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Kumar H, Guleria S, Kimta N, Nepovimova E, Dhalaria R, Dhanjal DS, Sethi N, Alomar SY, Kuca K. Selected fruit pomaces: Nutritional profile, health benefits, and applications in functional foods and feeds. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 9:100791. [PMID: 38979544 PMCID: PMC11228958 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The utmost objective of every nation is to achieve zero hunger and ensure the health and well-being of its population. However, in impoverished nations, particularly in rural areas, such issues persist on a daily basis. Currently, there is a growing demand for fruit consumption due to their potential health benefits. Surprisingly, their most prevalent by-product is pomace, which is produced in millions of tonnes and is usually discarded as waste after processing or consumption. Even food produced with these kinds of raw resources can contribute to the objective of eradicating world hunger. Owing to these advantages, scientists have begun evaluating the nutritional content of various fruit pomace varieties as well as the chemical composition in different bioactive constituents, which have significant health benefits and can be used to formulate a variety of food products with notable nutraceutical and functional potential. So, the purpose of this review is to understand the existing familiarity of nutritional and phytochemical composition of selected fruit pomaces, those derived from pineapple, orange, grape, apple, and tomato. Furthermore, this article covers pre-clinical and clinical investigations conducted on the selected fruit pomace extracts and/or powder forms and its incorporation into food products and animal feed. Adding fruit pomaces reduces the glycemic index, increases the fibre content and total polyphenolic contents, and reduces the cooking loss, etc. In animal feeds, incorporating fruit pomaces improves the antioxidant enzyme activities, humoral immune system, and growth performance and reduces methane emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Shivani Guleria
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Centre of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147001, India
| | - Neetika Kimta
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Nidhi Sethi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Chen H, Hoi MPM, Lee SMY. Medicinal plants and natural products for treating overactive bladder. Chin Med 2024; 19:56. [PMID: 38532487 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overactive bladder (OAB) presents a high prevalence of 16-18% worldwide. The pathophysiology of OAB is still poorly understood while effective therapy or countermeasure are very limited. On the other hand, medicinal plants and herbal remedies have been utilized for treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in both Eastern and Western cultures since ancient times. In recent years, accumulating progress has also been made in OAB treatment research by using medicinal plants. METHODS Relevant literature on the studies of medicinal plants and herbs used to treat OAB was reviewed. The medicinal plants were summarized and categorized into two groups, single-herb medications and herbal formulations. RESULTS The present review has summarized current understanding of OAB's pathophysiology, its available treatments and new drug targets. Medicinal plants and natural products which have been used or have shown potential for OAB treatment were updated and comprehensively categorized. Studies on a wide variety of medicinal plants showed promising results, although only a few phytochemicals have been isolated and identified. Until now, none of these herbal compounds have been further developed into clinical therapeutics for OAB. CONCLUSIONS This review provides the basis for discovering and designing new phytopharmaceutical candidates with effective and well-tolerated properties to treat OAB. Increasing evidences indicate new strategies with alternative herbal treatment for OAB have high efficacy and safety, showing great promise for their clinical use. Future studies in a rigorously designed controlled manner will be beneficial to further support the eligibility of herbal treatment as OAB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon Ming Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Arias-Chávez DJ, Mailloux-Salinas P, Aparicio JL, Bravo G, Gómez-Viquez NL. Combined fructose and sucrose consumption from an early age aggravates cardiac oxidative damage and causes a dilated cardiomyopathy in SHR rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:205-213. [PMID: 37970552 PMCID: PMC10636576 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of arterial hypertension in young adults and favors an early-onset cardiomyopathy by generating oxidative stress. In this sense, indiscriminate consumption of sucrose and fructose sweetened beverages from early ages causes obesity, however its consequences on the heart when there is a genetic predisposition to develop hypertension are not clear. We compared the effects of sucrose, fructose, and their combination in weanling male spontaneously hypertensive rats to determine the relationship between genetic hypertension, obesity, and consumption of these sugars on the degree of cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress and Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta oxidation. Histological, biochemical, and Western blot studies were performed 12 weeks after treatment initiation. We found that chronic consumption of sucrose or fructose leads to obesity, exacerbates genetic arterial hypertension-induced metabolic alterations, and increases cardiac oxidative stress, Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta oxidation and cardiac hypertrophy. Nonetheless, when sucrose and fructose are consumed together, metabolic alterations worsen and are accompanied by dilated cardiomyopathy. These data suggest that sucrose and fructose combined consumption starting from maternal weaning in rats with genetic predisposition to arterial hypertension accelerates the progression of cardiomyopathy resulting in an early dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian Arias-Chávez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Ciudad de México14330, México
| | - Patrick Mailloux-Salinas
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Ciudad de México14330, México
| | - Jessica Ledesma Aparicio
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Ciudad de México14330, México
| | - Guadalupe Bravo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Ciudad de México14330, México
| | - Norma Leticia Gómez-Viquez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Ciudad de México14330, México
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Arias‐Chávez DJ, Mailloux‐Salinas P, Ledesma Aparicio J, Campos‐Pérez E, Medina‐Campos ON, Pedraza‐Chaverri J, Bravo G. Selenium in combination with a tomato lipid extract as a therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia and its alterations in rats with induced BPH. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3147-3156. [PMID: 37726932 PMCID: PMC10568668 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common adenoma in old men. Tomatoes are a rich source of bioactive compounds that, as well as selenium (Se), possess antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. The aim was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Se in combination with a tomato extract in aged rats with BPH. Aged male Wistar rats were divided in the following groups (n = 10 rats/group): Control (C), BPH, BPH + Finasteride (BPH + F), BPH + Tomato Lipidic Extract (BPH + E), BPH + Selenium (BPH + S) and BPH plus E plus S (BPH + E + S). After 4 weeks of treatment, prostate weight, diuresis, antioxidants enzymes, prooxidants and inflammatory markers, growth factors and androgens were determined. BPH + E + S reduced prostate weight by 59.29% and inhibited growth by 99.35% compared to BPH + F which only decreased weight and inhibited growth by 15.31% and 57.54%, respectively. Prooxidant markers were higher with BPH + F (49.4% higher vs. BPH), but BPH + E + S decreased these markers (94.27% vs. BPH) and increased antioxidant activity. Finally, diuresis was higher with the BPH + E + S combination and markers of inflammation and growth factors were significantly lower with respect to BPH + F. Our findings provide a beneficial and protective therapeutic option of E + S directed against androgens, oxidative stress and inflammation that regulates cell proliferation in the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian Arias‐Chávez
- Departmento de FarmacobiologíaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede SurMexico CityMexico
| | - Patrick Mailloux‐Salinas
- Departmento de FarmacobiologíaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede SurMexico CityMexico
| | - Jessica Ledesma Aparicio
- Departmento de FarmacobiologíaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede SurMexico CityMexico
| | - Elihu Campos‐Pérez
- Departamento de Patología, ISSSTEHospital General Dra. Matilde Petra Montoya LafraguaMexico CityMexico
- Departamento de PatologíaHospital Ángeles LindavistaMexico CityMexico
| | - Omar Noel Medina‐Campos
- Laboratorio F‐315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - José Pedraza‐Chaverri
- Laboratorio F‐315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Guadalupe Bravo
- Departmento de FarmacobiologíaCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede SurMexico CityMexico
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Colado-Velázquez JI, Mailloux-Salinas P, Arias-Chávez DJ, Ledesma-Aparicio J, Gómez-Viquez NL, Cano-Europa E, Sarabia GN, Bravo G. Lipidic extract of whole tomato reduces hyperplasia, oxidative stress and inflammation on testosterone-induced BPH in obese rats. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:529-539. [PMID: 36464759 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tomato is an important source of lycopene, a carotenoid that has been emerging as a natural preventive agent for prostate disease. Moreover, tomato contains other components with a wide range of physiological properties, but their potential beneficial effects on prostatic hyperplasia (PH) during obesity have not been completely established. In this study, we compared the effect of a lipidic extract of tomato saladette (STE) with Serenoa repens (SR) on obese rats with PH. METHODS Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided in Control (C) and Obese (Ob) treated without (n = 12) and with (n = 36) testosterone enanthate (TE), once a week for 8 weeks to induce PH. After 4 weeks, SR and STE were administered. Biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines production were determined. RESULTS TE increased prostate weight and caused prostatic hyperplasia in C group, and these effects were exacerbated by obesity. SR and STE reverted the increase in prostate weight and hyperplasia caused by TE in C and Ob groups. Obesity increased LDL, TGs, NOx and MAD, but decreased HDLc, GSx, SOD and CAT. SR reverted the effects of obesity, but these were significantly reduced and HDLc increased with STE. Obesity and TE increased TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, but these were partially reverted by STE compared with SR. CONCLUSIONS Excess of fat tissue increases the alterations by PH. STE diminishes these alterations compared with SR, suggesting its beneficial effect to improve prostate function. Whole tomato lipid extract could serve as sole therapy or as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juventino Iii Colado-Velázquez
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
- Autonomous University of the West, Unidad Regional Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Patrick Mailloux-Salinas
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - David Julian Arias-Chávez
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - Jessica Ledesma-Aparicio
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - Norma Leticia Gómez-Viquez
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - Edgard Cano-Europa
- Lab. de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Bravo
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico.
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Kim JH, Escobar S, Gong S, Liu M, Mao XY, Do C, Kuang I, Boateng K, Ha J, Tran M, Alluri S, Le T, Leong R, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-Parasitic Activity of Cherry Tomato Peel Powders. Foods 2021; 10:230. [PMID: 33498638 PMCID: PMC7912415 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis in humans, caused by the protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, while Tritrichomonas foetus causes trichomonosis, an infection of the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea in farm animals and domesticated cats. As part of an effort to determine the inhibitory effects of plant-based extracts and pure compounds, seven commercially available cherry tomato varieties were hand-peeled, freeze-dried, and pounded into powders. The anti-trichomonad inhibitory activities of these peel powders at 0.02% concentration determined using an in vitro cell assay varied widely from 0.0% to 66.7% against T. vaginalis G3 (human); from 0.9% to 66.8% for T. foetus C1 (feline); and from 0.0% to 81.3% for T. foetus D1 (bovine). The organic Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (D) peels were the most active against all three trichomonads, inhibiting 52.2% (G3), 66.8% (C1), and 81.3% (D1). Additional assays showed that none of the powders inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic fungi, or non-pathogenic lactobacilli. Tomato peel and pomace powders with high content of described biologically active compounds could serve as functional food and feed additives that might help overcome adverse effects of wide-ranging diseases and complement the treatment of parasites with the anti-trichomonad drug metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Christina C. Tam
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Jong H. Kim
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Sydney Escobar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Steven Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Max Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Xuan Yu Mao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Cindy Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Irene Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kelvin Boateng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Janica Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Megan Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Srimanth Alluri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Tam Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Ryan Leong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
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Biochemical and nutritional overview of diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats: what is the best choice? Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:24. [PMID: 32616730 PMCID: PMC7331639 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a condition that includes obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias among other, abnormalities that favors type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases development. Three main diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats exist: High carbohydrate diet (HCHD), high fat diet (HFD), and high carbohydrate-high fat diet (HCHHFD). We analyzed data from at least 35 articles per diet, from different research groups, to determine their effect on the development of the MS, aimed to aid researchers in choosing the model that better suits their research question; and also the best parameter that defines obesity, as there is no consensus to determine this condition in rats. For the HCHD we found a mild effect on body weight gain and fasting blood glucose levels (FBG), but significant increases in triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance and visceral fat accumulation. HFD had the greater increase in the parameters previously mentioned, followed by HCHHFD, which had a modest effect on FBG levels. Therefore, to study early stages of MS a HCHD is recommended, while HFD and HCHHFD better reproduce more severe stages of MS. We recommend the assessment of visceral fat accumulation as a good estimate for obesity in the rat.
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Plant-Derived Supplements for Sexual Health and Problems: Part 1—Trends over the Past Decade. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-019-00203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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