the impact of the global nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB and demonstrated that both GATA-type transcription factors are essential for full activation of the FUM gene cluster. Loss of one of them obstructs the pathway-specific transcription factor Fum21 to fully activate expression of FUM cluster genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Rösler
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian M K Sieber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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