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Fujiwara T, Kunisada T, Nakata E, Mitsuhashi T, Ozaki T, Kawai A. Factors associated with survival in patients with clear cell sarcoma. Bone Joint J 2023; 105-B:1216-1225. [PMID: 37907082 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.105b11.bjj-2022-0743.r3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Aims Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of soft-tissue is a rare melanocytic subtype of mesenchymal malignancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and therapeutic factors associated with increased survival, stratified by clinical stage, in order to determine the optimal treatment. Methods The study was a retrospective analysis involving 117 patients with histologically confirmed CCS, between July 2016 and November 2017, who were enrolled in the Bone and Soft Tissue Tumour Registry in Japan. Results The five- and ten-year survival rates were 41% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29 to 52) and 37% (95% CI 25 to 49), respectively. On multivariable analysis, the size of the tumour of > 10 cm (p = 0.006), lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis (p < 0.001), distant metastases at the time of diagnosis (p < 0.001), and no surgery for the primary tumour (p = 0.019) were independently associated with a poor survival. For N0M0 CCS (n = 68), the development of distant metastases was an independent prognostic factor for survival (early (< 12 months), hazard ratio (HR) 116.78 (95% CI 11.69 to 1,166.50); p < 0.001; late (> 12 months), HR 14.79 (95% CI 1.66 to 131.63); p = 0.016); neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.895) and/or radiotherapy (p = 0.216) were not significantly associated with survival. The five-year cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 19% (95% CI 8 to 35) and the size of the tumour was significantly associated with an increased rate of local recurrence (p = 0.012). For N1M0 CCS (n = 18), the risk of mortality was significantly lower in patients who underwent surgery for both the primary tumour and lymph node metastases (HR 0.03 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.56); p = 0.020). For M1 CCS (n = 31), excision of the primary tumour was independently associated with better survival (HR 0.26 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.76); p = 0.013). There was no significant difference in survival between the different types of systemic treatment (p = 0.523). Conclusion Complete excision of the primary tumour and lymph nodes is associated with a better survival in patients with CCS. Systemic treatment appears to provide limited benefits, demonstrating a pressing need for novel systemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kunisada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Mitsuhashi
- Centre for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Keung EZ, Krause KJ, Maxwell J, Morris CD, Crago AM, Houdek MT, Kane J, Lewis V, Callegaro D, Miller B, Lazar AJ, Gladdy R, Raut CP, Fabbri N, Al-Refaie W, Fairweather M, Wong SL, Roland CL. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Extremity and Truncal Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:958-967. [PMID: 36307665 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional lymph node metastasis (RLNM) occurs infrequently in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS), although certain STS subtypes have a higher propensity for RLNM. The identification of RLNM has significant implications for staging and prognosis; however, the precise impact of node-positive disease on patient survival remains a topic of controversy. Although the benefits of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) are well documented in patients with melanoma and breast cancer, whether this procedure offers a benefit in STS is controversial. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed and articles reviewed to determine if SLNB in patients with extremity/truncal STS impacts disease-free or overall survival. RESULTS Six studies were included. Rates of sentinel lymph node positivity were heterogeneous (range 4.3-50%). The impact of SLNB on patient outcomes remains unclear. The overall quality of available evidence was low, as assessed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. CONCLUSIONS The literature addressing the impact of nodal basin evaluation on the staging and management of patients with extremity/truncal STS is confounded by heterogeneous patient cohorts and clinical practices. Multicenter prospective studies are warranted to determine the true incidence of RLNM and whether SLNB could benefit patients with clinically occult RLNM at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Z Keung
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Kate J Krause
- Research Medical Library, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Maxwell
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carol D Morris
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aimee M Crago
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew T Houdek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John Kane
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Valerae Lewis
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dario Callegaro
- Department of Surgery, Sarcoma Service, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Benjamin Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Gladdy
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Fabbri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Waddah Al-Refaie
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark Fairweather
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra L Wong
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Christina L Roland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Lee HL, Ho WY, Lam YL, Ng TP, Li KH, Shek T, Mak KL, Fong ST, So YC, Ngan RKC, Lau PPL, Chan ACL. Prognostic factors associated with clear cell sarcoma in 14 Chinese patients. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2014; 22:236-9. [PMID: 25163964 DOI: 10.1177/230949901402200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. To identify prognostic factors associated with clear cell sarcomas in 14 Chinese patients. METHODS. Medical records of 7 men and 7 women (mean age, 36 years) with histologically confirmed clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses were reviewed. Patient demographics, tumour characteristics, and treatment modalities were retrieved. Prognostic factors associated with favourable 5-year survival were determined. RESULTS. The most affected sites were the thigh (n=5) and the foot (n=4); the mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 9.5 months. The tumour stage at diagnosis was IIA in 8 patients, IIB in 2, and III in 4. The mean tumour size was 4.5 cm in diameter. One patient was lost to follow-up. For the remaining 13 patients, the mean time to disease-related mortality was 2.5 years. Nine patients had distant metastases; the most common sites were lungs and pleura (n=7), followed by distant lymph nodes (n=4), bone (n=2), pericardium (n=2), and brain (n=1). All patients underwent surgical excision. Three women and one man (mean age, 27 years) attained 5-year disease-free survival. All had stage IIA tumours at diagnosis. Their mean tumour size was 1.75 cm in diameter, which was significantly smaller than that of all patients (4.5 cm). Tumour size of ≤ 2.5 cm in diameter (p=0.004) and stage IIA tumour at diagnosis (p=0.04) were significant prognostic factors for 5-year survival. CONCLUSION. Tumour size of ≤ 2.5 cm and early stage tumour are associated with 5-year disease-free survival. Early detection is crucial for the prognosis of clear cell sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - W Y Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Y L Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - T P Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - K H Li
- Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - T Shek
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - K L Mak
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - S T Fong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Y C So
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - R K C Ngan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - P P L Lau
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - A C L Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
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Sherman KL, Kinnier CV, Farina DA, Wayne JD, Laskin WB, Agulnik M, Attar S, Hayes JP, Peabody T, Bilimoria KY. Examination of national lymph node evaluation practices for adult extremity soft tissue sarcoma. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110:682-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.23687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Sherman
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Quality Improvement Center; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago Illinois
| | - Christine V. Kinnier
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Quality Improvement Center; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Surgery; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Domenico A. Farina
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Quality Improvement Center; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago Illinois
| | - Jeffrey D. Wayne
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Quality Improvement Center; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago Illinois
| | - William B. Laskin
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Pathology; Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Mark Agulnik
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology Oncology; Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Samer Attar
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - John P. Hayes
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Terrance Peabody
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Karl Y. Bilimoria
- Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research (NICER) in Oncology; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chicago Illinois
- Department of Surgery; Surgical Oncology and Quality Improvement Center; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago Illinois
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Bianchi G, Charoenlap C, Cocchi S, Rani N, Campagnoni S, Righi A, Frisoni T, Donati DM. Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue: a retrospective review and analysis of 31 cases treated at Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli. Eur J Surg Oncol 2014; 40:505-510. [PMID: 24560887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of soft tissue is a rare melanocytic soft tissue sarcoma with different cytogenetic and natural history than that of melanoma. Objective of this study was to determine outcome predictors in patients treated in our Institute. This objective included the effectiveness of surgical intervention and disease progression after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one patients were diagnosed at our institute with clear cell sarcoma through tissue pathology and immunohistochemistry. Patients received multimodality treatment (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Five-year survival rates and prognostic predictors were determined. RESULTS Sixteen patients were males and 15 females with a median age of 37 years (8-72-years). Twenty-eight tumors were located in extremities and 3 in the trunk area. Eight patients had metastases at their first presentation (6 local lymph nodes and 2 pulmonary metastases). Five and ten-year disease-specific survival rates were 56% and 41%. Two-year disease-specific survival rates for lymph node and pulmonary metastasis groups were 40% and 0%. All metastatic patients died within 5 years follow-up. Five and ten-year disease-specific survival rates for localized tumor cases were 72% and 53%. Male gender, less than 30-years of age, trunk tumor location and size greater than 5 cm were poor prognostic factors according to univariate analysis. Tumor location in the trunk was the only negative prognostic determinant in multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS Although surgical treatment may be beneficial for tumors without systemic involvement, new chemotherapeutic agents and molecular targeted therapy should be implemented to improve the oncologic outcome in both early and late stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bianchi
- III Clinica Ortopedica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - C Charoenlap
- III Clinica Ortopedica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - S Cocchi
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - N Rani
- III Clinica Ortopedica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - S Campagnoni
- III Clinica Ortopedica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - A Righi
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - T Frisoni
- III Clinica Ortopedica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
| | - D M Donati
- III Clinica Ortopedica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, Italy.
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Wright S, Armeson K, Hill EG, Streck C, Leddy L, Cole D, Esnaola N, Camp ER. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in select sarcoma patients: a meta-analysis. Am J Surg 2012; 204:428-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Clear cell sarcoma (malignant melanoma) of soft parts: a clinicopathologic study of 52 cases. Dermatol Res Pract 2012; 2012:984096. [PMID: 22693489 PMCID: PMC3369396 DOI: 10.1155/2012/984096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcomas are aggressive, rare soft tissue tumors and their classification among melanoma or sarcoma is still undetermined due to their clinical, pathologic, and molecular properties found in both types of tumors. This is a retrospective study of 52 patients with CCS seen between April 1979 and April 2005 in two institutions. The EWS-ATF-1 fusion transcript was studied in 31 patients and an activating mutation of the BRAF or NRAS gene was researched in 22 patients. 30 men and 22 women, with a mean age of 33 were studied. Forty-three tumors (82.69%) were located in the extremities, specially the foot (19 tumors). Median initial tumor size was 4.8 cm (1 to 15 cm). Necrosis involving more than 50% of the tumor cells was found in 14 cases (26.92%). High mitotic rate (>10) was found in 25 cases (48.07%). The EWS/ATF-1 translocation was found in 28 (53.84%) of 31 patients studied, and mutation of BRAF or NRAS was found in only 2 of 22 patients analyzed cases (3.84%). Among the tumor-associated parameters, only tumor size (>4 cm) emerged as a significant prognostic factor. Forty-nine patients had a localized disease at diagnosis (94.23%) and underwent surgical resection immediately (90%) or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) (10%). Various CT regimens were used in 37 patients (71.15%) with no significant efficacy. The 5- and 10-year OS rates were 59% and 41%, respectively. Tumor size was the only emerging prognosis factor in our series. Complete surgical resection remains the optimal treatment for this aggressive chemoresistant tumor.
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Berenji M, Kwok-Oleksy C, Dang BN, Trepal MJ, Wallack MK. Chopart's amputation for resection of clear cell sarcoma of the foot: a case report and review of the literature. J Foot Ankle Surg 2009; 48:677-83. [PMID: 19857825 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a subset of soft tissue sarcoma that occurs mainly in young Caucasians. Although on initial presentation these growths might not appear to be malignant, CCS has a tendency to disseminate to regional lymph nodes and ultimately develop distant metastasis. We report a case of CCS from our institution, discussing the radiological and pathological findings, surgical treatments, and survival prognoses. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of using a Chopart's amputation technique in the resection of CCS of the foot. LEVEL OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Berenji
- Department of Surgery, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Blazer DG, Lazar AJ, Xing Y, Askew RL, Feig BW, Pisters PWT, Pollock RE, Lev D, Hunt KK, Cormier JN. Clinical outcomes of molecularly confirmed clear cell sarcoma from a single institution and in comparison with data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Cancer 2009; 115:2971-9. [PMID: 19402173 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors compared disease-specific survival (DSS) in stage-specific subgroups of patients with clear cell sarcoma, including those with lymph node metastases (N1M0) and those with distant metastases (N0M1). METHODS Clinical data regarding soft tissue sarcoma patients were obtained from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) (1980-2007) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry (1988-2004). When possible, clear cell sarcoma diagnoses were confirmed using fluorescence in situ hybridization or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to calculate DSS, and Cox multivariate analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS Fifty-two patients at MDACC and 130 SEER patients were diagnosed with clear cell sarcoma. Five-year DSS for the MDACC and SEER cohorts were 67% and 62%, respectively. Patients with N1M0 and N0M1 disease demonstrated significant differences in 5-year DSS: 74% versus 14% at MDACC (P = .014) and 52% versus 0% in SEER (P = .014). After adjustment, the hazards ratio (HR) for dying was 2.79 for N1M0 disease (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.32-5.91) and 11.37 (95% CI, 5.19-24.91) for N0M1 disease compared with stage II disease (P < .001). Non-Caucasian ethnicity (HR, 3.99; 95% CI, 2.27-6.99 [P < .001]) and truncal tumor site (HR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.15-5.05 [P = .02]) were also found to be predictors of decreased DSS. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study suggest that patients with N1M0 clear cell sarcoma have 5-year DSS that is more similar to that of patients with stage III than stage IV soft tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Blazer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Maduekwe UN, Hornicek FJ, Springfield DS, Raskin KA, Harmon DC, Choy E, Rosenberg AE, Petur Nielsen G, DeLaney TF, Chen YL, Ott MJ, Yoon SS. Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in the Staging of Synovial, Epithelioid, and Clear Cell Sarcomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1356-63. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Povoski SP, Neff RL, Mojzisik CM, O'Malley DM, Hinkle GH, Hall NC, Murrey DA, Knopp MV, Martin EW. A comprehensive overview of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology. World J Surg Oncol 2009; 7:11. [PMID: 19173715 PMCID: PMC2653072 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of radioguided surgery, which was first developed some 60 years ago, involves the use of a radiation detection probe system for the intraoperative detection of radionuclides. The use of gamma detection probe technology in radioguided surgery has tremendously expanded and has evolved into what is now considered an established discipline within the practice of surgery, revolutionizing the surgical management of many malignancies, including breast cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer, as well as the surgical management of parathyroid disease. The impact of radioguided surgery on the surgical management of cancer patients includes providing vital and real-time information to the surgeon regarding the location and extent of disease, as well as regarding the assessment of surgical resection margins. Additionally, it has allowed the surgeon to minimize the surgical invasiveness of many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, while still maintaining maximum benefit to the cancer patient. In the current review, we have attempted to comprehensively evaluate the history, technical aspects, and clinical applications of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Povoski
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ryan L Neff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cathy M Mojzisik
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David M O'Malley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - George H Hinkle
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nathan C Hall
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Douglas A Murrey
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Edward W Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Abstract
While regional lymphatic spread develops in only 3%-4% of all patients with soft tissue sarcoma, there are several histological subtypes associated with a significantly higher propensity for regional lymph node metastasis. These include clear cell sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and epithelioid sarcoma. To date there is no validated, noninvasive method to assess regional lymph node status. A potentially useful diagnostic tool is lymphatic mapping with sentinel lymph node biopsy, a concept that has revolutionized the treatment of patients with intermediate thickness melanoma and early stage breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the procedure of sentinel lymph node biopsy and the data available on its application in patients with soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Andreou
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Sarkomzentrum Berlin-Brandenburg, Helios Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Tunn PU, Andreou D, Illing H, Fleige B, Dresel S, Schlag PM. Sentinel node biopsy in synovial sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34:704-7. [PMID: 17870276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine the relevance of sentinel node biopsy in patients with synovial sarcoma. METHODS Between July 2004 and February 2007 11 consecutive patients with synovial sarcoma treated in our clinic underwent sentinel node biopsy after a preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. A handheld gamma-probe was used during the procedure to identify the sentinel nodes, which were then resected and submitted for histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS At least one sentinel node was identified in every patient. Of a total of 15 sentinels, one was positive and 14 negative. The patient with the positive sentinel underwent a regional lymph node dissection and remains disease-free 17 months later. One patient developed regional nodal metastases despite negative sentinel node biopsy and died 12 months after the procedure. No biopsy-associated complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS Sentinel node biopsy can be successfully and safely applied to patients with synovial sarcoma. Further prospective studies are required to determine the optimal treatment approach, the false negative rate and the prognostic significance of a positive sentinel node biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-U Tunn
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Charité Campus Buch, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Kayton ML, Delgado R, Busam K, Cody HS, Athanasian EA, Coit D, La Quaglia MP. Experience with 31 sentinel lymph node biopsies for sarcomas and carcinomas in pediatric patients. Cancer 2008; 112:2052-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Al-Refaie WB, Andtbacka RHI, Ensor J, Pisters PWT, Ellis TL, Shrout A, Hunt KK, Cormier JN, Pollock RE, Feig BW. Lymphadenectomy for isolated lymph node metastasis from extremity soft-tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2008; 112:1821-6. [PMID: 18306370 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the prognosis in patients with extremity soft-tissue sarcomas (ESTS) with isolated lymph node (LN) metastases (stage IV) is comparable to that of patients with high-risk ESTS without metastases (stage III). This study was performed to determine the outcomes of patients who underwent aggressive therapy, including lymphadenectomy in patients with LN metastasis from ESTS. METHODS Demographic details, pathology of the primary disease, timing of LN metastasis, and details of the multimodality treatment were obtained from the medical records of 35 patients with nodal metastasis from ESTS who were treated between 1981 and 2003. Survival after the diagnosis of primary disease and LN metastasis was compared with established historical outcomes for patients with American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) stages III and IV ESTS. RESULTS Epithelioid sarcomas (23%) and malignant fibrous histiocytomas (23%) were the most common primary histologic types. Twenty (57%) patients presented with synchronous nodal metastasis. Median follow-up from the time of diagnosis of lymph node metastasis was 48.5 months. The 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year actuarial survival rates in patients with synchronous nodal metastasis after lymphadenectomy and additional therapy were 79%, 62%, and 52%, respectively. In comparison, the 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year actuarial survival rates in patients with metachronous nodal metastasis after lymphadenectomy and additional therapy were 100%, 95%, and 66%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with isolated regional lymph node metastases who are treated with aggressive approaches, including regional LN dissection, may experience prolonged survival similar to that which more closely approximates the survival seen in patients with stage III disease (5-year survival rate, 50%) rather than the survival seen in patients with stage IV disease (5-year survival rate, 25%). These data lend support for reconsideration of the current AJCC staging system for ESTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waddah B Al-Refaie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77203-1402, USA
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Clark MA, Johnson MB, Thway K, Fisher C, Thomas JM, Hayes AJ. Clear cell sarcoma (melanoma of soft parts): The Royal Marsden Hospital experience. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 34:800-4. [PMID: 18042498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a rare tumour with a propensity for local recurrence and nodal metastasis. About 300 cases have been reported, thus further clarification regarding the course and outcome of the disease is required. METHODS Patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of CCS were identified from prospective histopathology and sarcoma databases and supplemented with a retrospective analysis of the patients' hospital records. RESULTS Between 1990 and 2005, a total of 72 patients with a diagnosis of CCS were identified, 35 having been referred for management and 37 having been referred for histopathologic opinion. The median age was 39 years (range 5-90 years). Of the 35 patients referred to the Royal Marsden Hospital for management, 23% developed local recurrence or in-transit metastases at a median of 9 months (2-79 months) after resection of the primary, and nodal or distant metastatic disease was seen in 63% after 14 months (range 0-177 months). Five- and 10-year survival were 52% and 25%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CCS has a number of similarities with melanoma, particularly in its peripheral distribution and propensity for nodal disease. Wide excision with clear margins offers the best chance of cure. Local recurrence and regional metastases are common, and are almost always followed by distant metastases and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Clark
- Sarcoma and Melanoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW36JJ, UK
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Fantini F, Monari P, Bassissi S, Maiorana A, Cesinaro AM. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clear cell sarcoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:1271-2. [PMID: 17894729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kawai A, Hosono A, Nakayama R, Matsumine A, Matsumoto S, Ueda T, Tsuchiya H, Beppu Y, Morioka H, Yabe H. Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses: a study of 75 patients. Cancer 2007; 109:109-16. [PMID: 17133413 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of tendons and aponeuroses (malignant melanoma of soft parts) is a rare melanocytic soft tissue sarcoma. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical features, prognostic factors, and optimal treatment policy for patients with this rare disease. METHODS Seventy-five consecutive patients with histologically confirmed CCS who received treatment between 1980 and 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS There were 41 men and 34 women, and the median age was 36 years. Sixty-five tumors were located in the extremities, and 10 tumors were located in the trunk. The median tumor size was 4 cm. Seventy-one patients underwent surgical excision, and 56 patients received chemotherapy. Sixteen patients developed local recurrences, and 52 patients developed metastasis. The overall patient survival rates was 47% at 5 years and 36% at 10 years. Univariate analysis showed that sex (P = .018), tumor size (P = .001), tumor depth (P = .002), TNM classification (P = .001), and surgical margin (P = .042) were significant prognostic factors. Among the 52 patients who presented with localized disease, sex (P = .023), tumor size (P = .002), tumor depth (P = .011), TNM classification (P = .004), and chemotherapy (P = .032) were identified as significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size remained an independent prognostic factor in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The current results supported the contention that early diagnosis and initial wide excision are essential for a favorable outcome of CCS. The role of chemotherapy for CCS should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawai
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Dim DC, Cooley LD, Miranda RN. Clear Cell Sarcoma of Tendons and Aponeuroses: A Review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:152-6. [PMID: 17227118 DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-152-ccsota] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses, also referred to as malignant melanoma of soft parts, is a rare malignancy derived from neural crest cells. It usually presents in the distal lower extremities of young adults, frequently attached to tendons or aponeuroses. It behaves like a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma and is associated with poor overall survival. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the lesion reveal T1 hypointensity, T2 hyperintensity, and gadolinium uptake. Grossly, the tumor is usually circumscribed with a histologic pattern of uniform polygonal to fusiform cells with clear to pale eosinophilic cytoplasm divided into variably sized clusters by fibrous septa. Immunohistochemical studies in most cases show that the neoplastic cells are positive with HMB-45 and react with antibody against S100 protein. Most cases show a reciprocal cytogenetic translocation t(12;22)(q13;q12) that creates a unique chimeric fusion EWSR1/ATF1 gene transcript. Metastasis occurs mainly to regional lymph nodes and lungs. Poor prognostic indicators include a tumor size equal to or more than 5 cm, presence of metastasis, and necrosis. The mainstay of treatment is wide excision of the tumor. The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy may become an important procedure in detecting occult regional metastasis and guiding the extent of surgery. The beneficial effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not been fully evaluated. This article provides a short overview of the current knowledge of clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 1
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Melanoma-Specific Antigens
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Connective Tissue/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Connective Tissue/genetics
- Neoplasms, Connective Tissue/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Connective Tissue/pathology
- Neoplasms, Connective Tissue/therapy
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Prognosis
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/therapy
- Tendons/pathology
- Transcription Factors
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Dim
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine/Truman Medical Center, 2301 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO 64108-2677, USA
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Sentinel node biopsy for clear cell sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:996-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Nearly all bone and soft tissue sarcomas will require surgical management. Early consultation with a surgeon who is experienced in sarcomas, before a biopsy is performed, will avoid potential errors that may complicate subsequent surgery. Advances in imaging, neoadjuvant therapies, and reconstructive techniques have improved the ability to resect adequately most bone and soft tissue sarcomas. The use of oncologic and functional outcomes assessment tools facilitates the development of improved treatments for sarcoma patients. Results from major centers reveal that most patients who have a nonmetastatic bone or soft tissue sarcoma will survive 5 years after surgery when combined with either chemotherapy or radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Y Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2512 South 7th Street, R200, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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