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Agrawal S, Dufossé L, Deshmukh SK. Antibacterial metabolites from an unexplored strain of marine fungi Emericellopsis minima and determination of the probable mode of action against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:120-129. [PMID: 35239227 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of drug resistance has led researchers to focus on discovering new antibacterial agents derived from the marine biome. Although ample studies have investigated marine fungi for their bioactive metabolites with hopeful prospects in drug discovery. The present study was aimed to isolate/ identify potential antimethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus compounds producing marine fungal strain from the Indian marine environment. The effective anti-MRSA compound was produced by a marine fungal strain designated as D6. The D6 strain exhibited 99% similarity to Emericellopsis minima based on 18S rRNA gene analysis. The culture conditions of E. minima D6 were optimized using nutritional and environmental parameters for enhanced anti-MRSA compound production. The agar well diffusion assay was used to determine the inhibition zone diameter of the crude extract against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, whereas the broth microdilution method was used to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) active fraction. MIC values of the ethyl acetate fraction ranged from 0.8 to 1 mg/mL. SEM analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction induces deep craters in methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Further, GC-MS analysis confirmed the occurrence of a total of 15 major compounds in active ethyl acetate fraction. Some of the major antibacterial compounds included cyclopentanol, isothiazole, benzoic acid, pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, and hexahydro. These findings suggest that the marine fungi of E. minima can be a valuable candidate for prospecting antibiotics and an alternative complementary strategy for drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivankar Agrawal
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chemistry and Biotechnology of Natural Products, CHEMBIOPRO, Université de La Réunion, ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Agrawal S, Nandeibam J, Sarangthem I. Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) induced by metabolites of thermophilous fungi Acrophialophora levis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258607. [PMID: 34648570 PMCID: PMC8516270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) remains one of the major concerns of healthcare associated and community-onset infections worldwide. The number of cases of treatment failure for infections associated with resistant bacteria is on the rise, due to the decreasing efficacy of current antibiotics. Notably, Acrophialophora levis, a thermophilous fungus species, showed antibacterial activity, namely against S. aureus and clinical MRSA strains. The ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate was found to display significant activity against S. aureus and MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated drastic changes in the cellular architecture of metabolite treated cells of S. aureus and an MRSA clinical isolate. Cell wall disruption, membrane lysis and probable leakage of cytoplasmic are hallmarks of the antibacterial effect of fungal metabolites against MRSA. The ethyl acetate extract also showed strong antioxidant activity using two different complementary free radicals scavenging methods, DPPH and ABTS with efficiency of 55% and 47% at 1 mg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be 50 mg/GAE and 20 mg/CAE, respectively. More than ten metabolites from different classes were identified: phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpenes, tannins, lignans and flavonoids. In conclusion, the significant antibacterial activity renders this fungal strain as a bioresource for natural compounds an interesting alternative against resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivankar Agrawal
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
- * E-mail: (SA); (IS)
| | - Jusna Nandeibam
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Indira Sarangthem
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
- * E-mail: (SA); (IS)
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Agrawal S, Barrow CJ, Adholeya A, Deshmukh SK. Unveiling the dermatological potential of marine fungal species components: Antioxidant and inhibitory capacities over tyrosinase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1252-1266. [PMID: 34028084 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine fungi are a rich source of biologically active molecules, but a poorly explored bioresource for cosmeceutical products. This study evaluates the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antityrosinase effects of the organic extracts of marine fungi isolated from various marine environments in India. Out of 35 screened fungal strains, methanol extracts of strains P2, Talaromyces stipitatus, and D4, Aspergillus terreus exhibited antityrosinase activity of 45% and 43%, respectively, at the lowest concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The highest free radicals scavenging activity of 94% and 97% was observed at 500 mg/mL, respectively, of the same fungal extracts. The total phenolic content ranged from 8.20 to 20.30 mg/g of the dry weight of extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalent. GC-MS analysis of T. stipitatus and A. terreus extract identified seven and 10 major compounds, respectively. Some of the major compounds included azetidine, (3E)-3-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)hydrazono]-N-isobutyl butanamide, aziridine, and 3-methylcyclopentanone, 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane, cyclopentane carboxylic acid, N-allyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-benzothiophene-1-carboxamide, cyclo(l-Pro-l-Val), and 3-phenylpropionitrile. In conclusion, this study showed abundant fungal resources in Indian marine environments. A correlation between total phenolic contents of the extracts confirmed that phenolic compounds play an important role in antioxidant as well as antityrosinase activity of the marine fungal extracts and can be viewed as new potential antityrosinase and antioxidant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivankar Agrawal
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia.,TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Population authentication of the traditional medicinal plant Cassia tora L. based on ISSR markers and FTIR analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10714. [PMID: 30013159 PMCID: PMC6048050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassia tora is a plant of medicinal importance. Medicinal plants from different localities are believed to differ in their therapeutic potency. In this study, six populations of C. tora with different eco-geographical origins were investigated genotypically (ISSR) and phytochemically (FTIR) to establish an integrated approach for population discrimination and authentication of the origin of this medicinal herb. CHS gene expression analysis and determination of flavonoid content were carried out to substantiate the study. A total of 19 population-specific authentication bands were observed in 11 ISSR fingerprints. Authentication codes were generated using six highly polymorphic bands, including three authentication bands. FTIR spectra revealed that the peaks at wavenumber 1623 cm−1 (carbonyl group) and 1034 cm−1 (>CO- group) were powerful in separating the populations. These peaks are assigned to flavonoids and carbohydrates, respectively, were more intense for Ranchi (highland) population. Variation in the transcript level of CHS gene was observed. The findings of FTIR and RT-PCR analyses were in agreement with the TFC analysis, where, the lowest amount of flavonoids observed for Lucknow (lowland) population. All the populations of C. tora have been authenticated accurately by ISSR analyses and FTIR fingerprinting, and the Ranchi site was observed to be more suitable for the potential harvesting of therapeutic bioactive compounds.
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Rabel F, Sherma J. Review of the state of the art of preparative thin-layer chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1294081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Rabel
- ChromHELP, LLC, Woodbury, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Sherma
- Department of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
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Angel LPL, Yusof MT, Ismail IS, Ping BTY, Mohamed Azni INA, Kamarudin NH, Sundram S. An in vitro study of the antifungal activity of Trichoderma virens 7b and a profile of its non-polar antifungal components released against Ganoderma boninense. J Microbiol 2016; 54:732-744. [PMID: 27796927 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense is the causal agent of a devastating disease affecting oil palm in Southeast Asian countries. Basal stem rot (BSR) disease slowly rots the base of palms, which radically reduces productive lifespan of this lucrative crop. Previous reports have indicated the successful use of Trichoderma as biological control agent (BCA) against G. boninense and isolate T. virens 7b was selected based on its initial screening. This study attempts to decipher the mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of G. boninense by identifying and characterizing the chemical compounds as well as the physical mechanisms by T. virens 7b. Hexane extract of the isolate gave 62.60% ± 6.41 inhibition against G. boninense and observation under scanning electron microscope (SEM) detected severe mycelial deformation of the pathogen at the region of inhibition. Similar mycelia deformation of G. boninense was observed with a fungicide treatment, Benlate® indicating comparable fungicidal effect by T. virens 7b. Fraction 4 and 5 of hexane active fractions through preparative thin layer chromatography (P-TLC) was identified giving the best inhibition of the pathogen. These fractions comprised of ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, lactones, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, sulphides, and free fatty acids profiled through gas chromatography mass spectrometry detector (GC/MSD). A novel antifungal compound discovery of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) by T. virens 7b is reported through this study. T. virens 7b also proved to be an active siderophore producer through chrome azurol S (CAS) agar assay. The study demonstrated the possible mechanisms involved and responsible in the successful inhibition of G. boninense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Pei Lee Angel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Biology Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Yusof
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Laboratory of Natural Products, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bonnie Tay Yen Ping
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Norman Hj Kamarudin
- Biology Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Sundram
- Biology Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Panigrahi GK, Ch R, Mudiam MKR, Vashishtha VM, Raisuddin S, Das M. Activity-Guided Chemo Toxic Profiling of Cassia occidentalis (CO) Seeds: Detection of Toxic Compounds in Body Fluids of CO-Exposed Patients and Experimental Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1120-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gati Krushna Panigrahi
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ratnasekhar Ch
- Analytical
Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma
Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Mohana K. R. Mudiam
- Analytical
Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma
Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | - S. Raisuddin
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
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Sherma J. Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2012-2014. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:301-316. [PMID: 25826098 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Publications reporting techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative, and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2012 to November 1, 2014. Analyses are described for a variety of sample types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure - retention relationships, identification and characterization of natural and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, bioactivity, degradation, soil mobility, and lipophilicity are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- a Department of Chemistry , Lafayette College , Easton , Pennsylvania , USA
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