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Massenti R, Ioppolo A, Carella A, Imperiale V, Lo Bianco R, Servili M, Selvaggini R, Caruso T. Growth, yield and oil quality of adult pedestrian olive orchards grown at four different planting systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1416548. [PMID: 39100086 PMCID: PMC11294250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1416548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated growth, yield and olive oil quality of mature pedestrian olive orchards. Trees of three Sicilian cultivars Calatina, Nocellara del Belice and Abunara were planted at four combinations of planting densities and training forms. Trees at 2 × 5 m were trained to central leader (CLx2), those at 3 × 5 m to free palmette (FPx3), those at 4 x 5 to globe vase (GVx4), and those at 5 x 5 to poly-conic vase (PVx5). 'Calatina' had the smallest trees in terms of trunk size in all growing systems, while canopy size of trees at higher densities was similar for all three cultivars. 'Calatina' was also the most growth efficient (m3 of canopy per cm2 of TCSA) and produced the least amount of pruning wood in the hedgerow systems (CLx2 and FPx3). Fruit yield per tree tended to be higher in more vigorous cultivars (Abunara and Nocellara) grown to 3D systems (GVx4 and PVx5), while 'Calatina' was the most yield efficient (kg of fruit per cm2 of TCSA) especially in the hedgerow growing systems. Fruit and oil yield per ha and average production value tended to be highest in CLx2 trees and lowest in GVx4 trees, with 'Calatina' showing the sharpest changes and 'Nocellara' the smallest changes among growing systems. According to the Jaen index, CLx2 tended to induce earlier fruit maturation, followed by PVx5, GVx4, and FPx3. The growing system did not affect oil fatty acid composition, while 'Calatina' had the highest amount of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids. 'Abunara' oils exhibited the highest amount of total phenols in CLx2, while 'Calatina' and 'Nocellara' oils exhibited the highest amount in FPx3 and PVx5. Both, trans-2-hexenal ("cut grass" sensory note) and hexenyl acetate ("floral" sensory note) tended to be lowest in oils from trees grown at CLx2 and highest in those from trees grown at GVx4, showing a somewhat inverse relationship with fruit ripening degree. The outcome of the present study on mature pedestrian orchards shows that proper combinations of cultivars, planting densities, and training forms (canopy shape) may result in efficient intensive systems for growing olive in areas where super-high density systems cannot be profitable due to agronomic and environmental limitations (water shortage, steep sloping sites, small farm size, etc.). Pedestrian growing systems can also be used to exploit olive biodiversity by allowing the use of available local genotypes. For this reason, they may represent an effective and sustainable solution against unexpected climate changes and associated emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Massenti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Ioppolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Imperiale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lo Bianco
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Selvaggini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tiziano Caruso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Perna C, Pagliai A, Lisci R, Pinhero Amantea R, Vieri M, Sarri D, Masella P. Relationship between Height and Exposure in Multispectral Vegetation Index Response and Product Characteristics in a Traditional Olive Orchard. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2557. [PMID: 38676174 PMCID: PMC11053592 DOI: 10.3390/s24082557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The present research had two aims. The first was to evaluate the effect of height and exposure on the vegetative response of olive canopies' vertical axis studied through a multispectral sensor and on the qualitative and quantitative product characteristics. The second was to examine the relationship between multispectral data and productive characteristics. Six olive plants were sampled, and their canopy's vertical axis was subdivided into four sectors based on two heights (Top and Low) and two exposures (West and East). A ground-vehicle-mounted multispectral proximal sensor (OptRx from AgLeader®) was used to investigate the different behaviours of the olive canopy vegetation index (VI) responses in each sector. A selective harvest was performed, in which each plant and sector were harvested separately. Product characterisation was conducted to investigate the response of the products (both olives and oils) in each sector. The results of Tukey's test (p > 0.05) showed a significant effect of height for the VI responses, with the Low sector obtaining higher values than the Top sector. The olive product showed some height and exposure effect, particularly for the olives' dimension and resistance to detachment, which was statistically higher in the upper part of the canopies. The regression studies highlighted some relationships between the VIs and product characteristics, particularly for resistance to detachments (R2 = 0.44-0.63), which can affect harvest management. In conclusion, the results showed the complexity of the olive canopies' response to multispectral data collection, highlighting the need to study the vertical axis to assess the variability of the canopy itself. The relationship between multispectral data and product characteristics must be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniele Sarri
- Department of Agricultural, Alimentary, Environmental and Forestry Sciences, Biosystem Engineering Division—DAGRI, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy; (C.P.); (A.P.); (R.L.); (R.P.A.); (M.V.); (P.M.)
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Lahbib K, Bnejdi F, Pandino G, Lombardo S, El-Gazzah M, El-Bok S, Dabbou S. Changes in Yield-Related Traits, Phytochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) Depending on Its Variety, Fruit Position, and Ripening Stage. Foods 2023; 12:3948. [PMID: 37959067 PMCID: PMC10648119 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between fruit position, ripening stage, and variety has not been well studied in pepper plants. To understand the interaction of these factors, a diversity of phytochemical traits as well as antioxidant activity were investigated with agronomic traits in eleven hot pepper varieties collected from the upper and lower parts of the plant and harvested at three maturity stages (green, orange, and red). Capsaicin content (CAP) showed a relatively high genetic effect; on the contrary, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were more affected by the ripening stage and fruit position. The CAP values ranged from 0.29 ('FKbM') to 0.77 ('Bka') mg CAP equivalents g-1 DW. The ripening stage was the predominant factor for TPC, TFC, DPPH, and FRAP. There was no significant interaction between A × FP, A × RS, and FP × RS for all agro-morphological fruit traits. Variety, fruit position, and ripening stage effects are more significant than all interactions calculated. Lower fruit positions in all samples showed a maximum fruit size, whereas phytochemical traits and yield per plant were relevant in the upper parts, and Phytochemical traits and yield per plant were significantly correlated. From PCA and cluster analysis, all varieties showed the highest biochemical and antioxidant levels with moderate fruit size, except the 'Bel' variety that showed the smallest fruit traits with high yields, and the 'FKbM' and 'FKbK' varieties that showed the highest fruit size but low yields. This study supplies information to identify interesting cultivars with considerable levels of bioactive and phytochemical metabolites, which is useful for breeding programs of novel varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Lahbib
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Climate Changes, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis El Manar El Manar II, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (F.B.); (M.E.-G.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Fethi Bnejdi
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Climate Changes, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis El Manar El Manar II, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (F.B.); (M.E.-G.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Gaetano Pandino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Lombardo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Mohamed El-Gazzah
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Climate Changes, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis El Manar El Manar II, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (F.B.); (M.E.-G.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Safia El-Bok
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Climate Changes, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis El Manar El Manar II, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (F.B.); (M.E.-G.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Samia Dabbou
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
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Combining Zeolites with Early-Maturing Annual Legume Cover Crops in Rainfed Orchards: Effects on Yield, Fatty Acid Composition and Polyphenolic Profile of Olives and Olive Oil. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062545. [PMID: 36985518 PMCID: PMC10054706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Under climate change threats, there is a growing need to adapt the conventional agronomic practices used in rainfed olive orchards by sustainable practices, in order to ensure adequate crop yield and olive oil quality and to preserve soil health. Therefore, for two years, the effects of conventional tillage practice (T) and two sustainable soil management strategies, a leguminous cover crop (LC) and its combination with natural zeolites (ZL), on the yield, fatty acid composition, polyphenolic profile and quality indices of olive fruits and oil were evaluated. Crop yield was significantly increased by LC and ZL in the first year. Although in the second year no significant differences were verified, the cumulative yield increased significantly by 31.6% and 35.5% in LC and ZL trees, respectively. LC enhanced the moisture and size of olives, while ZL increased, in general, the concentrations of oleuropein, verbascoside, caffeic acid and epicatechin, as well the oleic/linoleic ratio in fruits and the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, tyrosol, verbascoside and caffeic acid in olive oil. Despite the higher concentration of total phenols in the fruits and oil from T trees in the warmer and dryer year, the quality of the oil decreased, mainly when compared with ZL, as evidenced by the peroxide value and K232 and K270 coefficients. In short, both sustainable soil management strategies appear to be promising practices to implement in olive orchards under rainfed conditions, but the innovative strategy of combining zeolites with legume cover crops, first reported in the present study, confers advantages from a nutritional and technological point of view. Nevertheless, studies subjected to the long-term use of these practices should be conducted to ensure the sustainability of the crop yield and olive oil quality.
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Garavaglia J, da Costa JRO, Menezes RCR, Dal Bosco SM, Machado ICK, Olivares Merino I, Sánchez Villasclaras S. Characteristics and sensory assessment of extra virgin olive oils produced in two different zones of Brazil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Garavaglia
- Nutrition Department Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | | | - Simone Morelo Dal Bosco
- Nutrition Department Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - Inmaculada Olivares Merino
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering University of Jaen (UJA) Jaen Spain
| | - Sebastián Sánchez Villasclaras
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering University of Jaen (UJA) Jaen Spain
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An Olive-Derived Extract 20% Rich in Hydroxytyrosol Prevents β-Amyloid Aggregation and Oxidative Stress, Two Features of Alzheimer Disease, via SKN-1/NRF2 and HSP-16.2 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040629. [PMID: 35453314 PMCID: PMC9025619 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive milling produces olive oil and different by-products, all of them very rich in different bioactive compounds like the phenolic alcohol hydroxytyrosol. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an olive fruit extract 20% rich in hydroxytyrosol on the molecular mechanisms associated with Alzheimer disease features like Aβ- and tau- induced toxicity, as well as on oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Moreover, characterization of the extracts, regarding the profile and content of phenolics, as well as total antioxidant ability, was investigated. The study of lethality, growth, pharyngeal pumping, and longevity in vivo demonstrated the lack of toxicity of the extract. One hundred μg/mL of extract treatment revealed prevention of oxidative stress and a delay in Aβ-induced paralysis related with a lower presence of Aβ aggregates. Indeed, the extract showed the ability to avoid a certain degree of proteotoxicity associated with aggregation of the tau protein. According to RNAi tests, SKN-1/NRF2 transcription factor and the overexpression of HSP-16.2 were mechanistically associated in the observed effects.
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Abstract
Remote sensing techniques based on images acquired from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could represent an effective tool to speed up the data acquisition process in phenotyping trials and, consequently, to reduce the time and cost of the field work. In this study, we assessed the ability of a UAV equipped with RGB-NIR cameras in highlighting differences in geometrical and spectral canopy characteristics between eight olive cultivars planted at different planting distances in a hedgerow olive orchard. The relationships between measured and estimated canopy height, projected canopy area and canopy volume were linear regardless of the different cultivars and planting distances (RMSE of 0.12 m, 0.44 m2 and 0.68 m3, respectively). A good relationship (R2 = 0.95) was found between the pruning mass material weighted on the ground and its volume estimated by aerial images. NDVI measured in February 2019 was related to fruit yield per tree measured in November 2018, whereas no relationships were observed with the fruit yield measured in November 2019 due to abiotic and biotic stresses that occurred before harvest. These results confirm the reliability of UAV imagery and structure from motion techniques in estimating the olive geometrical canopy characteristics and suggest further potential applications of UAVs in early discrimination of yield efficiency between different cultivars and in estimating the pruning material volume.
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Polari JJ, Mori M, Wang SC. Virgin Olive Oils from Super‐High‐Density Orchards in California: Impact of Cultivar, Harvest Time, and Crop Season on Quality and Chemical Composition. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Polari
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Mary Mori
- California Olive Ranch 1367 E Lassen Ave Chico CA 95973 USA
| | - Selina C. Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
- Olive Center University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
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Tree Planting Density and Canopy Position Affect ‘Cerasuola’ and ‘Koroneiki’ Olive Oil Quality. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To maximize orchard production and tree crop efficiency, optimization of both maximum orchard light interception and radiation distribution within the tree canopy are important strategies. To study the influence of planting density and fruit position within the canopy on oil quality from ‘Cerasuola’ and ‘Koroneiki’ olive (Olea europaea L.), fruits were harvested from the upper and lower canopy layers of trees in hedgerow planting systems at two densities: High at 1000 trees ha−1 (HD) and Medium at 500 trees ha−1 (MD). Tree crop efficiency and fruit weight, water and fat content were measured together with olive oil standard quality parameters, phenolic and volatile composition. Fruits in the upper layers of the canopy always showed a higher maturity index, 6% more fat content, and 4% less water content than lower layers. Upper layers of HD trees showed the highest phenol content, whereas lower layers of MD trees showed the lowest phenol content (36% less than the upper layers of HD). HD trees showed the largest differences in fruit maturation, water and fat content between upper and lower canopy positions, increasing quality and oil yield variability at harvest. ‘Koroneiki’ showed more stable oils with a 28% higher MUFA/PUFA ratio and 12% higher phenol content than ‘Cerasuola’ oils. This study provides further evidence of the fact that cultivar, planting density, and canopy architecture may be strong determinants of olive oil yield and composition in hedgerow planting systems.
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