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Wang Y, Hu Y, Ren H, Zhao X, Yuan Z. Integrated transcriptomic, metabolomic, and functional analyses unravel the mechanism of bagging delaying fruit cracking of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Food Chem 2024; 451:139384. [PMID: 38692235 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The economic impact of fruit cracking in pomegranate products is substantial. In this study, we present the inaugural comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome in the outermost pericarp of pomegranate fruit in bagging conditions. Our investigation revealed a notable upregulation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the calcium signaling pathway (76.92%) and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes (87.50%) in the fruit peel of non-cracking fruit under bagging. Metabolomic analysis revealed that multiple phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were identified in pomegranate. Among these, calmodulin-like 23 (PgCML23) exhibited a significant correlation with triterpenoids and demonstrated a marked upregulation under bagging treatment. The transgenic tomatoes overexpressing PgCML23 exhibited significantly higher cellulose content and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) enzyme activity in the pericarp at the red ripening stage compared to the wild type. Conversely, water-soluble pectin content, polygalacturonase (PG), and β-galactosidase (β-GAL) enzyme activities were significantly lower in the transgenic tomatoes. Importantly, the heterologous expression of PgCML23 led to a substantial reduction in the fruit cracking rate in tomatoes. Our findings highlight the reduction of fruit cracking in bagging conditions through the manipulation of PgCML23 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yaping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Subtropical Crops of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Hongfang Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xueqing Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaohe Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Zhao X, Hao Z, Luo H, Yuan Z. Transcriptional profiling of long non-coding RNAs regulating fruit cracking in Punica granatum L. under bagging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:943547. [PMID: 36304394 PMCID: PMC9592827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.943547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cracking tremendously damages the appearance of fruit, easily leads to pathogen invasion, greatly reduces the marketability and causes immense economic losses. The pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in diverse biological processes has been confirmed, while the roles of lncRNAs underlying fruit cracking remain poorly understood. In this study, the incidence of fruit cracking was 7.26% under the bagging treatment, the control group was 38.11%, indicating that bagging considerably diminished the fruit cracking rate. LncRNA libraries for fruit cracking (FC), fruit non-cracking (FNC) and fruit non-cracking under bagging (FB) in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) were performed and analysed via high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. A total of 3194 lncRNAs were obtained with a total length of 4898846 nt and an average length of 1533.77 nt in pomegranate. We identified 42 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and 137 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) in FC vs FNC and 35 DELs and 160 DEGs in FB vs FC that formed co-expression networks respectively, suggesting that there are involved in phytohormone signaling pathway, lignin catabolic process, lipid transport/binding, cutin biosynthetic process and cell wall organization. We also found that 18 cis-acting DELs regulated 18 target genes, and 10 trans-acting DELs regulated 24 target genes in FC vs FNC, 23 DELs regulate 23 target genes for the cis-acting lncRNAs and 12 DELs regulated 36 target genes in FB vs FC, which provides an understanding for the regulation of the fruit cracking. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis results demonstrated that DELs participated in calcium ion binding, glycerophospholipid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthetic process, cell wall biogenesis, xyloglucan metabolic process, hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism. Our findings provide new insights into the roles of lncRNAs in regulating the fruit cracking and lay the foundation for further improvement of pomegranate quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqing Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Hao
- Zaozhuang Pomegranate Research Center, Institute of Botany, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Zaozhuang Pomegranate Research Center, Institute of Botany, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Zhaohe Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Legua P, José Martínez-Nicolás J, Guirao P, Hernández F, Núñez-Gómez D, Melgarejo P. Influence of fruit bagging technique on the morphometric and biochemical characteristics of two pomegranate varieties ( Punica granatum L.). FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100112. [PMID: 35601535 PMCID: PMC9121267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pomegranate tree is cultivated and its fruits consumed since ancient times. This tree is typical of the Mediterranean climate, with high thermal demands to mature properly. The main objective of this work was to study the influence of the fruit bagging technique on the morphometric and biochemical characteristics of the pomegranate fruits of two new varieties that are currently cultivated in the Southeast of Spain. The results indicated that the fruit bagging presented a significant effect on the weight, equatorial diameter, height and shape of the fruit, however, it did not show any influence on the peel thickness. No significant differences have been observed in the number of healthy fruits with and without bagging, however, the number of cracked fruits with Cryptoblabes gnidiella damage was higher for the non-bagged fruits. The fruit bagging presented a significant effect on the total soluble solids, maturity index, glucose, α-punicalagin, α + β-punicalagin and ellagic acid, but it did not show influence on pH, acidity, ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, total phenols, fructose, citric, malic, and quinic acid, β-punicalagin and anthocyanins. The internal fruit color was not affected by the bagging, although it did affect the external color of the fruit, and unevenly depending on the variety. Based on the results, it can be said that bagging can improve the quality of the fruit by reducing damage from pests and pathophysiology, and this benefit compensates or even exceeds the negative effects of bagging on peel color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Legua
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernandez University. Ctra. Beniel km 3.2 03312, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Juan José Martínez-Nicolás
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernandez University. Ctra. Beniel km 3.2 03312, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Pedro Guirao
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernandez University. Ctra. Beniel km 3.2 03312, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Francisca Hernández
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernandez University. Ctra. Beniel km 3.2 03312, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Dámaris Núñez-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernandez University. Ctra. Beniel km 3.2 03312, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Pablo Melgarejo
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernandez University. Ctra. Beniel km 3.2 03312, Orihuela, Spain
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Zhi C, Ali MM, Zhang J, Shi M, Ma S, Chen F. Effect of Paper and Aluminum Bagging on Fruit Quality of Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122704. [PMID: 34961175 PMCID: PMC8707535 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bagging regulates the fruit microenvironment and improves the quality and market value of fruits. It is a safe and ecofriendly technique to protect fruits from insect/pest infestation and multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In the current study, the influence of fruit bagging was evaluated on the development and quality of loquat fruits. Fruits from a healthy loquat orchard (Cv. Zaozhong No.6), located in Fujian, China, were enveloped in paper (T1), aluminum (T2), and aluminum-polyethylene bags (T3), while unbagged fruits were maintained as control (T0). In general, fruit bagging improved fruit quality in terms of fruit physiological and biochemical attributes and protected fruits from physical damage. In particular, aluminum-polyethylene bagging enhanced fruit weight, length, and width by 1.37-, 1.18-, and 1.13-fold, respectively. Loquat fruits bagged with paper bags exhibited the maximum soluble sugar and lowest titratable acid content. Fruits treated with paper and aluminum-ethylene bags showed twofold higher sugar-acid ratio as compared to control. Aluminum-polyethylene bagging caused 66.67%, 55.56%, and 33.33% reductions in skin burn, fruit rotting, and black spot of loquat. The fruits bagged in aluminum and aluminum-polyethylene did not show insect or bird damage, while unbagged fruits had 14.70% and 17.65% insect and bird damage, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that paper, aluminum, and aluminum-polyethylene bagging improved fruit health by 75%, 131%, and 144%, respectively, as compared to control. To delineate bagging type-dependent effects, principal component analysis was performed. Paper bagging was positively correlated with fruit firmness, rotting, soluble sugars, sugar-acid ratio, and proline content. Aluminum bagging was highly associated with improvements in titratable acids, cystine, and methionine. Aluminum-polyethylene bags were correlated with fruit weight, size, peel thickness, edible rate, and certain amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Zhi
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuqing 350300, China;
- Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Modern Facility Agriculture, Fuqing 350300, China
| | - Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (J.Z.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Junya Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (J.Z.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
- Xiamen Housing Group, Wanshun Cultural Industry Investment Development Co. Ltd., Xiamen 360000, China
| | - Meng Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (J.Z.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Songfeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (J.Z.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (J.Z.); (M.S.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Ali MM, Anwar R, Yousef AF, Li B, Luvisi A, De Bellis L, Aprile A, Chen F. Influence of Bagging on the Development and Quality of Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:358. [PMID: 33668522 PMCID: PMC7918571 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fruit quality is certainly influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, and a main quality attribute is the external appearance of the fruit. Various possible agronomical approaches are able to regulate the fruit microenvironment and, consequently, improve fruit quality and market value. Among these, fruit bagging has recently become an integral part of fruits' domestic and export markets in countries such as Japan, China, Korea Australia and the USA because it is a safe and eco-friendly technique to protect fruits from multiple stresses, preserving or improving the overall quality. Despite increasing global importance, the development of suitable bagging materials and, above all, their use in the field is quite laborious, so that serious efforts are required to enhance and standardize bagging material according to the need of the crops/fruits. This review provides information about the effects of bagging technique on the fruit aspect and texture, which are the main determinants of consumer choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (A.F.Y.); (B.L.)
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Raheel Anwar
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Ahmed F. Yousef
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (A.F.Y.); (B.L.)
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (branch Assiut), Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Binqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (A.F.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.M.A.); (A.F.Y.); (B.L.)
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Xiao NY, Zhang XQ, Ma XY, Luo WH, Li HQ, Zeng QY, Zhong L, Zhao WH. Construction of EVA/chitosan based PEG-PCL micelles nanocomposite films with controlled release of iprodione and its application in pre-harvest treatment of grapes. Food Chem 2020; 331:127277. [PMID: 32544653 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel nanocomposite poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) film with controlled in vitro release of iprodione (ID) was prepared. Chitosan (CS) was used as the reinforcement which enhances the water and oxygen permeability of films. ID loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) (IPP) micelles were used as the drug carrier which endows the films with antifungal and controlled release ability. IPP micelles with spherical shape and uniform size were obtained, and the maximum encapsulation efficacy (EE) was 91.17 ± 5.03% by well controlling the feeding amount of ID. Incorporation CS could improve the oxygen and moisture permeability of films, and the maximum oxygen permeability (OP) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) were 477.84 ± 13.03 cc/(m2·d·0.1 MPa) and 8.60 ± 0.25 g m-2 d-1, respectively. After loading IPP micelles, the films showed an improved antifungal ability and temperature-sensitive drug release behavior, and were found to enhance the quality of grapes by pre-harvest spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yu Xiao
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Xue-Qin Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Xin-Ye Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Han Luo
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Han-Qing Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Qi-Ying Zeng
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Le Zhong
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wen-Hong Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Sun RZ, Cheng G, Li Q, Zhu YR, Zhang X, Wang Y, He YN, Li SY, He L, Chen W, Pan QH, Duan CQ, Wang J. Comparative physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses reveal developmental stage-dependent effects of cluster bagging on phenolic metabolism in Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:583. [PMID: 31878879 PMCID: PMC6933938 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light conditions significantly influence grape berry ripening and the accumulation of phenolic compounds, but the underlying molecular basis remains partially understood. Here, we applied integrated transcriptomics and pathway-level metabolomics analyses to investigate the effect of cluster bagging during various developmental stages on phenolic metabolism in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. RESULTS Bagging treatments had limited effects on berry quality attributes at harvest and did not consistently affect phenolic acid biosynthesis between seasons. Significantly elevated flavan-3-ol and flavonol contents were detected in re-exposed berries after bagging during early-developmental stages, while bagging after véraison markedly inhibited skin anthocyanin accumulation. Several anthocyanin derivatives and flavonol glycosides were identified as marker phenolic metabolites for distinguishing bagged and non-bagged grapes. Coordinated transcriptional changes in the light signaling components CRY2 and HY5/HYHs, transcription regulator MYBA1, and enzymes LAR, ANR, UFGT and FLS4, coincided well with light-responsive biosynthesis of the corresponding flavonoids. The activation of multiple hormone signaling pathways after both light exclusion and re-exposure treatments was inconsistent with the changes in phenolic accumulation, indicating a limited role of plant hormones in mediating light/darkness-regulated phenolic biosynthesis processes. Furthermore, gene-gene and gene-metabolite network analyses discovered that the light-responsive expression of genes encoding bHLH, MYB, WRKY, NAC, and MADS-box transcription factors, and proteins involved in genetic information processing and epigenetic regulation such as nucleosome assembly and histone acetylation, showed a high positive correlation with grape berry phenolic accumulation in response to different light regimes. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our findings provide novel insights into the understanding of berry phenolic biosynthesis under light/darkness and practical guidance for improving grape features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ze Sun
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Grape and Wine Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan-Rong Zhu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Nongfu Spring Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Ruifeng Oseis (Yantai) Wine Manor Co. Ltd., Yantai, 264010, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan-Nan He
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lei He
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wu Chen
- CITIC Guoan Wine Co. Ltd., Xinjiang, 832200, Manasi, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100083, China.
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