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Pan Q, Fan X, Xie L, Wu D, Liu R, Gao W, Luo K, He B, Pu Y. Nano-enabled colorectal cancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 362:548-564. [PMID: 37683732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common and deadliest diseases worldwide, poses a great health threat and social burden. The clinical treatments of CRC encompassing surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are challenged with toxicity, therapy resistance, and recurrence. In the past two decades, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have greatly improved the therapeutic benefits of CRC patients but they still suffer from drug resistance and low response rates. Very recently, gut microbiota regulation has exhibited a great potential in preventing and treating CRC, as well as in modulating the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In this review, we provide a cutting-edge summary of nanomedicine-based treatment in colorectal cancer, highlighting the recent progress of oral and systemic tumor-targeting and/or tumor-activatable drug delivery systems as well as novel therapeutic strategies against CRC, including nano-sensitizing immunotherapy, anti-inflammation, gut microbiota modulation therapy, etc. Finally, the recent endeavors to address therapy resistance, metastasis, and recurrence in CRC were discussed. We hope this review could offer insight into the design and development of nanomedicines for CRC and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Pan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xi Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Xie
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Di Wu
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuji Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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2
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Wang F, Long J, Li L, Wu ZX, Da TT, Wang XQ, Huang C, Jiang YH, Yao XQ, Ma HQ, Lian ZX, Zhao ZB, Cao J. Single-cell and spatial transcriptome analysis reveals the cellular heterogeneity of liver metastatic colorectal cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf5464. [PMID: 37327339 PMCID: PMC10275599 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we comprehensively charted the cellular landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) and well-matched liver metastatic CRC using single-cell and spatial transcriptome RNA sequencing. We generated 41,892 CD45- nonimmune cells and 196,473 CD45+ immune cells from 27 samples of six CRC patients, and found that CD8_CXCL13 and CD4_CXCL13 subsets increased significantly in liver metastatic samples that exhibited high proliferation ability and tumor-activating characterization, contributing to better prognosis of patients. Distinct fibroblast profiles were observed in primary and liver metastatic tumors. F3+ fibroblasts enriched in primary tumors contributed to worse overall survival by expressing protumor factors. However, MCAM+ fibroblasts enriched in liver metastatic tumors might promote generation of CD8_CXCL13 cells through Notch signaling. In summary, we extensively analyzed the transcriptional differences of cell atlas between primary and liver metastatic tumors of CRC by single-cell and spatial transcriptome RNA sequencing, providing different dimensions of the development of liver metastasis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jie Long
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Liang Li
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zi-Xin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Tian-Tian Da
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yi-Hua Jiang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xue-Qing Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Hai-Qing Ma
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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3
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Xie J, Wang S. Small Interfering RNA in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221103318. [PMID: 35899305 PMCID: PMC9340422 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with numerous genetic disorders and cellular abnormalities, and liver metastasis is a common health concern in patients with CRC. Exploring newer and more efficient therapies to block liver metastasis is pivotal for prolonging patient survival. Therefore, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are expected to be remarkable tools capable of regulating gene expression by participating in a process called RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is a biological process among eukaryotes wherein specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are destroyed and gene expression is inhibited. This technology is a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of CRC liver metastasis (CRLM). Nevertheless, crucial problems in siRNA therapeutics, including inherent poor serum stability and nonspecific uptake into biological systems, must be recognized. For this reason, delivery systems are being developed in an attempt to solve these problems. Here, we discuss the utility of siRNA therapy for the treatment of CRCLM by targeting the major metastasis-related signaling pathways. siRNA therapy has the potential to be one of the most effective methods for CRLM treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Xie
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal
Cancer Translational Research, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen
Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal
Cancer Translational Research, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen
Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shubin Wang, Department of Oncology,
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research,
Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-Peking
University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center,
Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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Radiogenomics: Hunting Down Liver Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215547. [PMID: 34771709 PMCID: PMC8582778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer and the second most deadly tumor type in the world. The liver is the most common site of metastasis in CRC patients. The conversion of new imaging biomarkers into diagnostic, prognostic and predictive signatures, by the development of radiomics and radiogenomics, is an important potential new tool for the clinical management of cancer patients. In this review, we assess the knowledge gained from radiomics and radiogenomics studies in liver metastatic colorectal cancer patients and their possible use for early diagnosis, response assessment and treatment decisions. Abstract Radiomics is a developing new discipline that analyzes conventional medical images to extract quantifiable data that can be mined for new biomarkers that show the biology of pathological processes at microscopic levels. These data can be converted into image-based signatures to improve diagnostic, prognostic and predictive accuracy in cancer patients. The combination of radiomics and molecular data, called radiogenomics, has clear implications for cancer patients’ management. Though some studies have focused on radiogenomics signatures in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, only a few have examined colorectal cancer metastatic lesions in the liver. Moreover, the need to differentiate between liver lesions is fundamental for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we summarize the knowledge gained from radiomics and radiogenomics studies in hepatic metastatic colorectal cancer patients and their use in early diagnosis, response assessment and treatment decisions. We also investigate their value as possible prognostic biomarkers. In addition, the great potential of image mining to provide a comprehensive view of liver niche formation is examined thoroughly. Finally, new challenges and current limitations for the early detection of the liver premetastatic niche, based on radiomics and radiogenomics, are also discussed.
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Abundance of Microvascular Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Response to Chemotherapy and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061477. [PMID: 33807015 PMCID: PMC8004880 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The generation of pathologic, immature, and dysfunctional vessels by angiogenesis is a well-known mechanism of metastasis and has been a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated the clinical relevance of microvascular endothelial (mvE) cells in CRC by analyzing tumor gene expression profiles of large patient cohorts. We found that the abundance of mvE cells does not mirror angiogenesis, but rather is associated with the number of mature blood vessels in the tumor microenvironment and predicts the response to chemotherapy as well as patient survival in CRC. This is the first study suggesting the clinical relevance of mvE cells in CRC. Abstract The generation of pathologic, immature, and dysfunctional vessels by angiogenesis is a mechanism of metastasis that has been a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated the clinical relevance of intra-tumoral microvascular endothelial (mvE) cells in CRC using the xCell algorithm on transcriptome. A total of 1244 CRC patients in discovery and validation cohorts were analyzed. We found that an abundance of mvE cells did not mirror angiogenesis but reflected mature blood vessels because it was significantly associated with a high expression of vascular stability-related genes, including sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor genes and pericytes. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition and myogenesis gene sets were enriched in mvE cell abundant CRC, while mvE cell-less CRC enriched cell proliferation, oxidative phosphorylation, and protein secretion gene sets. mvE cell abundant CRC was associated with infiltration of M2 macrophages, dendritic cells, and less gamma-delta T cells (all p < 0.001), but not with the interferon-γ response. mvE cell abundant CRC was significantly associated with worse patient survival in CRC. Interestingly, mvE cell abundant CRC was significantly associated with a high response rate to chemotherapy (p = 0.012) and worse patient survival for those that did not receive chemotherapy. However, there was no survival difference in patients who underwent chemotherapy. In conclusion, we estimated the abundance of mvE cells using the xCell algorithm on tumor transcriptome finding its association with the number of mature blood vessels in a tumor microenvironment and its ability to predict response to chemotherapy, thereby patient survival in CRC.
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Tumor Microenvironment in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Arbitrator in Patients' Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051130. [PMID: 33800796 PMCID: PMC7961499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer accounts for approximately 10% of all annually diagnosed cancers worldwide being liver metastasis, the most common cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer. The interplay between tumor and stromal cells in the primary tumor microenvironment and at distant metastases are rising in importance as potential mechanisms of the tumor progression. In this review we discuss the new biomarkers derived from tumor microenvironment and liquid biopsy as emerging prognostic and treatments response markers for metastatic colorectal cancer. We also review the developing new clinical strategies based on tumor microenvironmental cells to tackle metastatic disease in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in western countries. Its mortality rate varies greatly, depending on the stage of the disease. The main cause of CRC mortality is metastasis, which most commonly affects the liver. The role of tumor microenvironment in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis development has been widely studied. In this review we summarize the role of the tumor microenvironment in the liver pre-metastatic niche formation, paying attention to the distant cellular crosstalk mediated by exosomes. Moreover, and based on the prognostic and predictive capacity of alterations in the stromal compartment of tumors, we describe the role of tumor microenvironment cells and related liquid biopsy biomarkers in the delivery of precise medication for metastatic CRC. Finally, we evaluate the different clinical strategies to prevent and treat liver metastatic disease, based on the targeting of the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, targeting angiogenesis pathways and regulating immune response are two important research pipelines that are being widely developed and promise great benefits.
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Lin HC, Shao Q, Liang JY, Wang Y, Zhang HZ, Yuan YF, Li BK, Wu XJ, Chen G, Ding PR, Lu ZH, Pan ZZ, Wang DS, Qiu MZ, Wang ZQ, Wang FH, Xu RH, Li YH. Primary tumor immune score fails to predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer liver metastases after hepatectomy in Chinese populations. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:310. [PMID: 33708937 PMCID: PMC7944305 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests that the immune score is significantly associated with cancer prognosis. However, the prognostic role of primary tumor immune score in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) after hepatectomy in Chinese patients has not been reported. The present study is designed to investigate whether the immune score of primary tumor can predict the postoperative survival of liver metastases in Chinese patients. Methods A total of 131 patients diagnosed with CRLM were included, and the corresponding primary tumor and liver metastasis specimens were acquired. An immune score ranging from 0 to 4 was established based on the counts and densities of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells in the core tumor (CT) and the invasive margin (IM). Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves to assess the prognostic role of primary tumor immune score. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive search of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and selected stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with liver metastasis to compare the tumor-infiltrating T cell profiles of the primary tumor and liver metastases by CIBERSORT. Results Patients with high immune scores in the primary tumor has no significantly better RFS and OS after hepatectomy than those with low immune scores [median RFS (95% CI): 19.13 (10.07–28.20) vs. 27.13 (15.97–38.29) months, P=0.604; median OS (95% CI): 64.37 (35.96–92.78) vs. 40.07 (32.54–47.59) months, P=0.652]. Data collected from the GEO indicates that the proportion of CD8+ T cells and total T cells in the primary tumor and liver metastatic lesion are also not significantly correlated (CD8+ T cells: r2 =0.030, P=0.468; total T cells: r2 =0.165, P=0.076). Conclusions The immune score of the primary tumor fails to predict the prognosis of CRLM after hepatectomy in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin-Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Rong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Shen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-Zhen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Yang C, Zhang JJ, Zhang XP, Xiao R, Li PG. Sporamin suppresses growth of xenografted colorectal carcinoma in athymic BALB/c mice by inhibiting liver β-catenin and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3196-3206. [PMID: 31333311 PMCID: PMC6626725 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy of the digestive tract and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in China. Sporamin, a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor isolated from sweet potato, is a potential anti-cancer agent with activities against a number of malignant tumor cells in vitro. The liver secretes a myriad of endocrine factors that may facilitate the growth and transformation of tumors in the development of CRC.
AIM To investigate the effects of sporamin on liver morphology and biomarkers of xenografted CRC in the liver of athymic BALB/c mice.
METHODS Twenty-seven male BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into control, vehicle, and sporamin groups. Mice in the latter two groups were intraperitoneally xenografted with LoVo colorectal carcinoma cells and intragastrically infused with saline or sporamin (0.5 g/kg body weight/d), respectively, for 3 wk. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of the sections was performed to observe morphological changes in hepatic tissue and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure the expression of β-catenin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the liver.
RESULTS Sporamin significantly reduced the number and weight of tumor nodules formed in the abdominal cavity. Compared with the vehicle group, the mean tumor weight (± SD) in the sporamin group was significantly reduced (0.44 ± 0.10 g vs 0.26 ± 0.15 g) and the total number of tumors decreased from 93 to 55. HE staining showed that enlargement of the nucleus and synthesis of proteins within hepatocytes, as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells into the liver, were attenuated by sporamin. Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA showed that the concentrations of β-catenin and VEGF in the liver were significantly reduced by sporamin. Compared with the vehicle group, the expression of β-catenin measured in integrated optical density units per area was reduced in the sporamin group (47.29 ± 9.10 vs 26.14 ± 1.72; P = 0.003). Expression of VEGF was also reduced after sporamin intervention from 20.78 ± 2.06 in the vehicle group to 15.80 ± 1.09 in the sporamin group (P = 0.021). Compared with the vehicle group, the concentration of β-catenin decreased from 134.42 ± 22.04 pg/mL to 109.07 ± 9.65 pg/mL after sporamin intervention (P = 0.00002). qPCR indicated that compared to the vehicle group, relative mRNA expression of β-catenin and VEGF in the liver of mice in the sporamin-treated group was significantly reduced to 71% ± 1% (P = 0.000001) and 23% ± 7% (P = 0.00002), respectively, of the vehicle group levels.
CONCLUSION Sporamin down-regulates the expression and secretion of β-catenin and VEGF in the liver, which subsequently inhibits the transcription of downstream genes involved in cancer progression and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Peng-Gao Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China
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9
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Hong Y, Rao Y. Current status of nanoscale drug delivery systems for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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10
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Fu X, Zhu Y, Zheng B, Zou Y, Wang C, Wu P, Wang J, Chen H, Du P, Liang B, Fang L. KIFC1, a novel potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1912-1922. [PMID: 29620256 PMCID: PMC5919720 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1, also known as HSET) is a minus end-directed motor protein, which is critical in centrosome clustering. The present study investigated the expression of KIFC1 in paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from 91 patients by immunohistochemical analysis; clinical data were concomitantly collected. KIFC1 was expressed at high levels in HCC tissues, compared with that in peritumoral tissues (54.9 vs. 14.3%; P<0.01), and its expression correlated with tumor emboli, metastasis, recurrence and time of recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the expression of KIFC1 was significantly associated with tumor-free survival rates. In addition, multivariate analyses revealed that the overexpression of KIFC1was an independent predictive marker in patients with HCC. Consistently, data derived from GEPIA was in agreement with the results. In vitro, KIFC1 knockdown effectively decreased HCC cell viability, and induced apoptosis and cell death. KIFC1 knockdown also significantly suppressed tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, the apoptosis-related protein, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), was downregulated in KIFC1 small interfering RNA-treated groups, whereas thee levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein and p53 were upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phosphorylated AKT were decreased significantly when KIFC1 was silenced. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins, N-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), β-catenin, Slug, and Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1, were downregulated, whereas the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated. The overexpression of KIFC1 was correlated closely with the progression of HCC and poor prognosis, and suggested that the expression levels of KIFC1 are a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiong Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Yeqing Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Haimin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, P.R. China
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11
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Xiao B, Chen D, Luo S, Hao W, Jing F, Liu T, Wang S, Geng Y, Li L, Xu W, Zhang Y, Liao X, Zuo D, Wu Y, Li M, Ma Q. Extracellular translationally controlled tumor protein promotes colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis through Cdc42/JNK/ MMP9 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50057-50073. [PMID: 27367023 PMCID: PMC5226568 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) can be secreted independently of the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway and has extrinsic activities when it is characterized as the histamine releasing factor (HRF). Despite its important role in allergies and inflammation, little is known about how extracellular TCTP affects cancer progression. In this study, we found that TCTP was overexpressed in the interstitial tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its expression correlated with poor survival, high pathological grades and metastatic TNM stage in CRC patients. TCTP expression was greater in metastatic liver tissue than in primary tumors and was increased in highly invasive CRC cells. We demonstrated that the expression of TCTP was regulated by HIF-1α and its release was increased in response to low serum and hypoxic stress. Recombinant human TCTP (rhTCTP) promoted the migration and invasiveness of CRC cells in vitro and contributed to distant liver metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, rhTCTP activated Cdc42, phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), increasing the translocation of p-JNK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, as well as the secretion of MMP9. In addition, the expression of TCTP positively correlated with that of Cdc42 and p-JNK in clinical CRC samples. The silencing of Cdc42, JNK and MMP9 significantly inhibited the Matrigel invasion of rhTCTP-enhanced CRC cells. Collectively, these results identify a new role for extracellular TCTP as a promoter of CRC progression and liver metastases via Cdc42/JNK/MMP9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,RayBiotech, Inc., Guangzhou 510600, China.,RayBiotech, Inc., Norcross, GA 30092, USA
| | - Wenbo Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangyan Jing
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Tiancai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Suihai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, 303 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Weiwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Division of Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
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12
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Beckers RCJ, Beets-Tan RGH, Schnerr RS, Maas M, da Costa Andrade LA, Beets GL, Dejong CH, Houwers JB, Lambregts DMJ. Whole-volume vs. segmental CT texture analysis of the liver to assess metachronous colorectal liver metastases. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:2639-2645. [PMID: 28555265 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is unclear whether changes in liver texture in patients with colorectal cancer are caused by diffuse (e.g., perfusional) changes throughout the liver or rather based on focal changes (e.g., presence of occult metastases). The aim of this study is to compare a whole-liver approach to a segmental (Couinaud) approach for measuring the CT texture at the time of primary staging in patients who later develop metachronous metastases and evaluate whether assessing CT texture on a segmental level is of added benefit. METHODS 46 Patients were included: 27 patients without metastases (follow-up >2 years) and 19 patients who developed metachronous metastases within 24 months after diagnosis. Volumes of interest covering the whole liver were drawn on primary staging portal-phase CT. In addition, each liver segment was delineated separately. Mean gray-level intensity, entropy (E), and uniformity (U) were derived with different filters (σ0.5-2.5). Patients/segments without metastases and patients/segments that later developed metachronous metastases were compared using independent samples t tests. RESULTS Absolute differences in entropy and uniformity between the group without metastases and the group with metachronous metastases group were consistently smaller for the segmental approach compared to the whole-liver approach. No statistically significant differences were found in the texture measurements between both groups. CONCLUSIONS In this small patient cohort, we could not demonstrate a clear predictive value to identify patients at risk of developing metachronous metastases within 2 years. Segmental CT texture analysis of the liver probably has no additional benefit over whole-liver texture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C J Beckers
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R G H Beets-Tan
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R S Schnerr
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Maas
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L A da Costa Andrade
- Medical Imaging Department and Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - G L Beets
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, RWTH Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - J B Houwers
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D M J Lambregts
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Fei R, Zhang Y, Wang S, Xiang T, Chen W. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in tumor-associated macrophages inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2619-2628. [PMID: 28901507 PMCID: PMC5780013 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence has implied that α7 nicotinic receptor subtypes play an important role in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain signaling. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of endogenous α7nAChR signaling in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in human colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis and prognosis. α7nAChR expression in primary tumor cells and adjacent stroma cells especially in TAMs in 51 CRC patients was observed. Using a human monocyte THP-derived macrophages (TMs) with α7nAChR-siRNA knockdown (TMα7-/-) and a CRC cell Transwell co-culture model, the migration and invasion of two CRC cells, LoVo and SW620, were determined. Western blotting was carried out to investigate the expression of multiple molecules involved in the NF-κB, STAT3, PI3K signaling pathways in mimic TAMs, i.e., TMs exposed to in-direct LoVo cell stimulation. A nicotinic α7 receptor antagonist [α-bungarotoxin (α-Btx)] and three pharmaceutical inhibitors: AG490 (JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and Bay 11-7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) were applied to evaluate whether these signaling pathways were associated with the enhanced migration of CRC cells when co-cultured with α7nAChR knockdown TMs. The results revealed that the expression of α7nAChR in TAMs differed in patients. However, CRC patients who had a high incidence of hepatic metastasis showed no or low expression of α7nAChR in TAMs. TMs with α7nAChR-siRNA knockdown (TMα7-/-) significantly enhanced the migration and invasion of the two CRC cell lines LoVo and SW620. α7nAChR knockdown in TMs significantly downregulated phosphorylation of STAT3, PI3K p85 and NF-κB p65 after co-culturing with LoVo cells. Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 prevented the TMα7-/--enhanced migration of LoVo cells. α7nAChR expressed in TAMs in human CRC patients plays an important role in preventing metastasis and could be a prognostic marker in CRCs, which may be regulated by the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushan Fei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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14
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The role of vitamin D in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 20:259-273. [PMID: 28801869 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant health burden worldwide, comprising approximately 10% of annual cancer cases globally. Hepatic metastases are the most common site of CRC metastasis, and are the leading cause of death in CRC patients. There is strong epidemiologic evidence for an inverse association between vitamin D status and risk of CRC; however, the role of vitamin D in the natural history of liver metastases has not yet been investigated. Several researchers have proposed hallmarks of metastases; crucially, metastases can be blocked by interrupting just one rate-limiting step. Vitamin D status has been implicated in each proposed hallmark of metastasis. The aim of this review is to examine the potential role for vitamin D in reducing the development of hepatic metastases from CRC and outline the candidate mechanisms by which vitamin D may mediate these effects. The results of ongoing randomised intervention trials are eagerly awaited to determine whether addressing vitamin D insufficiency in CRC patients could reduce the occurrence of liver metastases, and the consequent morbidity and mortality.
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15
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Adwan H, Georges R, Pervaiz A, Berger MR. Investigation of Metastasis-Related Genes: A Rat Model Mimicking Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:152. [PMID: 28770169 PMCID: PMC5513954 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is the main target of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. Currently, the number of reports is small, which describe changes in gene expression supporting liver metastasis. Here, a rat model was used for analyzing mRNA modulations during liver colonization and compared with available literature. In the model, CC531 rat CRC cells were injected via a mesenteric vein into isogenic WAG/Rij rats and re-isolated at early, intermediate, advanced, and terminal stages of liver colonization. These cells were used for RNA isolation. Microarrays were used for analyzing mRNA profiles of expression. The number of deregulated genes is comparatively large and only part of it has been studied so far. As reported to date, claudins and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) were found to be deregulated. The fact that the chosen method is efficient is confirmed by the study of claudins and IGFBPs, which show altered expression in the initial stages of liver colonization and then return to normalcy. In addition, cadherin was described to be downregulated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition models. It can, therefore, be concluded that the models used are helpful in finding genes, which are instrumental for metastatic liver colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Adwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Georges
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asim Pervaiz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Berretta M, Alessandrini L, De Divitiis C, Nasti G, Lleshi A, Di Francia R, Facchini G, Cavaliere C, Buonerba C, Canzonieri V. Serum and tissue markers in colorectal cancer: State of art. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:103-116. [PMID: 28259285 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. It is the second leading cause of cancer death in Western Countries. In the last decade, the survival of patients with metastatic CRC has improved dramatically. Due to the advent of new drugs (irinotecan and oxaliplatin) and target therapies (i.e. bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumab, aflibercept and regorafenib), the median overall survival has risen from about 12 mo in the mid nineties to 30 mo recently. Molecular studies have recently widened the opportunity for testing new possible markers, but actually, only few markers can be recommended for practical use in clinic. In the next future, the hope is to have a complete panel of clinical biomarkers to use in every setting of CRC disease, and at the same time: 1) to receive information about prognostic significance by their expression and 2) to be oriented in the choice of the adequate treatment. Moreover, molecular analyses have shown that the natural history of all CRCs is not the same. Individual patients with same stage tumors may have different long-term prognosis and response to therapy. In addition, some prognostic variables are likely to be more important than others. Here we review the role of serum and tissue markers according to the recently published English literature. This paper is an extension of the article "Biological and clinical markers in colorectal cancer: state of art" by Cappellani A published in Jan 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy.
| | - Lara Alessandrini
- Division of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Chiara De Divitiis
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Arben Lleshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Raffaele Di Francia
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Cavaliere
- Department of Onco-Ematology Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | - Carlo Buonerba
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Division of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico of Aviano, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
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17
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Goi T, Kurebayashi H, Ueda Y, Naruse T, Nakazawa T, Koneri K, Hirono Y, Katayama K, Yamaguchi A. Expression of prokineticin-receptor2(PK-R2) is a new prognostic factor in human colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31758-66. [PMID: 26372733 PMCID: PMC4741637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells is important for progression and metastasis to the surrounding organs. According to recent molecular biological studies, signaling through transmembrane Prokineticin-Receptor2(PK-R2) is likely involved in the ability of tumor cell to invade. However, no studies have evaluated the relationship between PK-R2 expression, ability of cancer to invade/metastasize, and patient prognosis in cases of resected colorectal cancer. Accordingly, we have examined these factors in the present study. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect PK-R2 in the primary lesion and adjacent normal large intestine mucosa of 324 colorectal cancer patients who underwent resection surgery at our department. Additionally, we conducted clinicopathologic examinations and analyzed patient prognoses with the Kaplan-Meier method. Further, multivariate analysis was conducted using a cox-proportional hazard model. PK-R2 expression was observed on the cellular membrane of the primary lesion in 147 of 324 cases (45.3%) of human colorectal cancer. PK-R2 expression was associated with a higher incidence of vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, hepatic metastasis, and hematogenous metastasis. Further, prevalence of PK-R2 expression increased as tumor stage increased. In stage III curative resection cases, where recurrence is the most serious problem, cases that expressed PK-R2 had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate (82.1% versus 66.8%) and higher recurrence compared to those cases with no PK-R2 expression. In the multivariate analysis for prognosis, PK-R2 expression was found to be an independent factor(ratio2.621). PK-R2 expression could be one of the new prognostic factors in human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Goi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Ueda
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takayuki Naruse
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Koneri
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hirono
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kanji Katayama
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akio Yamaguchi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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18
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Cui F, Wang S, Lao I, Zhou C, Kong H, Bayaxi N, Li J, Chen Q, Zhu T, Zhu H. miR-375 inhibits the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer via targeting SP1 and regulating EMT-associated genes. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:487-93. [PMID: 27222350 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with tumor development and progression. Our previous study found that microRNA-375 (miR-375) was downregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC), but little is known concerning the role of miR-375 and the related mechanism in CRC development. The proliferation, invasion and migration effects were investigated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation and Transwell assays with or without Matrigel. In addition, candidate target genes were screened and validated by luciferase reporter and western blot assays. In addition, western blot analysis was performed to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). It was found that miR-375 inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration in DLD1 and HCT8 cells. In addition, miR-375 negatively regulated Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) protein by directly binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Furthermore, it was found that miR-375 regulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and EMT-associated genes, E-cadherin, vimentin, snail, N-cadherin and β-catenin. In conclusion, miR-375 inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration by directly targeting SP1 and regulating MMP2 and EMT-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Cui
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shuyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Iweng Lao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chunxian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Nayima Bayaxi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tengfang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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19
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Pathak S, Pandanaboyana S, Daniels I, Smart N, Prasad KR. Obesity and colorectal liver metastases: Mechanisms and management. Surg Oncol 2016; 25:246-51. [PMID: 27566030 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third commonest malignancy after lung and breast cancer. The most common cause of mortality from CRC is from distant metastases. Obesity is a known risk factor for primary CRC development. However, its role in metastatic disease progression is not fully understood. The article aims to provide an overview of the role of obesity in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Furthermore, possible strategies to minimise this effect are discussed. An electronic search of MedLine, EMBASE, CINAHL and google scholar was performed. Relevant articles were included in the article. Obesity causes localised inflammation within the liver microenvironment which may predispose to metastases development. Furthermore, obesity causes systemic inflammation leading to release of protumourigenic growth factors. Several studies demonstrated the effects of lifestyle modification, medications, bariatric surgery and omega-3 fatty acids on steatosis within the context of liver surgery. It is currently unclear whether obesity directly leads to metastatic disease via chronic systemic inflammation or whether obesity induced steatosis provides a fertile microenvironment for metastases deposition. With a global increase in obesity useful strategies to minimise the effects of obesity on the liver include life-style modification, pre-operative dietary regimes and omega-3 fatty acids intake. Pre-operative optimisation of the patient is a key concept. Further randomised control trials are needed to guide management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Pathak
- St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom; Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit (HeSRU), Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom.
| | - Sanjay Pandanaboyana
- St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Daniels
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit (HeSRU), Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Smart
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit (HeSRU), Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - K R Prasad
- St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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20
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Xiang T, Fei R, Wang Z, Shen Z, Qian J, Chen W. Nicotine enhances invasion and metastasis of human colorectal cancer cells through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor downstream p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:205-10. [PMID: 26530054 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine as a cigarette component is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. The downstream signaling pathways of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) are believed to be responsible for the cellular effects. In the present study, we evaluated the effects and novel mechanisms for nicotine on the capacity for colorectal cancer cell invasion and metastasis. LOVO and SW620 colorectal cancer cells were stimulated with nicotine in vitro. A Transwell chamber model was applied to detect the capacity for tumor cell invasion. Assays for gelatin zymography and western blotting were applied to detect the activity and expression of metastasis-related matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), respectively. Signal transduction was assessed by immunoblotting for the phosphorylation of relevant signal molecules and the application of pharmaceutical inhibitors. We showed that nicotine increased LOVO and SW620 colorectal cancer cell invasion along with enhanced activity and expression of MMP-1, -2 and -9. Nicotine increased phosphorylation of p38, ERK, Akt and PI3K p85 but had no effect on phosphorylation of JNK, or NF-κB. Of the pharmaceutical inhibitors of U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), LY294002 (Akt activation inhibitor), SB239063 (p38 MAPK activation inhibitor) and hexamethonium (Hex) (nAchRs inhibitor), the cellular and molecular effects were reduced by the applications of SB239063 and Hex. We concluded that nicotine stimulates the invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells in vitro via activation of the nAchRs and the p38 MAPK downstream signaling pathway. Therefore, p38 MAPK may have potential as a therapeutic target for smoking-related human colorectal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Rushan Fei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglei Shen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qian
- Research Center of Infection and Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Liu Z, Dou C, Wang Y, Jia Y, Li Q, Zheng X, Yao Y, Liu Q, Song T. High‑mobility group box 1 has a prognostic role and contributes to epithelial mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5997-6004. [PMID: 26252226 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High‑mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a member of the high‑mobility group protein family, was originally characterized as a non‑histone, nuclear DNA‑binding protein. While the roles of HMGB1 in inflammation and cell differentiation have been previously reported, its role in tumor cell migration and invasion, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has remained elusive. The present study reported that the expression of HMGB1 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in matched tumor‑adjacent tissues (P<0.05). HMGB1 was expressed at significantly elevated levels in tumors of patients with large tumor size, high histological grade and advanced tumor‑node‑metastasis stage (P<0.05). The positive expression of HMGB1 correlated with a poor three‑year overall and disease‑free survival of HCC patients (P<0.05). In addition, HMGB1 was an independent factor for predicting the three‑year overall and disease‑free survival of HCC patients (P<0.05). An in vitro experiment revealed that knockdown of HMGB1 inhibited cell migration and invasion in the HCC cell lines Huh7 and MHCC97H (P<0.05). Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that HMGB1 knockdown markedly inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition in Huh7 and MHCC97H cells. These results suggested that HMGB1 may be utilized as an independent prognostic marker in HCC and may promote tumor progression by promoting cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Paschos KA, Majeed AW, Bird NC. Natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer - pathobiological pathways with clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3719-3737. [PMID: 24744570 PMCID: PMC3983432 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer hepatic metastases represent the final stage of a multi-step biological process. This process starts with a series of mutations in colonic epithelial cells, continues with their detachment from the large intestine, dissemination through the blood and/or lymphatic circulation, attachment to the hepatic sinusoids and interactions with the sinusoidal cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and pit cells. The metastatic sequence terminates with colorectal cancer cell invasion, adaptation and colonisation of the hepatic parenchyma. All these events, termed the colorectal cancer invasion-metastasis cascade, include multiple molecular pathways, intercellular interactions and expression of a plethora of chemokines and growth factors, and adhesion molecules, such as the selectins, the integrins or the cadherins, as well as enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to present recent advances that provide insights into these cell-biological events and emphasizes those that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
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Xiao J, Ding Y, Huang J, Li Q, Liu Y, Ni W, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Chen L, Chen B. The association of HMGB1 gene with the prognosis of HCC. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89097. [PMID: 24586525 PMCID: PMC3929653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is an evolutionarily ancient and critical regulator of cell death and survival. HMGB1 is a chromatin-associated nuclear protein molecule that triggers extracellular damage. The expression of HMGB1 has been reported in many types of cancers, but the role of HMGB1 in hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown.The aim of this study was to analyze the roles of HMGB1 in HCC progression using HCC clinical samples. We also investigated the clinical outcomes of HCC samples with a special focus on HMBG1 expression. In an immunohistochemical study conducted on 208 cases of HCC, HMGB1 had high expression in 134 cases(64.4%).The HMGB1 expression level did not correlate with any clinicopathological parameters, except alpha fetoprotein (AFP) (p = 0.041) and CLIP stage (p = 0.007). However, survival analysis showed that the group with HMBG1 overexpression had a significantly shorter overall survival time than the group with a down-regulatedexpression of HMBG1 (HR = 0.568, CI (0.398, 0.811), p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that HMGB1 expression was a significant and independent prognostic parameter (HR = 0.562, CI (0.388, 0.815), p = 0.002) for HCC patients. The ability of proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells was suppressed with the disruption of endogenous HMGB1 using small interfering RNAs. On the other hand, the ability of proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells was strengthened when the expression endogenous HMGB1 was enhanced using HMGB1 DNA. HMGB1 expression may be a novel and independent predictor for the prognosis of HCC patients. The overexpression of HMGB1 in HCC could be a novel, effective, and supplementary biomarker for HCC, since it plays a vital role in the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qisheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longhua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (BC)
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Science and Training, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (BC)
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Pancione M, Giordano G, Remo A, Febbraro A, Sabatino L, Manfrin E, Ceccarelli M, Colantuoni V. Immune escape mechanisms in colorectal cancer pathogenesis and liver metastasis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:686879. [PMID: 24741617 PMCID: PMC3987978 DOI: 10.1155/2014/686879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, growing evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes with genomic/epigenomic aberrations of malignant cells to enhance cancer cells survival, invasion, and dissemination. Many factors, produced or de novo synthesized by immune, stromal, or malignant cells, acting in a paracrine and autocrine fashion, remodel TME and the adaptive immune response culminating in metastasis. Taking into account the recent accomplishments in the field of immune oncology and using metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) as a model, we propose that the evasion of the immune surveillance and metastatic spread can be achieved through a number of mechanisms that include (a) intrinsic plasticity and adaptability of immune and malignant cells to paracrine and autocrine stimuli or genotoxic stresses; (b) alteration of positional schemes of myeloid-lineage cells, produced by factors controlling the balance between tumour-suppressing and tumour-promoting activities; (c) acquisition by cancer cells of aberrant immune-phenotypic traits (NT5E/CD73, CD68, and CD163) that enhance the interactions among TME components through the production of immune-suppressive mediators. These properties may represent the driving force of metastatic progression and thus clinically exploitable for cancer prevention and therapy. In this review we summarize results and suggest new hypotheses that favour the growing impact of tumor-infiltrating immune cells on tumour progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pancione
- 1Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- *Massimo Pancione: and
| | - Guido Giordano
- 2Medical Oncology Unit, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Andrea Remo
- 3Department of Pathology “Mater Salutis” Hospital, 37045 Legnago (VR), Italy
| | - Antonio Febbraro
- 2Medical Oncology Unit, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Lina Sabatino
- 1Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Erminia Manfrin
- 4Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- 1Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- 5Bioinformatics Lab, BIOGEM scrl, 83031 Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Vittorio Colantuoni
- 1Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- *Vittorio Colantuoni:
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Heckmann D, Maier P, Laufs S, Li L, Sleeman JP, Trunk MJ, Leupold JH, Wenz F, Zeller WJ, Fruehauf S, Allgayer H. The disparate twins: a comparative study of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in SDF-1α-induced gene expression, invasion and chemosensitivity of colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:604-16. [PMID: 24255072 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In colorectal cancer, increased expression of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been shown to provoke metastatic disease due to the interaction with its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Recently, a second SDF-1 receptor, CXCR7, was found to enhance tumor growth in solid tumors. Albeit signaling cascades via SDF-1/CXCR4 have been intensively studied, the significance of the SDF-1/CXCR7-induced intracellular communication triggering malignancy is still only marginally understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In tumor tissue of 52 patients with colorectal cancer, we observed that expression of CXCR7 and CXCR4 increased with tumor stage and tumor size. Asking whether activation of CXCR4 or CXCR7 might result in a similar expression pattern, we performed microarray expression analyses using lentivirally CXCR4- and/or CXCR7-overexpressing SW480 colon cancer cell lines with and without stimulation by SDF-1α. RESULTS Gene regulation via SDF-1α/CXCR4 and SDF-1α/CXCR7 was completely different and partly antidromic. Differentially regulated genes were assigned by gene ontology to migration, proliferation, and lipid metabolic processes. Expressions of AKR1C3, AXL, C5, IGFBP7, IL24, RRAS, and TNNC1 were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Using the in silico gene set enrichment analysis, we showed that expressions of miR-217 and miR-218 were increased in CXCR4 and reduced in CXCR7 cells after stimulation with SDF-1α. Functionally, exposure to SDF-1α increased invasiveness of CXCR4 and CXCR7 cells, AXL knockdown hampered invasion. Compared with controls, CXCR4 cells showed increased sensitivity against 5-FU, whereas CXCR7 cells were more chemoresistant. CONCLUSIONS These opposing results for CXCR4- or CXCR7-overexpressing colon carcinoma cells demand an unexpected attention in the clinical application of chemokine receptor antagonists such as plerixafor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Heckmann
- Authors' Affiliations: Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center); Department of Translational Oncology, National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT) and DKFZ, Heidelberg; Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Medical Research Center, University Medical Centre Mannheim; Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), University Medical Centre Mannheim; Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim; KIT Karlsruhe Campus Nord, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen; and Center for Tumor Diagnostics and Therapy, Paracelsus Klinik, Osnabrueck, Germany
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Zhang YY, Chen B, Ding YQ. Metastasis-associated factors facilitating the progression of colorectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2437-44. [PMID: 22938401 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis remains the principal cause of treatment failure and poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. It is a multistage process which includes proteolysis, motility and migration of cells, proliferation in a new site, and neoangiogenesis. A crucial step in the process of intra- and extra-vasation is the activation of proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this stage, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are necessary. Micrometastases need the presence of growth factor and vascular growth factor so that they can form macrometastasis. In addition, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) play important roles in the progression of colorectal cancer and metastatic migration. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of how these molecules contribute will aid in the identification of diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets for patients with colorectal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Slesser AAP, Georgiou P, Brown G, Mudan S, Goldin R, Tekkis P. The tumour biology of synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012. [PMID: 23180209 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Forty to fifty percent of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop colorectal liver metastases (CLM) that are either synchronous or metachronous in presentation. Clarifying whether there is a biological difference between the two groups of liver metastases or their primaries could have important clinical implications. A systematic review was performed using the following resources: MEDLINE from PubMed (1950 to present), Embase, Cochrane and the Web of Knowledge. Thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. The review demonstrated that the majority of studies found differences in molecular marker expression between colorectal liver metastases and their respective primaries in both the synchronous and metachronous groups. Studies investigating genetic aberrations demonstrated that the majority of changes in the primary tumour were 'maintained' in the colorectal liver metastases. A limited number of studies compared the primary tumours of the synchronous and metachronous groups and generally demonstrated no differences in marker expression. Although there were conflicting results, the colorectal liver metastases in the synchronous and metachronous groups demonstrated some differences in keeping with a more aggressive tumour subtype in the synchronous group. This review suggests that biological differences may exist between the liver metastases of the synchronous and metachronous groups. Whether there are biological differences between the primaries of the synchronous and metachronous groups remains undetermined due to the limited number of studies available. Future research is required to determine whether differences exist between the two groups and should include comparisons of the primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A P Slesser
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, UK.
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28
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Wanebo HJ, LeGolvan M, Paty PB, Saha S, Zuber M, D’Angelica MI, Kemeny NE. Meeting the biologic challenge of colorectal metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:821-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Expression of oncogenic BARD1 isoforms affects colon cancer progression and correlates with clinical outcome. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:675-83. [PMID: 22814582 PMCID: PMC3419952 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colon cancer predisposition is associated with mutations in BRCA1. BRCA1 protein stability depends on binding to BARD1. In different cancers, expression of differentially spliced BARD1 isoforms is correlated with poor prognosis and decreased patient survival. We therefore suspected a role of BARD1 isoforms in colon cancer. Methods: We performed immunohistochemistry in 168 colorectal cancers, using four antibodies directed against differentially expressed regions of BARD1. We determined structure and relative expression of BARD1 mRNA isoforms in 40 tumour and paired normal peri-tumour tissues. BARD1 expression was correlated with clinical outcome. Results: BARD1 isoforms were expressed in 98% of cases and not correlated with BRCA1. BARD1 mRNA isoforms were upregulated in all tumours as compared with paired normal peri-tumour tissues. Non-correlated expression and localisation of different epitopes suggested insignificant expression of full-length (FL) BARD1. Expression of N- and C-terminal epitopes correlated with increased survival, but expression of epitopes mapping to the middle of BARD1 correlated with decreased survival. Middle epitopes are present in oncogenic BARD1 isoforms, which have pro-proliferative functions. Correlated upregulation of only N- and C-terminal epitopes reflects the expression of isoforms BARD1δ and BARD1φ. Conclusion: Our results suggest that BARD1 isoforms, but not FL BARD1, are expressed in colon cancer and affect its progression and clinical outcome.
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Reduced high-mobility group box 1 expression induced by RNA interference inhibits the bioactivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:92-8. [PMID: 22038506 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been observed in many tumor types, but the role of HMGB1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. AIMS To examine the effects of RNA interference HMGB1 on the bioactivity of HCC cell line HCCLM3. METHODS We synthesized three specific small interfering RNAs of HMGB1 (HMGB1-siRNAs) and transfected these into HCCLM3 cells by use of Lipofectamine 2000. RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to determine the effects of HMGB1-siRNAs on HMGB1 expression and to detect NF-κB/p65 and VEGF-C expression after transfection of HMGB1-siRNAs into HCCLM3. In vitro proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Migration and invasive ability were determined by use of the Transwell assay. Apoptosis was demonstrated by flow cytometry. RESULTS RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that all three specific HMGB1-siRNAs significantly inhibited HMGB1 expression, with inhibition by HMGB1-siRNA-1 being highest (70-80%). MTT assay demonstrated that the growth of cells transfected with HMGB1-siRNA-1 was significantly lower than that of control cells (P < 0.01). The Transwell assay showed that cell migration and invasion were significantly inhibited in HMGB1 knockdown cells compared with control cells (P < 0.01). FCM revealed that apoptosis was significantly increased in HMGB1-siRNA-1-transfected cells compared with control cells (P < 0.01). Expression of NF-κB/p65 and VEGF-C was inhibited in HCCLM3 cells transfected with HMGB1-siRNA-1 compared with control cells (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Downregulation of HMGB1 could obviously inhibit the growth of HCCLM3 cells, and their migration and invasion ability. HMGB1 may serve as a potential target for treatment of HCC.
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31
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Kim HJ, Kang UB, Lee H, Jung JH, Lee ST, Yu MH, Kim H, Lee C. Profiling of differentially expressed proteins in stage IV colorectal cancers with good and poor outcomes. J Proteomics 2011; 75:2983-97. [PMID: 22178445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Screening patients at high risk of recurrence of cancer would allow for more accurate and personalized treatment. In this study, we tried to identify the prognosis-related protein profile by applying two different quantitative proteomic techniques, difference in-gel electrophoresis and cleavable isotope-coded affinity tag method. Six tumor tissues were obtained from stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, of which three have survived more than five years (good prognostic group, GPG) and the other three died within 25 months (poor prognostic group, PPG) after palliative surgery and subsequent chemotherapy treatment. From the two independent quantitative analyses, we identified 175 proteins with abundance ratios greater than 2-fold. Gene ontology analysis revealed that proteins related to cellular assembly/organization and movement were generally increased in the PPG. Twenty-two proteins, including caveolin-1, were chosen for confirmatory studies by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The Western blot data for each individual protein were analyzed with Mann-Whitney tests, and a multi-marker panel was generated by logistic regression analysis. Five proteins, fatty acid binding protein 1, intelectin 1, transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, transgelin and tropomyosin 2, were significantly different between the two prognostic groups within 95% confidence. No single protein could completely distinguish the two groups from each other. However, a combination of the five proteins effectively distinguished PPG from GPG patients (AUC=1). Our study suggests a multi-marker panel composed of proteome signatures that provide accurate predictive information and potentially assist personalized therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics: The clinical link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Kim
- Life Sciences Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abdelzaher E, Rizk AM, Bessa SS, Omer KM. Predictive value of immunohistochemical expression of claudin-1 in colonic carcinoma. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2011; 23:123-31. [PMID: 22776839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colonic carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Recently, the possible involvement of claudin-1, one of the major tight junction proteins, in the process of tumorigenesis has been suggested. Also, claudin-1 has emerged as a potential prognostic factor in different types of tumors. The aim of this study was to detect caludin-1 expression in colonic carcinoma and to correlate its expression with clinicopathological variables in an attempt to delineate its role as a potential new prognostic marker. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of claudin-1 was assessed in 50 Egyptian patients with colonic adenocarcinoma. The predictive performance of claudin-1 expression was statistically evaluated. RESULTS Decreased claudin-1 expression was found in 62% of colonic adenocarcinoma cases while similar expression was found in 38% of the cases. Statistical analysis showed a statistically significant inverse correlation between claudin-1 expression and tumor grade, depth of invasion, lymph node involvement, and tumor stage. Regression analysis showed that claudin-1 decreased expression significantly predicts that the tumor is of a high grade, high stage, and is associated with lymph node involvement. ROC curve analysis showed that claudin-1 had a sensitivity of 88.24% and a specificity of 81.25% for the prediction of tumor stage and a sensitivity of 73.33% and a specificity of 82.86% for the prediction of lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS Claudin-1 decreased expression in colonic carcinoma contributes to tumor dedifferentiation, invasion and metastasis. Claudin-1 expression could be used as a predictor of colonic carcinoma stage and lymph node status with a high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdelzaher
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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33
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Heckmann D, Laufs S, Maier P, Zucknick M, Giordano FA, Veldwijk MR, Eckstein V, Wenz F, Zeller WJ, Fruehauf S, Allgayer H. A Lentiviral CXCR4 overexpression and knockdown model in colorectal cancer cell lines reveals plerixafor-dependent suppression of SDF-1α-induced migration and invasion. Oncol Res Treat 2011; 34:502-8. [PMID: 21985848 DOI: 10.1159/000332390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of distant metastasis is associated with poor outcome in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) have pivotal roles in the chemotaxis of migrating tumor cells during metastasis. Thus, hampering the SDF-1/CXCR4 cross-talk is a promising strategy to suppress metastasis. METHODS We investigated the invasive behavior of the lentivirally CXCR4 overexpressing CRC cell lines SW480, SW620 and RKO in chemotaxis and invasion assays toward an SDF-1α gradient. Low endogenous CXCR4 expression levels were determined by quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses. RESULTS A lentiviral CXCR4 overexpression and knockdown model was established in these CRC cells. In transwell migration assays, CXCR4 overexpression favored chemotaxis and invasion of cells in all 3 lines depending on an SDF-1α gradient (p < 0.001 vs. untransduced cells). Functional CXCR4 knockdown using lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors significantly decreased the migration behavior in CRC cell lines (p < 0.001), confirming a CXCR4-specific effect. Pharmacologic inhibition of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 interaction by the bicyclam Plerixafor(TM) at 100 μM significantly abrogated CXCR4-dependent migration and invasion through Matrigel(TM) (SW480, SW620, RKO; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a CXCR4-antagonistic therapy might prevent tumor cell dissemination and metastasis in CRC patients, consequently improving survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Heckmann
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Until now, the anatomic extent of tumor (TNM classification) has been by far the most important factor to predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. However, in recent years, data collected from large cohorts of human cancers demonstrated that the immune contexture of the primary tumors is an essential prognostic factor for patients’ disease-free and overall survival. Tumoral and immunological markers predicted by systems biology methods are involved in the shaping of an efficient immune reaction and can serve as targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Global analysis of tumor microenvironment showed that the nature, the functional orientation, the density, and the location of adaptive immune cells within distinct tumor regions influence the risk of relapse events. The density and the immune cell location within the tumor have a prognostic value that is superior to the TNM classification, and tumor invasion is statistically dependent on the host-immune reaction. Thus, the strength of the immune reaction could advance our understanding of cancer evolution and have important consequences in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mlecnik
- INSERM U872, Integrative Cancer Immunology Team, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
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Paschos KA, Canovas D, Bird NC. The engagement of selectins and their ligands in colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:165-74. [PMID: 19627399 PMCID: PMC3837616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of the liver by colorectal cancer (CRC) cells is a complicated process which includes many stages, until macrometastases occur. The entrapment of malignant cells within the hepatic sinusoids and their interactions with resident non-parenchymal cells are considered very important for the whole metastatic sequence. In the sinusoids, cell connection and signalling is mediated by multiple cell adhesion molecules, such as the selectins. The three members of the selectin family, E-, P- and L-selectin, in conjunction with sialylated Lewis ligands and CD44 variants, regulate colorectal cell communication and adhesion with platelets, leucocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells and stellate cells. Their role in CRC liver metastases has been investigated in animal models and human tissue, in vivo and in vitro, in static and shear flow conditions, and their key-function in several molecular pathways has been displayed. Therefore, trials have already commenced aiming to exploit selectins and their ligands in the treatment of benign and malignant diseases. Multiple pharmacological agents have been developed that are being tested for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Paschos
- Liver Research Group, Section of Oncology, School of Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Kim HB, Kim MJ, Kim DY, Lee JW, Bae JH, Kim DW, Kang CD, Kim SH. High susceptibility of metastatic cells derived from human prostate and colon cancer cells to TRAIL and sensitization of TRAIL-insensitive primary cells to TRAIL by 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:46. [PMID: 21513580 PMCID: PMC3094320 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor recurrence and metastasis develop as a result of tumors' acquisition of anti-apoptotic mechanisms and therefore, it is necessary to develop novel effective therapeutics against metastatic cancers. In this study, we showed the differential TRAIL responsiveness of human prostate adenocarcinoma PC3 and human colon carcinoma KM12 cells and their respective highly metastatic PC3-MM2 and KM12L4A sublines and investigated the mechanism underlying high susceptibility of human metastatic cancer cells to TRAIL. RESULTS PC3-MM2 and KM12L4A cells with high level of c-Myc and DNA-PKcs were more susceptible to TRAIL than their poorly metastatic primary PC3 and KM12 cells, which was associated with down-regulation of c-FLIPL/S and Mcl-1 and up-regulation of the TRAIL receptor DR5 but not DR4 in both metastatic cells. Moreover, high susceptibility of these metastatic cells to TRAIL was resulted from TRAIL-induced potent activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3 in comparison with their primary cells, which led to cleavage and down-regulation of DNA-PKcs. Knockdown of c-Myc gene in TRAIL-treated PC3-MM2 cells prevented the increase of DR5 cell surface expression, caspase activation and DNA-PKcs cleavage and attenuated the apoptotic effects of TRAIL. Moreover, the suppression of DNA-PKcs level with siRNA in the cells induced the up-regulation of DR5 and active caspase-8, -9, and -3. We also found that 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde (DMNB), a specific inhibitor of DNA-PK, potentiated TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in relatively TRAIL-insensitive PC3 and KM12 cells and therefore functioned as a TRAIL sensitizer. CONCLUSION This study showed the positive relationship between c-Myc expression in highly metastatic human prostate and colon cancer cells and susceptibility to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and therefore indicated that TRAIL might be used as an effective therapeutic modality for advanced metastatic cancers overexpressing c-Myc and combination of TRAIL therapy with agent that inhibits the DNA-PKcs/Akt signaling pathway might be clinically useful for the treatment of relatively TRAIL-insensitive human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Bong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
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Yin X, Ning SB, Ren SQ, Shen EY. Correlation of plasma gelsolin with chemotherapy efficacy and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer after radical resection. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1089-1093. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i10.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation of plasma gelsolin, a substrate for matrix metalloproteinase, with tumor invasion and metastasis and to explore the possibility of using plasma gelsolin as a putative marker for prediction of chemotherapy efficacy and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer after radical resection.
METHODS: The clinical data for 40 patients with pathologically confirmed colorectal cancer after surgery were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups according to the progression of the disease, with group A containing patients with stages I and II disease and group B containing those with stage III disease. Patients in group B were further subdivided into group B1 and B2 according to prognosis, with B1 containing patients who underwent postoperative chemotherapy and had metastasis, and B2 containing those who underwent postoperative chemotherapy but had no metastasis. Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used for the monitoring of plasma concentration of gelsolin before and after the first cycle of chemotherapy.
RESULTS: Mean plasma gelsolin before chemotherapy showed no significant differences between groups A and B (76.22 mg/L vs 56.15 mg/L, P > 0.05) and between groups B1 and B2 (62.04 mg/L vs 50.25 mg/L, P > 0.05). After one cycle of chemotherapy, plasma gelsolin was reduced to 54.33 mg/L in group B1, but increased to 84.20 mg/L in group B2 (t =- 2.540, P = 0.032). Mean plasma gelsolin decreased by 10.56% in group B1 but increased by 47.36% in group B2, showing a significant difference between the two groups (t =- 4.430, P = 0.002).
CONCLUSION: Monitoring of plasma gelsolin in patients with colorectal cancer after radical resection during early chemotherapy can help predict long-term efficacy of chemotherapy and prognosis.
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Zhao X, Kang B, Lu C, Liu S, Wang H, Yang X, Chen Y, Jiang B, Zhang J, Lu Y, Zhi F. Evaluation of p38 MAPK pathway as a molecular signature in ulcerative colitis. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2216-25. [PMID: 21428429 DOI: 10.1021/pr100969w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) is clinically challenging. To overcome this problem, we explored the interrelated multiplex signaling pathway to identify molecular signatures in UC by using integrated strategy in proteomics. Intestinal mucosa of 12 UC cases and 12 normal controls underwent comparative proteomic analysis. A total of 26 unique differential proteins were identified, including 12 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated in UC group. A differential protein cluster, consisting of 11 proteins involved in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, was deduced and validated by Western blot. Furthermore, three proteins elicited from the protein cluster, phosphorylated p38, MAWBP and galectin-3, as a molecular signature, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on 118 UC and normal samples. Increased expression of P-p38 and down-regulated MAWBP and/or galectin-3 were detected in UC compared to normal samples (p < 0.001). This signature correlated with disease progression of UC (p < 0.01), and classified UC risk with high sensitivity (94.83 ± 2.91%) and specificity (98.33 ± 1.65%). In addition, P38 MAPK pathway modulated the expression of the protein clusters in macrophage cell line as evidenced by the alteration with specific inhibitor SB203580. These results indicate that molecular signature of P38 MAPK pathway might be a potential biomarker for evaluating UC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Zöller M, Jung T. The Colorectal Cancer Initiating Cell: Markers and Their Role in Liver Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0292-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Li ST, Chi P. Evolution of the management of colorectal cancer using integrative medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:73-9. [PMID: 21258900 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, the development of new and effective management options, such as fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), total mesorectal excision (TME) and monoclonal antibody novel "targeted" therapies has led to a considerable improvement in the outcome of this disease. In China, studies on CRC using integrative medicine (IM) have made remarkable progress. We therefore review the recent developments in CRC treatment through IM and Western medicine, including research studies such as the exploitation of Chinese herbs for the disruption of the tumor cell cycle or inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, induction of tumor cell apoptosis, improvement of the immune system, and the curative effect of chemotherapy. We also examine clinical studies such as those on special prescriptions and medicines and IM in anti-cancer therapy. Particularly, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of management with IM, and propose a suggestion for the management of colorectal cancer with IM, such as screening for effective prescriptions. We also analyze Chinese medicine, studying the pharmacologic mechanism of its anti-cancer effect, further strengthening the study of IM on CRC.
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41
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LeGolvan MP, Resnick M. Pathobiology of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases with an emphasis on prognostic factors. J Surg Oncol 2011; 102:898-908. [PMID: 21165991 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in the United States. The majority of these deaths are due to metastasis, with the liver easily accounting as the most common site of deposit. While there are multiple steps in the CRC hepatic metastatic cascade, this review attempts to summarize the different processes involved, focusing on the most recent discoveries, as well as the associated effects in relation to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P LeGolvan
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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Han SX, Zhu Q, Ma JL, Zhao J, Huang C, Jia X, Zhang D. Lowered HGK expression inhibits cell invasion and adhesion in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:4541-8. [PMID: 20857524 PMCID: PMC2945485 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i36.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of RNA interference targeting hepatocyte progenitor kinase-like kinase (HGK) in the invasion and adhesion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line HepG2.
METHODS: Three paired insert DNA fragments specific to HGK gene and one negative control DNA fragment were synthesized and inserted into RNAi-Ready pSIREN-RetroQ-ZsGreen vector. Western blotting assay and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to screen the vector with a highest inhibitory rate. The vector was used to generate recombinant retrovirus specific to HGK. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to examine cell growth; wound closure assay and cell adhesion assay were employed to investigate cell migration and adhesion respectively; and transwell assay and three-dimensional culture invasion assay were used to detect cell invasion. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were detected by Western blotting assay.
RESULTS: The real time RT-PCR and Western blotting assay showed that cells transfected with retrovirus mediating RNAi targeting of HGK (RV-shHGK)-1 vector had the strongest inhibition of HGK protein, with an inhibition rate of 76%, and this vector was used to generate recombinant retrovirus RV-shHGK-1. Cell adhesion assay and MTT assay found that cell adhesion and growth of the cells infected with RV-shHGK-1 were significantly lower than those of the control cells (P < 0.05). Wound closure assay, transwell assay and three-dimensional culture invasion assay showed that the cell invasiveness was significantly less in HGK knockdown cells than in the control cells (P < 0.05). The expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and NF-κB were inhibited in HepG2 cells infected with RV-shHGK-1.
CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of HGK can obviously inhibit the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells in vitro. HGK may be a new therapeutic target for treatment of HCC.
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43
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Yoshioka T, Nishikawa Y, Ito R, Kawamata M, Doi Y, Yamamoto Y, Yoshida M, Omori Y, Kotanagi H, Masuko T, Enomoto K. Significance of integrin αvβ5 and erbB3 in enhanced cell migration and liver metastasis of colon carcinomas stimulated by hepatocyte-derived heregulin. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2011-8. [PMID: 20626753 PMCID: PMC11159737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the mechanisms of the highly liver-metastatic character of colon carcinoma cells, we studied the expression pattern of surface integrins on LS-LM6 (a highly liver-metastatic human colon cancer cell line) and the effects of hepatocyte-derived soluble factors on cell migration. LS-LM6 showed significantly higher expression of integrin αvβ5, a ligand for vitronectin (VN), as compared with its parental cell line (LS174T). A conditioned medium of cultured mouse hepatocytes enhanced VN-mediated cell migration of LS-LM6, which was blocked by neutralizing antibody against integrin αvβ5, while the medium did not affect cell adhesion to VN-coated plastic surfaces. The conditioned medium induced phosphorylation of erbB3 and its heterodimeric partner, erbB2. Heregulin (HRG), a ligand for erbB3, exerted similar effects on VN-mediated cell migration and phosphorylation of erbB3 and erbB2. The conditioned medium contained HRG, and depletion of HRG from the medium by pre-absorption with HRG antibody abolished its effects on cell migration. Heregulin (HRG) was expressed in some hepatocytes in the liver with carcinoma cell metastasis. Furthermore, knockdown of integrin αv and erbB3 by small-interfering RNAs significantly inhibited cell migration induced by HRG as well as liver metastasis in vivo. Finally, we found that HRG-induced cell migration was associated with marked phosphorylation of Akt and that cell migration was suppressed by treatment with specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Our study suggests that hepatocyte-derived HRG might participate in a highly liver-metastatic phenotype of LS-LM6 through enhancement of integrin αvβ5-mediated cell migration and erbB3/erbB2 signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Integrin alpha5beta1/genetics
- Integrin alpha5beta1/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neuregulin-1/metabolism
- Neuregulin-1/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- RNA Interference
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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Kim YW, Ko YT, Kim NK, Chung HC, Min BS, Lee KY, Park JP, Kim H. A comparative study of protein expression in primary colorectal cancer and synchronous hepatic metastases: the significance of matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression as a predictor of liver metastasis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:217-25. [PMID: 20095886 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903453158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine the ability of protein expression in primary colorectal cancer and metastatic liver tumour tissues to predict hepatic metastasis and intrahepatic recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study. The expression of the following five proteins was assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1; MMP-7; and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1. Protein expression was measured in patients with primary colorectal cancer without liver metastasis (Group A), in patients with primary colorectal cancer with liver metastasis (primary tumour; Group B), and in patients with resected metastatic liver tumour tissues (liver metastasis; Group C). RESULTS IHC staining revealed more protease activity (MMP-1 and -7) in Group B than in Group A. Angiogenic activity (positive VEGF expression) was significantly greater in Group C than in Group B. Multivariate analysis showed that positive MMP-1 expression, the presence of lymphovascular invasion, and an elevated pre-operative serum CEA level (> 5 ng/ml) were significantly related to synchronous liver metastasis. However, intrahepatic recurrence was not related to protein expression, the presence of lymphovascular invasion, or the pre-operative CEA level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that protease activity is important for metastasis, and that angiogenic activity is essential for metastatic tumour growth. Furthermore, positive MMP-1 expression in primary colorectal tumour tissues was a significant predictor of liver metastasis. However, the prognostic impact of protein marker expression in terms of intrahepatic recurrence appears to be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
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45
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Pancione M, Forte N, Fucci A, Sabatino L, Febbraro A, Di Blasi A, Daniele B, Parente D, Colantuoni V. Prognostic role of beta-catenin and p53 expression in the metastatic progression of sporadic colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:867-76. [PMID: 20129645 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Beta-catenin and p53 play key roles in tumorigenesis. The relationships between these 2 signaling pathways and their contribution to colorectal cancer metastatic progression have not been completely elucidated. We analyzed 141 cases of primary sporadic colorectal cancer, 45 matched metastases, and 80 samples of normal mucosa by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded specimens. The expression profiles were also related to patients' clinicopathologic features and 5-year survival. In primary tumors, beta-catenin immunoreactivity was nuclear (27%), predominantly membrane/cytosolic (46.0%) or negative (27%). This latter subgroup was strongly related to microsatellite instability, in particular to MLH-1 deficiency. Remarkably, beta-catenin membrane/cytosolic expression in primary tumors was reduced in the corresponding matched metastases. p53 showed a significant increase in immunoreactivity in (66.7%), whereas it was negative in (33.3%) of tumors. When we considered the expression of both genes, the combination of negative beta-catenin and positive p53 nuclear staining (21%) was strongly related to a higher frequency of liver metastases. Such an association was significantly related to a worse prognosis than any other combination. In a multivariate analysis, beta-catenin and distant metastases were independent prognostic markers. We suggest that a combination of low beta-catenin and high p53 expression in primary colorectal cancers may be a prognostic factor in predicting the progression of the disease, the occurrence of metastasis, and a more severe outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pancione
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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46
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Wu Y, Brodt P, Sun H, Mejia W, Novosyadlyy R, Nunez N, Chen X, Mendoza A, Hong SH, Khanna C, Yakar S. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulates the liver microenvironment in obese mice and promotes liver metastasis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:57-67. [PMID: 20048072 PMCID: PMC5488282 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among the mechanisms implicated in the tumor-promoting effects of obesity, signaling by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin has received considerable attention. However, the emerging realization that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation has prompted other consideration of how the IGF-I axis may participate in cancer progression. In the present study, we used two mouse models of chronic (LID) and inducible (iLID) igf-1 gene deficiency in the liver to investigate the role of IGF-I in regulating the host microenvironment and colorectal carcinoma growth and metastasis in obese mice. Obese mice had a heightened inflammatory response in the liver, which was abolished in mice with chronic IGF-I deficiency (LID). In control animals changes to the hepatic microenvironment associated with obesity sustained the presence of tumor cells in the liver and increased the incidence of hepatic metastases after intrasplenic/portal inoculation of colon carcinoma cells. These changes did not occur in LID mice with chronic IGF-1 deficiency. In contrast, these changes occurred in iLID mice with acute IGF-1 deficiency, in the same manner as the control animals, revealing a fundamental difference in the nature of the requirement for IGF-1 on tumor growth and metastasis. In the setting of obesity, our findings imply that IGF-1 is critical to activate and sustain an inflammatory response in the liver that is needed for hepatic metastasis, not only through direct, paracrine effect on tumor cell growth, but also through indirect effects involving the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hui Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Wilson Mejia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ruslan Novosyadlyy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nomeli Nunez
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Arnulfo Mendoza
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sung-Hyeok Hong
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chand Khanna
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Snipstad K, Fenton CG, Kjaeve J, Cui G, Anderssen E, Paulssen RH. New specific molecular targets for radio-chemotherapy of rectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2009; 4:52-64. [PMID: 19969511 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer often receive preoperative radio-chemotherapy (RCT). The mechanisms of tumour response to radiotherapy are not understood. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of RCT on gene expression in rectal tumour and normal rectal tissue. For that purpose tissue samples from 21 patients with resectable adenocarcinomas were collected for use in whole genome-microarray based gene expression analysis. A factorial experimental design allowed us to determine the effect of RCT on tumour tissue alone by removing the effect of radiation on normal tissue. This resulted in 1327 differentially expressed genes in tumour tissue with p<0.05. In addition to known markers for radio-chemotherapy, a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed a significant enrichment in gene sets associated with cell adhesion and leukocyte transendothelial migration. The profound change of cell adhesion molecule expression in rectal tumour tissue could either increase the risk of metastasis, or decrease the tumour's invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Snipstad
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Misonou Y, Shida K, Korekane H, Seki Y, Noura S, Ohue M, Miyamoto Y. Comprehensive Clinico-Glycomic Study of 16 Colorectal Cancer Specimens: Elucidation of Aberrant Glycosylation and Its Mechanistic Causes in Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2990-3005. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900092r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Misonou
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan, Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, and Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shida
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan, Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, and Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Korekane
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan, Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, and Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yosuke Seki
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan, Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, and Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Shingo Noura
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan, Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, and Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan, Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, and Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Miyamoto
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan, Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan, and Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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YANG YF, GE JZ, WU Y, XU Y, LIANG BY, LUO L, WU XW, LIU DQ, ZHANG X, SONG FX, GENG ZY. Cohort study on the effect of a combined treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine on the relapse and metastasis of 222 patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer after radical operation. Chin J Integr Med 2008; 14:251-6. [PMID: 19082795 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-008-0251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive therapy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in reducing the relapse and metastasis of stage II and III colorectal cancer based on conventional Western medicine (WM) therapy. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-two patients in total, diagnosed as stage II and III colorectal cancer from February 2000 to March 2006, were recruited from Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and the General Hospital of Beijing Military Area. They were followed-up once every 3-6 months. Twenty cases dropped out from the cohort. The remaining 202 patients were all treated with routine WM treatment [including R0 radical operation, or chemotherapy or/and radiotherapy according to national comprehensive cancer network (NCCN) clinical guidelines]. These patients were assigned to two groups based on whether or not they were additionally treated with TCM comprehensive therapy (orally administered with a decoction according to syndrome differentiation, combined with a traditional patent drug over one year). Ninety-eight patients from Xiyuan Hospital were treated with WM and TCM (combined group), and 104 patients from the General Hospital of Beijing Military Area were treated with WM alone (WM group). The demographic data at baseline were comparable, including the operation times, age, sex, TNM staging, and pathological types. The patients were followed-up for one to five years. Up to now, there are 98, 98, 77, 64, and 47 patients with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of follow-up in the combined group, respectively; and 104, 104, 97, 81, and 55 patients in the WM group, respectively. The results of the 5-year follow-up of all the patients will be available in 2011. RESULTS The relapse/metastasis rate of 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year were 0 (0/98), 2.04% (2/98), 11.69% (9/77), 14.06% (9/64), and 21.28% (10/47) in the combined group, and were 4.80%(5/104), 16.35% (17/104), 21.65% (21/97), 25.93% (21/81), and 38.18%(21/55) in the WM group, respectively. A significant difference was found in the second year between the two groups (chi (2)=12.117, P=0.000). Median relapse/metastasis time was 26.5 months in the combined group and 16.0 months in the WM group. CONCLUSION The combined therapy of TCM and WM may have great clinical value and a potential for decreasing the relapse or metastasis rate in stage II and III colorectal cancer after conventional WM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-fei YANG
- Department of Oncology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing (100091), China.
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Kang B, Hao C, Wang H, Zhang J, Xing R, Shao J, Li W, Xu N, Lu Y, Liu S. Evaluation of hepatic-metastasis risk of colorectal cancer upon the protein signature of PI3K/AKT pathway. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3507-15. [PMID: 18570457 DOI: 10.1021/pr800238p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver is the most common organ of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis, and hepatic metastasis (HM) is regulated by complex protein network. Hence, we initiated a proteomic survey to seek interrelated multiplex markers related with HM. A total of 34 unique differential proteins were identified in the primary tumor tissues from 14 CRC patients with/without HM. A differential protein cluster, consisting of 17 proteins throughout PI3K/AKT pathway, was deduced and validated by Western blot. A three-protein signature elicited from the protein cluster, phosphorylated IkappaBalpha, TNFalpha and MFAP3L, was detected by immunohistochemistry on 105 pairs of CRC and normal samples. The positive protein signature was specifically correlated with HM (P < 0.001), and classified the HM risk of CRC patients with high sensitivity (92.85 +/- 4.87%) and specificity (94.94 +/- 2.5%). The high-risk group had significantly decreased overall survival (P < 0.001). Furthermore, RKO and HT29, two colon cancer cells with different expression status of the protein signature, were used to construct the nude mouse model of HM. And the HM occurrence of RKO cell (4/5) was dramatically higher than that of HT29 cell (1/5). Therefore, the protein signature derived from PI3K/AKT pathway is likely a promising multiplex biomarker for HM of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Kang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Airport Industrial Zone B-6, Shunyi District, Beijing, China
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