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Pseudolaric acid B exhibits anti-cancer activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibition of multiple carcinogenic signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE 2018; 59:152759. [PMID: 31004883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudolaric acid B (PAB), a diterpene acid isolated from the root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi, exhibits a potent anti-cancer activity in a variety of tumor cells. PURPOSE The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of PAB on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines in vitro, and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS The anti-proliferative activity of PAB on HCC cells were assessed via sulforhodamine B staining, colony formation, cell cycle analysis, respectively. Apoptosis was detected using Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and diamidino-phenyl-indole staining, respectively. Protein expression regulated by PAB treatment was tested by western blotting. RESULTS The present results showed that PAB significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2, SK-Hep-1, and Huh-7 HCC cell lines in vitro with IC50 values of 1.58, 1.90, and 2.06 μM, respectively. Furthermore, PAB treatment repressed the colony formation in HepG2, SK-Hep-1, and Huh-7 HCC cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PAB caused an obvious cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and induced apoptosis with the induction of p21, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, and cleaved-PARP in human HepG2 and SK-Hep-1 cells. Mechanistically, PAB treatment down-regulated the phosphorylation of STAT3, ERK1/2, and Akt. Moreover, abnormal GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling in HepG2 cells was remarkably suppressed by PAB treatment. Finally, proliferation markers including cyclin D1 and c-Myc, and anti-apoptosis proteins such as Bcl-2 and survivin were also down-regulated by PAB treatment in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that PAB exerts anti-cancer activity in HCC cells through inhibition of STAT3, ERK1/2, Akt, and GSK-3β/β-catenin carcinogenic signaling pathways, and may be used as a phytomedicine in the treatment of HCC.
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Hassan HA, Serag HM, Qadir MS, Ramadan MF. Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) juice as a modulator agent for hepatocellular carcinoma-linked apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:1129-1137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Chen J, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Gao Y. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Liposomes Containing Mannose-Diester Lauric Diacid-Cholesterol Conjugate Synthesized by Lipase-Catalytic Acylation for Liver-Specific Delivery. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101598. [PMID: 28946644 PMCID: PMC6151824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-diester lauric diacid-cholesterol (Man-DLD-Chol), as a liposomal target ligand, was synthesized by lipase catalyzed in a non-aqueous medium. Its chemical structure was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) liposomes containing Man-DLD-Chol (Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp) were prepared by the film-dispersion method. We evaluated the characterizations of liposomes, drug-release in vitro, the hemolytic test, cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, and the tissue distributions. The cellular uptake in vitro suggested that the uptake of Man-DLD-Chol-modified liposomes was significantly higher than that of unmodified liposomes in HepG2 cells. Pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp was eliminated more rapidly than GA-Lp. In tissue distributions, the targeting efficiency (Te) of Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp on liver was 54.67%, relative targeting efficiency (RTe) was 3.39, relative uptake rate (Re) was 4.78, and peak concentration ratio (Ce) was 3.46. All these results supported the hypothesis that Man-DLD-Chol would be an efficient liposomal carrier, and demonstrated that Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp has potential as a drug delivery for liver-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuchao Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, China.
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Postdoctoral Programme, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi Cheng
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Youheng Gao
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Burkhart RA, Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM, Pawlik TM. Personalized therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: Molecular markers of prognosis and therapeutic response. Surg Oncol 2017; 26:138-145. [PMID: 28577719 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a growing worldwide health crisis with rising incidence, limited effective therapies and persistently poor prognosis. Five-year survival remains less than 20% despite decades of research. One byproduct of research efforts is the identification of numerous biomarkers of disease. From prognosis to therapeutic response, biomarker identification parallels a deeper molecular understanding of the disease that to date has generated limited gain in clinical outcomes. As one example, the classical prognostic biomarkers of tumor Ki-67 protein expression and TP53 gene mutation have been repeatedly demonstrated to correlate with poor prognosis. There have been several studies throughout the past two decades identifying other gene-based biomarkers of prognosis. Critically, translation into the clinic has been slow and focus has shifted to a search for markers of therapeutic response in hopes of generating novel approaches to the disease. With this focus, many of the correlates are based on retrospective review of sorafenib effectiveness. Sorafenib, an oral targeted multi-kinase inhibitor, is currently the standard of care systemic agent for non-resectable disease. The Wnt-pathway, particularly when activated, is the most commonly cited molecular marker of sorafenib responsiveness. Additional work has identified a profile of genes involved in drug absorption, processing, and elimination that also appears to increase responsiveness. Overall, despite promising clinical data the use of biomarkers in the clinic for HCC is limited. In this piece, progress and opportunities for future work "beyond the genome" are highlighted, including metabolomic, epigenetic, and non-coding RNA studies. Additionally, barriers to the implementation of personalized therapeutic selection in HCC are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Burkhart
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Motoyama K, Mitsuyasu R, Akao C, Abu Hashim II, Sato N, Tanaka T, Higashi T, Arima H. Potential Use of Thioalkylated Mannose-Modified Dendrimer (G3)/α-Cyclodextrin Conjugate as an NF-κB siRNA Carrier for the Treatment of Fulminant Hepatitis. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3129-36. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500814f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Motoyama
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Mitsuyasu
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Chiho Akao
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Irhan Ibrahim Abu Hashim
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nana Sato
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Department
of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Program
for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary
and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Ji YN, Wang Q, Xue J. TP53 immunohistochemical expression is associated with the poor outcome for hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1653-9. [PMID: 24078450 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies examined the relationship between p53 expression with the clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but yielded conflicting results. Electronic databases updated to July 2013 were searched to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between p53 expression and survival of patients with HCC. Survival data were aggregated and quantitatively analyzed. We performed a meta-analysis of 24 studies that evaluated the correlation between p53 expression and survival in patients with HCC. Combined hazard ratios suggested that p53 expression had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) (HR (hazard ratio) = 1.55, 95 % CI (confidence interval) 1.36-1.74) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.54, 95 % CI 1.21-1.88) in patients with HCC. No significant heterogeneity was observed among 20 studies for OS (P = 0.786) and among 11 studies for DFS (P = 0.698). P53 expression indicates a poor prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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7
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Zhan P, Ji YN. Prognostic significance of TP53 expression for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3:11-7. [PMID: 24696834 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various studies evaluated the relationship between p53 expression and the clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but yielded conflicting results. METHODS Electronic databases updated to Dec 2013 were searched to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between p53 expression and survival of patients with HCC. Survival data were aggregated and quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS We performed a meta-analysis of 24 studies that evaluated the correlation between p53 expression and survival in patients with HCC. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) suggested that p53 expression had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) [HR =1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40-1.85], and disease free survival (DFS) (HR =1.57, 95% CI: 1.26-1.87) in patients with HCC. CONCLUSIONS p53 expression indicates a poor prognosis for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhan
- 1 First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ji
- 1 First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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Kang GH, Lee BS, Lee ES, Kim SH, Lee HY, Kang DY. Prognostic significance of p53, mTOR, c-Met, IGF-1R, and HSP70 overexpression after the resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Liver 2014; 8:79-87. [PMID: 24516705 PMCID: PMC3916692 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2014.8.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The current study examines the expression of molecular biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and whether these findings correlate with the clinicopathologic features of the disease and patient survival. Methods We analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of p53, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), c-Met, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) with the clinicopathologic features of 83 HCCs. Results p53 expression was higher in the male patients with undifferentiated histological tumor grades, cirrhosis, and portal vein invasion. High 48 c-Met expression correlated with cirrhosis, and high mTOR expression correlated with the tumor grade and cirrhosis. High IGF-1R expression correlated with the tumor grade and cirrhosis. A multivariate analysis identified a significant relationship between the high expression of p53, tumor grade, and portal vein invasion. In addition, a high expression of mTOR was related to tumor grade and cirrhosis, and a high expression of HSP70 was related to portal vein invasion in a multivariate analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve for patients with high versus low Edmondson grades and p53 expression was statistically significant. Conclusions p53, mTOR, and IGF-1R expression correlated with the Edmondson tumor grade in a univariate analysis, while p53 and mTOR correlated with the Edmondson tumor grade in a multivariate analysis. In addition, the tumor grade was found to predict survival. p53 was primarily related to the clinicopathologic features compared to other markers, and it is a poor prognostic factor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Hyum Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eaum Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Heon Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kang
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Lai JP, Chen ZME, Lok T, Chan OTM, Himmelfarb E, Zhai Q, Lin F, Wang HL. Immunohistochemical stains of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, insulin-like growth factor 2 and clusterin help distinguish malignant from benign liver nodular lesions. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:464-9. [PMID: 24407433 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the immunohistochemical utility of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and clusterin in the distinction between malignant and benign liver nodular lesions. METHODS Immunohistochemical stains for PCNA, IGF2 and clusterin were performed on 284 liver nodular lesions, including 33 hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), 40 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH), 77 large regenerative nodules (LRN) and 134 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). RESULTS Strong and diffuse nuclear PCNA immunoreactivity was observed in 103 (77%) HCCs but in only 2 (6%) HCAs. None of the FNH and LRN cases showed a strong and diffuse staining pattern. All HCAs, 95% of FNHs and 92% of LRNs showed cytoplasmic IGF2 expression, with a strong staining observed in 70% of HCAs, 20% of FNHs and 30% of LRNs. This was in marked contrast to that observed in HCCs, where 66% of HCCs demonstrated a weak and focal/patchy immunostaining pattern and another 25% showed no detectable IGF2 immunoreactivity. In comparison with their adjacent non-lesional hepatocytes, 75% of HCCs showed decreased IGF2 expression. However, decreased IGF2 expression was not evident in HCAs, FNHs and LRNs. Cytoplasmic staining for clusterin was seen in both benign and malignant nodular lesions. However, an enhanced and exaggerated pericanalicular staining pattern was observed in 75% of HCCs, which was not demonstrated in HCAs, FNHs and LRNs. CONCLUSIONS PCNA, IGF2 and clusterin show unique immunostaining characteristics in HCCs, which can be useful adjuncts to other currently available markers to aid in the distinction of HCC from benign liver nodular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zong-Ming E Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terry Lok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Owen T M Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Qihui Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hanlin L Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Sasaki Y, Osada S, Mori R, Imai H, Tanaka Y, Matsuhashi N, Okumura N, Nonaka K, Takahashi T, Yoshida K. Determining timing of hepatectomy for colorectal cancer with distant metastasis according to imaging-based tumor shrinkage ratio. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1231-41. [PMID: 23935401 PMCID: PMC3739023 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal timing of surgical resection of liver metastasis remains controversial, and guidelines regarding the upper limits of operative indications have not yet been defined. Surgical indication for metastasis from colorectal cancer (CLM) based on results of preoperative chemotherapy and RNF8 was investigated. METHODS Differences in CLM size on CT were evaluated as shrinkage rate/day by dividing tumor shrinkage rates by the interval in days between CT. Levels of RNF8 of resected colorectal cancer and CLM frozen specimen were detected. RESULTS When the cut line for shrinkage rate at 12 weeks was set at 0.35%, disease-free survival was significantly better in patients with a shrinkage rate >0.35% vs. ≤0.35% (p=0.003). RNF8 expression was significantly higher in Tis (p=0.001). In liver metastasis, RNF8 expression level was significantly lower in patients with partial response to FOLFOX than with stable disease, (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS A strategy of FOLFOX administration for 12 weeks to patients with low RNF8 expression and hepatectomy planned after 4 weeks rest may be accepted as the best therapeutic option for treating CLM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinji Osada
- Surgical Oncology, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine
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11
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Pietrantonio F, Biondani P, Ciurlia E, Fanetti G, Tessari A, Bertarelli G, Bossi I, Musella V, Melotti F, Di Bartolomeo M, Valvo F, Pellegrinelli A, Milione M, Perrone F, de Braud F. Role of BAX for outcome prediction in gastrointestinal malignancies. Med Oncol 2013; 30:610. [PMID: 23700226 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our group and numerous others have shown in both preclinical and clinical studies that the proapoptotic mediator BAX may be deregulated through gene mutation or loss of protein expression, affecting resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in several cancer types. However, BAX is also involved in cancer development and may related to prognosis, independently of treatment outcome. The clinical impact of BAX status in gastrointestinal malignancies remains controversial, although it is generally hypothesized that high expression may be a positive prognostic factor and predict increased efficacy of chemotherapy (with particular regard to platinum derivatives). The present review aims to provide updated information on BAX as potential prognostic and/or predictive biomarker in gastroesophageal and colorectal cancers, as well as in other less studied gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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12
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Komori S, Osada S, Tomita H, Nishio K, Kumazawa I, Tachibana S, Tsuchiya J, Yoshida K. Predictive value of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase in colorectal cancer patients receiving 5-FU-based chemotherapy. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:453-460. [PMID: 24649191 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment knowledge of chemosensitivity and side-effects of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are likely to ensure the best chemotherapeutic outcome. The aim of this study was to identify additional predictive factors of chemosensitivity to the key CRC treatment drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Surgically obtained specimens from 106 patients treated for CRC were immunohistochemically assessed to investigate the correlation between the protein expression of the 5-FU metabolic enzymes orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT), thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and clinicopathological characteristics as well as the correlation between the protein expression and outcomes of 5-FU-based chemotherapy. A correlation was detected between the high expression of the 5-FU metabolic enzyme OPRT and negative lymph node metastasis (P=0.0496), as well as between DPD and advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) grade cases (IIIA-IVB) and positive lymph node metastases (P=0.0414, respectively). In all 106 patients and in 79 patients undergoing 5-FU-based chemotherapy, survival was improved in those patients with a positive OPRT expression (P=0.0144 and 0.0167, respectively). OPRT expression was higher in the 79 patients with no recurrence (P=0.0179) as well as in patients treated with R0 surgery and 5-FU-based chemotherapy without side-effects (P=0.0126). Disease-free survival (DFS) rate was higher in patients without side-effects, and in patients with a positive OPRT expression without side-effects (P=0.0021 and 0.0031, respectively). Findings of this study demonstrated that OPRT expression positively correlated with fewer side-effects of 5-FU-based chemotherapy and longer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Komori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194; ; Department of Surgery, Ibi Welfare Hospital, Ibigawa, Gifu 501-0696
| | - Shinji Osada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nishio
- Department of Surgery, Ibi Welfare Hospital, Ibigawa, Gifu 501-0696
| | - Iwao Kumazawa
- Department of Surgery, Ibi Welfare Hospital, Ibigawa, Gifu 501-0696
| | - Susumu Tachibana
- Department of Surgery, Ibi Welfare Hospital, Ibigawa, Gifu 501-0696
| | - Juji Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgery, Ibi Welfare Hospital, Ibigawa, Gifu 501-0696
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194
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Subramaniam A, Shanmugam MK, Perumal E, Li F, Nachiyappan A, Dai X, Swamy SN, Ahn KS, Kumar AP, Tan BKH, Hui KM, Sethi G. Potential role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling pathway in inflammation, survival, proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:46-60. [PMID: 23103770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, and is also the fourth most common cancer worldwide with around 700,000 new cases each year. Currently, first line chemotherapeutic drugs used for HCC include fluorouracil, cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel and mitomycin, but most of these are non-selective cytotoxic molecules with significant side effects. Sorafenib is the only approved targeted therapy by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for HCC treatment, but patients suffer from various kinds of adverse effects, including hypertension. The signal-transducer-and-activator-of-transcription 3 (STAT3) protein, one of the members of STATs transcription factor family, has been implicated in signal transduction by different cytokines, growth factors and oncogenes. In normal cells, STAT3 activation is tightly controlled to prevent dysregulated gene transcription, whereas constitutively activated STAT3 plays an important role in tumorigenesis through the upregulation of genes involved in anti-apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis. Thus, pharmacologically safe and effective agents that can block STAT3 activation have the potential both for the prevention and treatment of HCC. In the present review, we discuss the possible role of STAT3 signaling cascade and its interacting partners in the initiation of HCC and also analyze the role of various STAT3 regulated genes in HCC progression, inflammation, survival, invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruljothi Subramaniam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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14
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Molecular and serum markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: Predictive tools for prognosis and recurrence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82:116-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Liu J, Ma Q, Zhang M, Wang X, Zhang D, Li W, Wang F, Wu E. Alterations of TP53 are associated with a poor outcome for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:2328-38. [PMID: 22459764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of p53 aberration in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide comprehensive evidence on the association of p53 alterations with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted until July 2010. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate prognostic effects of p53 alterations on patient outcomes in HCC. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies (7 tumour p53 mutation, 23 tumour p53 expression and 7 serum anti-p53 antibodies) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The average percentages of p53 mutation, p53 expression upregulation and anti-p53 antibody level elevation in HCC patients were 31.5%, 35.0% and 23.8%, respectively. Tumour p53 alterations were associated significantly with poor patient outcomes in HCC: the summary hazard ratio (HR) of mutant p53 versus wild type p53 phenotype was 2.58 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.96-3.41] for OS and 3.19 [95% CI: 2.21-4.60] for RFS, respectively; and the summary HR of upregulated p53 expression versus low/undetectable p53 expression was 1.68 [95% CI: 1.49-1.90] for OS and 1.89 [95% CI: 1.34-2.66] for RFS, respectively. However, elevated serum anti-p53 antibody was only associated with poor OS in HCC group with a high proportion of (≥ 50%) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [HR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.30-2.85]. Moreover, sensitivity analyses showed that the results of meta-analyses were not altered. CONCLUSION HCC patients with p53 mutation and upregulated expression in tumour tissue have a shorter OS and RFS than patients with wild type p53 and low/undetectable p53 expression. However, the prognostic value of serum anti-p53 antibody is required to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Cheng J, Xie HY, Xu X, Wu J, Wei X, Su R, Zhang W, Lv Z, Zheng S, Zhou L. NDRG1 as a biomarker for metastasis, recurrence and of poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 310:35-45. [PMID: 21763068 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been reported to be a multifunctional protein associated with carcinogenesis, however, the cellular function of NDRG1 remains elusive in human cancers. Here, our proteomics profile analysis of HCC tissues with different metastatic capabilities revealed that NDRG1 was correlated with metastasis and recurrence in HCC patients after liver transplantation (LT). Immunohistochemical staining of 143 HCC patients after LT showed that NDRG1-positive expression had poor prognosis, either for shorter disease-free survival or overall survival (P < 0.001), compared with NDRG1-negative expression. Multivariate analysis confirmed NDRG1 as an independent prognostic value (P < 0.001). In addition, in vitro experiments HCC cells with small interfering RNA against NDRG1 significantly suppressed its proliferation, colony formation, invasion and migration ability. Microarray analysis revealed that NDRG1 modulated the expression of genes associated with transmembrane transporter activity, chemoattractant activity, immune response, cell adhesion and cell proliferation process. Taken together, these results suggested that NDRG1 was an important molecule in controlling HCC metastasis and thus suggested as a novel biomarker for predicting HCC recurrence after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors activate human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. We evaluated the contribution of TS expression to determine a treatment method providing an effect from gemcitabine (GEM). METHODS The expression of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and GEM metabolic factors (5-FU: TS, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase; GEM: human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, deoxycytidine kinase, cytidine deaminase, 5'-nucleotidase) were studied in 7 pancreatic cancer cell lines by Western blotting, and drug resistance was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol]-2,5-dephenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The expression of 5-FU factors was observed immunohistochemically in resected pancreatic cancer specimens. RESULTS Gemcitabine concentrations that inhibited colony formation by 50% correlated with TS protein expression (P = 0.0169). With a 5-FU non-growth-inhibiting dose, GEM concentrations that inhibited colony formation by 50% were significantly reduced by one fourth to one tenth. Knockout of TS expression by small interfering RNA decreased resistance to GEM in the cell lines (P = 0.0019). Immunohistochemically, TS expression related to disease-free survival time of patients treated with GEM (P = 0.0224). A high expression of 5-FU factors was detected: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase: differentiated cases (P = 0.0137), lower T factor (P = 0.0411); dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase: nerve invasion (P = 0.0188), lymph node recurrence (P = 0.0253); TS, positive N factor (P = 0.0061). CONCLUSIONS The expression of TS provides an alternative source of substrate for DNA synthesis and positively correlates with GEM resistance and shortened patient survival.
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Construction of shRNA Targeting PCNA Gene and Its Effects on Proliferation and Apoptosis of HepG2 Cell Lines*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The NF-kappaB signaling pathway has particular relevance to several liver diseases including hepatitis (liver infection by Helicobacter, viral hepatitis induced by HBV and HCV), liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, the NF-kappaB signaling pathway is a potential target for development of hepatoprotective agents. Several types of drugs including: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), antioxidants, proteasome inhibitors, IKK inhibitors and nucleic acid-based decoys have been shown to interfere with NF-kappaB activity at different levels and may be useful for the treatment of liver diseases. However, NF-kappaB also plays an important hepatoprotective function that needs to be taken into consideration during development of new therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Yuan YH, Xiao EH, Liu JB, He Z, Jin K, Ma C, Xiang J, Xiao JH, Chen WJ. Gene expression and MR diffusion-weighted imaging after chemoembolization in rabbit liver VX-2 tumor model. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5557-63; discussion 5562. [PMID: 18810775 PMCID: PMC2746344 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the dynamic characteristics and the correlation between PCNA, Bax, nm23, E-cadherin expression and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) on MR diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) after chemoembolization in rabbit liver VX-2 tumor model.
METHODS: Forty New Zealand rabbit liver VX-2 tumor models were included in the study. DWI was carried out periodically after chemoembolization. All VX-2 tumor samples in each group were examined by histopathology and Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex (SABC) immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS: The PCNA expression index in VX-2 tumors was higher than in the normal parenchyma around the tumor (P < 0.001). Nm23, Bax or E-caderin expression index in VX-2 tumors were lower than in the normal parenchyma around the tumor (all P < 0.001). PCNA and nm23 expression in the VX-2 tumor periphery first increased and then decreased (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively), while the expression of Bax and E-cadherin before and after chemoembolization was insignificant. When b-value was 100 s/mm2, there was a linear correlation between PCNA expression and ADC in the area of VX-2 tumor periphery (P < 0.001), and PCNA expression in VX-2 tumor periphery influenced the ADC.
CONCLUSION: The potential of VX-2 tumor infiltrating and metastasizing decreases, while its ability to proliferate increases for a short time after chemoembolization. To some degree, the ADC value indirectly reflects the proliferation of VX-2 tumor cells.
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Lee NPY, Leung KW, Cheung N, Lam BY, Xu MZ, Sham PC, Lau GK, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Luk JM. Comparative proteomic analysis of mouse livers from embryo to adult reveals an association with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proteomics 2008; 8:2136-49. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yuan RH, Jeng YM, Pan HW, Hu FC, Lai PL, Lee PH, Hsu HC. Overexpression of KIAA0101 predicts high stage, early tumor recurrence, and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5368-76. [PMID: 17875765 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE KIAA0101 is a proliferating cell nuclear antigen-associated factor and involved in cell proliferation. This study is to elucidate its role in the progression, early tumor recurrence (ETR), and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN KIAA0101 mRNA was measured by reverse transcription-PCR in 216 resected, unifocal, primary HCCs and its protein in 164 cases by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS KIAA0101 mRNA was overexpressed in 131 (61%) HCCs, and protein was detected in 105 (64%). KIAA0101 mRNA overexpression correlated with higher tumor grade (P = 0.0001), higher tumor stage with vascular invasion and various extents of intrahepatic spread (P = 1 x 10(-8)), ETR (P = 1.8 x 10(-6)), and lower 5-year survival (P = 0.0026). Multivariate analysis confirmed that KIAA0101 overexpression was an independent risk factor associated with high-grade tumor (P = 0.0001), high-stage tumor (P < 0.0001), and ETR (P = 0.0052) and thus contributed to poor prognosis. KIAA0101 protein-positive tumor cells accumulated at the borders of tumor macro-trabeculae and were more abundant in tumor thrombi than in the main tumors. Hence, KIAA0101 may contribute to growth advantage and resistance to hypoxic insult. In this series, p53 mutation was detected in 93 of 184 (51%) HCCs. In both p53-mutated and non-p53-mutated HCCs, KIAA0101 overexpression correlated with higher vascular invasion (stages IIIA to IV; all Ps < 0.0001) and, accordingly, led to lower 5-year survival rates (P = 0.011 and 0.029, respectively). CONCLUSION KIAA0101 correlates with enhanced metastatic potential and is a significant prognostic factor of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray-Hwang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Amaoka N, Osada S, Kanematsu M, Imai H, Tomita H, Tokuyama Y, Sakashita F, Nonaka K, Goshima S, Kondo H, Adachi Y. Clinicopathological features of hepatocellular carcinoma evaluated by vascular endothelial growth factor expression. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:2202-7. [PMID: 18031381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the significance of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its correlation with clinicopathological variables were studied in the tissue of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and surrounding liver. METHODS In 56 samples (tumor and non-tumor liver tissue) collected from 28 patients, VEGF expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. RESULTS The value of VEGF expression by western blotting was correlated with immunohistochemical staining grade. In tumor tissue, the value of VEGF expression correlated with tumor size (P = 0.034), á-fetoprotein (P = 0.036) and protein induced by vitamin K absence-II by simple regression, and histological grade (P = 0.0132) by the unpaired t-test. The level of VEGF expression in non-tumor liver was found to correlate with the value of serum albumin (P = 0.008), cholinesterase (P = 0.012) and prothrombin activity (P = 0.046). The frequency of simple nodular type in gross appearance decreased in cases with high tumor/non-tumor (T/N) ratio (P = 0.022), and the degree of portal vein invasion progressed with an increase in the T/N ratio (P = 0.008). The T/N ratio was significantly higher in early recurrence cases (P = 0.0081). CONCLUSION This study on the expression of VEGF might be useful to estimate the liver condition and the clinicopathological features of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Amaoka
- Surgical Oncology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu City, Japan
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Mann CD, Neal CP, Garcea G, Manson MM, Dennison AR, Berry DP. Prognostic molecular markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:979-92. [PMID: 17291746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth commonest malignancy worldwide and its incidence is rising. Surgery, including transplantation, remains the only potentially curative modality for HCC, yet recurrence rates are high and long-term survival poor. The ability to predict individual recurrence risk and subsequently prognosis would help guide surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment. As understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis has increased, the myriad of genetic and molecular events that drive the hepatocarcinogenic disease process, including angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, have been identified. This systematic review examines the evidence from published manuscripts reporting the prognostic potential of molecular biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. In summary, a number of molecular biomarkers with prognostic significance have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma. Not only might these molecules allow more accurate prediction of prognosis for patients with HCC, but they may also provide targets for potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Mann
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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Chen ZME, Crone KG, Watson MA, Pfeifer JD, Wang HL. Identification of a unique gene expression signature that differentiates hepatocellular adenoma from well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 29:1600-8. [PMID: 16327432 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000176426.21876.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is often difficult to distinguish hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) from well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (WDHCC) when limited tissue from a needle biopsy is evaluated. The aim of this study was to identify gene expression patterns that can distinguish HCA from WDHCC, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel diagnostic markers. Gene expression profile analysis was performed using Affymetrix U133Plus2 GeneChip microarrays on RNA isolated from frozen tissue of 6 HCA and 8 WDHCC specimens. Statistical analysis of microarray data identified 63 genes whose expression levels were significantly different between HCA and WDHCC. These included 57 genes overexpressed by HCA and 6 overexpressed by WDHCC. Eight genes were chosen for further analysis by quantitative RT-PCR on RNA derived from archived, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of an independent validation set comprising 9 HCAs and 9 HCCs. Seven of the 8 genes demonstrated average expression differences between HCA and HCC that were concordant with the microarray findings, and their expression pattern correctly classified the 18 tumors into HCA and HCC using unsupervised clustering analysis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining performed on a third, independent set of 27 HCAs and 33 HCCs confirmed the expression differences at protein levels for 5 of the genes. Taken together, our data demonstrate significant molecular differences between HCA and WDHCC, despite their morphologic similarity. More importantly, we have identified a unique set of genes whose expression pattern can discriminate between these two types of hepatocellular neoplasms, suggesting the possibility of future development of ancillary molecular and immunohistochemical diagnostic methods.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/genetics
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/metabolism
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/pathology
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/surgery
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Cluster Analysis
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Ming E Chen
- Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
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Osada S, Kanematsu M, Imai H, Goshima S, Sugiyama Y. Evaluation of Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase Expression and Its Relation to Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 201:405-11. [PMID: 16125074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using a combination of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and other markers related to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in tumor tissue. STUDY DESIGN Using specimens from 30 hepatocellular carcinoma patients operated on in our department from 2002 to 2003, we evaluated expression levels of HGF, c-Met, ERK, and cyclin D1 by Western blot. RESULTS Expression levels of ERK and cyclin D1 proteins were significantly higher in patients with less well-differentiated type tumors by histologic examination or the presence of intrahepatic metastasis (IM). ERK expression in tumor tissue significantly correlated with both tumor size (p=0.0017, R(2)=0.355) and serum levels of HGF (p=0.0247, R(2)=0.218). Nontumor tissue level of cyclin D1 was significantly higher in patients with poor liver function (p=0.047). In patients with higher expression of ERK in tumor tissue compared with nontumor tissue, the histologic finding was more progressed; but a similar tendency was not observed for cyclin D1. In patients with overexpression of HGF and c-Met, the expression level of ERK was significantly higher, but cyclin D1 expression was not. The detected level of cyclin D1 was significantly higher in patients with overexpressed ERK in tumor tissue. Values of ERK and c-Met were correlated, and IM presence was detected more frequently in patients with high expression of ERK and c-Met protein. Even after complete removal of visible IM tumor, recurrence tumors were detected within 6 months in 7 patients with high expressions of both ERK and c-Met protein. CONCLUSIONS Combination study of tumor expression of ERK might be useful to estimate the properties of hepatocellular carcinoma, especially for the presence of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Osada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
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