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Kim KJ, Kim YH. Upregulation of Prostaglandin E2 by Inducible Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 in Colon Cancer. Ann Coloproctol 2021; 38:153-159. [PMID: 34465013 PMCID: PMC9021850 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2021.00374.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to promote carcinogenesis and cancer progression in colon cancer. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of PGE2 include cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), and 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). The current study aims to determine how PGE2 is expressed by examining patients with colorectal cancer and evaluating colon cancer cells to gain insight into changes in relevant enzymes upon induction of PGE2. Methods The concentration of PGE2 was measured in tumor tissues and adjacent normal mucosal tissues of 26 patients with colon cancer. The expression of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, and 15-PGDH proteins was measured. The concentration of PGE2 in FET colon cancer cells was measured both in the initial status and after stimulation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The expression levels of PGE2-related enzymes were measured as well. Results There was no significant difference in the average concentration of PGE2, which was measured at 453.1 pg/mL in cancer tissues and 401.2 pg/mL in normal mucosa. Among PGE2-related enzymes, 15-PGDH was expressed at a lower level in tumor cells than in normal mucosa. In colon cancer cells, PGE2 was found to be upregulated upon stimulation by TNF-α, which led to strong induction of mPGES-1 without any change in the expression of COX-2 among the PGE2-related enzymes. Conclusion These results demonstrated that PGE2 can be induced by stimuli such as TNF-α, and suggest that activation of mPGES-1 is more closely related than that of COX-2 in the induction of PGE2 on colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Hun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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Negi RR, Rana SV, Gupta V, Gupta R, Chadha VD, Prasad KK, Dhawan DK. Over-Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1675-1681. [PMID: 31244287 PMCID: PMC7021602 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.6.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. COX-2 plays an important role in CRC development and is a key target for the regression of colorectal tumorigenesis by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study was conducted to examine the relationship of the levels of COX-2 in CRC patients with the clinico-pathological parameters and also to assess its usefulness as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of CRC. Methods: Prior to surgery, 30 CRC patients were enrolled and the samples from colon tumors and surrounding tissues were taken after they underwent surgical intervention at PGIMER, Chandigarh. mRNA expression levels of COX-2 were examined in 30 CRC and adjacent normal colonic mucosa by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The expression of COX-2 was assessed by immunohistochemical method using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against human COX-2 protein. Results: The quantitative relative expression of COX-2 mRNA was observed to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in colorectal cancer tissues as compared to adjacent normal colon tissues. Also, female CRC patients showed significantly higher (p<0.009) expression of COX-2 mRNA vis-a-vis male colorectal cancer patients. This is the first study which has reported a direct relationship between COX-2 mRNA expressions in male colorectal cancer patients versus females. Further, immunohistochemistry of COX-2 confirmed the quantitative real time-PCR findings. Conclusion: Our study shows that COX-2 over expression in colorectal carcinoma patients is closely associated with clinico-pathological parameters and is more pronounced in males versus females. Further, COX-2 mRNA expression can serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Rattan Negi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Satya Vati Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Kaushal Kishor Prasad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Huang M, Wang L, Chen J, Bai M, Zhou C, Liu S, Lin Q. Regulation of COX-2 expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients post TACE surgery. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2144-54. [PMID: 26984380 PMCID: PMC4809660 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is not entirely clear whether hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is involved in the regulation of COX-2 expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and whether these events affect the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). In this report the relationship between HIF-1α and COX-2 protein expression, EMT in tumor specimens from HCC patients after TACE surgery and the clinical significance of HIF-1α and COX-2 expression were analyzed using statistical approaches. HepG2 cells treated with CoCl2 was employed as a hypoxia cell model in vitro to study hypoxia-induced HIF-1α, COX-2 expression, and EMT alteration. The results showed that HIF-1α and COX-2 protein expression increased in HCC tissues after TACE surgery. Moreover, there was positive correlation between upregulation of HIF-1α and COX-2. Elevated expression of HIF-1α increased both Snail and Vimentin protein expression, while it reduced E-cadherin protein expression. It was further verified that hypoxia enhanced protein expression of HIF-1α and COX-2 in HepG2 cells treated with CoCl2. Upregulation of HIF-1α and COX-2, together with EMT alteration resulted in increased migration and invasion of HepG2 cells under hypoxia. In conclusion, TACE surgery results in aggravated hypoxia status, leading to increased HIF-1α protein expression in HCC tissue. To adapt to hypoxic environment, HIF-1α stimulates COX-2 protein expression and promotes EMT process in hepatocellular cancer cells, which enhances HCC invasion and metastasis, and might contribute to poor prognosis in HCC patients post TACE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Bai
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Churen Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Qu Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
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Baghaei R, Beiraghdar M, Sobhani A, Rafei R, Kolahi L, Foladi L. An investigation of the rate of cyclooxygenase-2 expression on the surface of adenomatous and colorectal adenocarcinoma polyps. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:200. [PMID: 26601088 PMCID: PMC4620610 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.166136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) (adenomatous, adenocarcinoma) is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in human societies. Considering the importance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the incidence of CRC, in this study, the rate of COX-2 gene expression on polyps and CRCs were addressed. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive analytic study carried out on the blocks of sampled tissue of adenomatous and colorectal adenocarcinoma polyps on 68 patients referred to Digestive Clinic in Isfahan Shariati Hospital in 2013. Patients were divided into two groups of polyps (n = 52) and cancer (n = 16). Given the presence of CRC or polyps by colonoscopy, samples were sent to the laboratory to measure the rate of COX-2 gene expression using immunohistochemistry. Results: In polyp group, 41 individuals (78.8%) had two or <2 polyps, 24 cases (46.2%) had a tubular polyp, and about a third of all patients had a big polyp. The most frequency of the polyp site was related to sigmoid with 19 cases (36.54%), in cancer group, it was related to the rectum with 9 cases (56.25%) that there was no significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05). The overall prevalence of COX-2 expression was positive in 51 cases (75%) and negative in 17 cases (25%). COX-2 gene expression was separately observed in 38 individuals (73.10%) in the polyp group and in 13 cases (81.25%) in the cancer group, and no significant difference was found (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There is no relationship between COX-2 gene expression and the surface of adenomatous and colorectal adenocarcinoma polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Baghaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Beiraghdar
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Sobhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rahmatolah Rafei
- Department of Gastroenclogy, Islamic Azad University of Najaf Abad, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Kolahi
- Department of General Physician, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfolah Foladi
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Zeestraten ECM, Benard A, Reimers MS, Schouten PC, Liefers GJ, van de Velde CJH, Kuppen PJK. The prognostic value of the apoptosis pathway in colorectal cancer: a review of the literature on biomarkers identified by immunohistochemistry. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:13-29. [PMID: 24179395 PMCID: PMC3791955 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s11475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Research towards biomarkers that predict patient outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC) is rapidly expanding. However, none of these biomarkers have been recommended by the American Association of Clinical Oncology or the European Group on Tumor Markers. Current staging criteria result in substantial under-and over-treatment of CRC patients. Evasion of apoptosis, a characteristic feature of tumorigenesis, is known to correlate with patient outcome. We reviewed the literature on immunohistochemistry-based studies between 1998 and 2011 describing biomarkers in this pathway in CRC and identified 26 markers. Most frequently described were p53, Bcl-2, survivin, and the Fas and TRAILR1 receptors and their ligands. None of the studies reviewed provided sufficient support for implementing a single marker into current clinical practice. This is likely due to the complex biology of this pathway. We suggest focusing on the combination of key markers within the apoptosis pathway that together represent an ‘apoptotic tumor profile’, which better reflects the status of this pathway in a tumor.
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Kunzmann AT, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR, McShane CM, McMenamin UC, Cantwell MM. PTGS2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) expression and survival among colorectal cancer patients: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1490-7. [PMID: 23810915 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have examined whether tumor expression of PTGS2 (also known as COX-2), an enzyme inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, is associated with prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. However, results to date have been mixed. METHODS Using terms for PTGS2 and colorectal cancer, the Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies published, in any language, until December 2011. Random effects meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled HRs [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for the association between PTGS2 expression and tumor recurrence, colorectal cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. RESULTS In total, 29 studies, which had prognostic data on 5,648 patients, met the inclusion criteria. PTGS2-positive patients were at an increased risk of tumor recurrence (n = 9 studies; HR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.76-4.41; P < 0.001) and had poorer colorectal cancer-specific survival (n = 7; HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.82; P = 0.04). However, there was funnel plot asymmetry, possibly due to publication bias, for the association with cancer-specific survival but less so for recurrence. PTGS2 expression was not associated with overall survival [(n = 16; pooled unadjusted HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.94-1.79; P = 0.11) and (n = 9; pooled adjusted HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.72-1.45; P = 0.91)]. CONCLUSIONS PTGS2 expression was associated with an increased risk of tumor recurrence and poorer colorectal cancer-specific survival but not overall survival among patients with colorectal cancer. However, confounding by tumor characteristics such as tumor stage seems likely. IMPACT There is insufficient evidence to recommend PTGS2 expression as a prognostic marker in patients with colorectal cancer. Furthermore, studies providing adjusted results are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Kunzmann
- Centre of Excellence for Public Health North Ireland, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Santos C, Vilar E, Capella G, Salazar R. Molecular markers in colorectal cancer: clinical relevance in stage II colon cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/crc.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in developed countries. Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard for stage III colorectal cancer but its use in stage II is controversial. Several clinicopathological factors have been described to define a high-risk group among stage II colon cancers, which can aid the selection of patients who may benefit from chemotherapy. Local tumor invasion (T4), high histological grade, obstruction and perforation at diagnosis, and number of lymph nodes removed are the most widely accepted factors. Several molecular factors have been also investigated as prognostic candidate biomarkers. DNA ploidy, KRAS and TP53 mutations, thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidine phosphorylase, loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 18q and microsatellite instability have been widely investigated. The aim of this review is to analyze the current evidence and clinical applications of the classical molecular biomarkers as well as new ones such as BRAF, circulating tumor cells, genome expression signatures and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Santos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel Capella
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d’Oncologia – Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
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Golmohammadi R, Namazi MJ, Nikbakht M, Salehi M, Derakhshan MH. Characterization and Prognostic Value of Mutations in Exons 5 and 6 of the p53 Gene in Patients with Colorectal Cancers in Central Iran. Gut Liver 2013; 7:295-302. [PMID: 23710310 PMCID: PMC3661961 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We aimed to investigate the relation-ships among various mutations of the p53 gene and their protein products, histological characteristics, and disease prognosis of primary colorectal cancer in Isfahan, central Iran. METHODS Sixty-one patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the study. Mutations of the p53 gene were detected by single-stranded conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing. The protein stability was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Patients were followed up to 48 months. RESULTS Twenty-one point mutations in exons 5 and 6 were detected in the tumor specimens of 14 patients (23%). Of those, 81% and 9.5% were missense and nonsense mutations, respectively. There were also two novel mutations in the intronic region between exons 5 and 6. In 11 mutated specimens, protein stability and protein accumulation were identified. There was a relationship between the type of mutation and protein accumulation in exons 5 and 6 of the p53 gene. The presence of the mutation was associated with an advanced stage of cancer (trend, p<0.009). Patients with mutated p53 genes had significantly lower survival rates than those with wild type p53 genes (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Mutations in exons 5 and 6 of the p53 gene are common genetic alterations in colorectal adenocarcinoma in central Iran and are associated with a poor prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Golmohammadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Malhotra P, Anwar M, Nanda N, Kochhar R, Wig JD, Vaiphei K, Mahmood S. Alterations in K-ras, APC and p53-multiple genetic pathway in colorectal cancer among Indians. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1901-11. [PMID: 23526092 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing rapidly in Asian countries during the past few decades, but no comprehensive analysis has been done to find out the exact cause of this disease. In this study, we investigated the frequencies of mutations and expression pattern of K-ras, APC (adenomatosis polyposis coli) and p53 in tumor, adjoining and distant normal mucosa and to correlate these alterations with patients clinicopathological parameters as well as with the survival. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction digestion was used to detect mutations in K-ras and PCR-SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) followed by DNA sequencing was used to detect mutations in APC and p53 genes. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression pattern of K-ras, APC and p53 proteins. The frequencies of mutations of K-ras, APC and p53 in 30 tumor tissues samples were 26.7 %, 46.7 % and 20 %, respectively. Only 3.3 % of tumors contained mutations in all the three genes. The most common combination of mutation was APC and p53 whereas mutation in both p53 and K-ras were extremely rare. There was no association between the mutations and expression pattern of K-ras, APC and p53 (p>0.05). In Indians, the frequency of alterations of K-ras and APC is similar as in Westerns, whereas the frequency of p53 mutation is slightly lower. The lack of multiple mutations in tumor specimens suggests that these genetic alterations might have independent influences on CRC development and there could be multiple alternative genetic pathways to CRC in our present study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Malhotra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Peng L, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Mou H, Zhao Q. Prognostic significance of COX-2 immunohistochemical expression in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of the literature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58891. [PMID: 23527044 PMCID: PMC3604072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is believed to be an important enzyme in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Correlations between the expression of COX-2 with tumor growth and distant metastasis have become an issue; thus, attention has been paid to COX-2 as a prognostic factor. Various studies examined the relationship between COX-2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) overexpression with the clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer, but yielded conflicting results. The prognostic significance of COX-2 overexpression in colorectal cancer remains controversial. Methods Electronic databases updated to October 2012 were searched to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between COX-2 overexpression and survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Survival data were aggregated and quantitatively analyzed. Results We performed a meta-analysis of 23 studies (n = 4567 patients) that evaluated the correlation between COX-2 overexpression detected by IHC and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Combined hazard ratios suggested that COX-2 overexpression had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) (HR [hazard ratio] = 1.193, 95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.02 ∼ 1.37), but not disease free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.99 ∼ 1.50) in patients with colorectal cancer. Conclusions Cox-2 overexpression in colorectal cancer detected by IHC appears to have slightly worse overall survival. However, the prognostic value of COX-2 on survival in colorectal cancer still needs further large-scale prospective trials to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Peng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Zhejiang Food and Drug Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Mou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Miladi-Abdennadher I, Abdelmaksoud-Dammak R, Ayed-Guerfali DB, Ayadi L, Khabir A, Amouri A, Frikha F, Tahri N, Ellouz S, Frikha M, Sellami-Boudawara T, Mokdad-Gargouri R. Expression of COX-2 and E-cadherin in Tunisian patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:577-81. [PMID: 22133296 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and E-cadherin are promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of these two proteins in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and to investigate their association with clinicopathological characteristics including survival of patients. Immunostaining of E-cadherin and COX-2 was assessed in 70 primary colorectal adenocarcinomas from Tunisian patients. Membranous E-cadherin immunostaining and cytoplasmic COX-2 expression were observed in 74.3% and 68.6% of cases respectively. A significant association was found between COX-2 expression and age at diagnosis (P=0.02), and vessel invasion (P=0.037). The expression of E-cadherin correlated with age at diagnosis (P=0.01), and tumor size (P=0.02). In addition, by multivariate analysis, we revealed a significant association with 1-year disease free survival and a tendency with distant metastasis (P=0.017 and P=0.065 respectively). On the other hand, tumors exhibiting COX-2+/E-cadherin-profile were larger (P=0.006), and in an advanced stage (P=0.001). Survival analysis showed that COX-2 over-expression confers a reduced overall survival rate (Plog rank=0.036) and is an independent factor predictive for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Miladi-Abdennadher
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Production of Therapeutic Proteins, Center of Biotechnology, Sfax, Tunisia
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Relationship Between Dual-Time Point FDG PET and Immunohistochemical Parameters in Preoperative Colorectal Cancer: Preliminary Study. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 46:48-56. [PMID: 24900032 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-011-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical availability of 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) dual-time point positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (DTPP) has been investigated in diverse oncologic fields. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the relationship between various immunohistopathologic markers reflecting disease progression of colorectal cancer and parameters extracted from FDG DTPP in colorectal cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-seven patients with histologically confirmed colorectal cancer were analyzed in this preliminary study. FDG DTPP consisted of an early scan 1 h after FDG injection and a delayed scan 1.5 h after the early scan. Based on an analysis of FDG DTPP, we estimated the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of tumors on the early and delayed scans (SUVearly and SUVdelayed, respectively). The retention index (RI) was calculated as follows: (SUVdelayed - SUVearly) × 100/ SUVearly. The clinicopathological findings (size and T and N stages) and immunohistochemical factors [glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), hexokinase 2 (HK-2), p53, P504S, and β-catenin] were analyzed by visual analysis. RESULTS The RIs calculated from the SUVs ranged from -1.8 to 73.4 (31.8 ± 15.5). The RIs were significantly higher in patients with high T stages (T3 and T4) than with low T stages (T1 and T2; p < 0.05). Among the immunohistochemical analytic markers, GLUT-1 had the highest positive staining rate (93.6%) compared to other markers. Based on univariable analysis, it was shown that the RI of high-level GLUT-1 expression was significantly higher than low-level GLUT-1 expression (p = 0.01), and the RI of high-level p53 expression was slightly higher than low-level p53 expression (p = 0.08). Multivariate analysis to investigate a link between RI and clinicopathologic parameters of colorectal carcinoma showed that GLUT-1, p53, and T staging were independently connected with increased RIs (p < 0.05, total) using backward selection methods. There was no significant statistical relationship between SUVearly and SUVdelayed and clinicopathologic parameters in this study. CONCLUSION The RIs obtained from preoperative colorectal cancers had a significant relationship to tumor size, T staging, GLUT-1, and p53, in contrast to SUVearly or SUVdelayed. Compared with previous reports, our results showed that RI can better predict GLUT-1 expression than HK-2 and other immunohistochemical markers. This study demonstrated that the RI might have the potential to be applied as a prognostic marker in preoperative colorectal cancer.
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Jendrossek V. Targeting apoptosis pathways by Celecoxib in cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 332:313-24. [PMID: 21345578 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Celecoxib is a paradigmatic selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This anti-inflammatory drug has potent anti-tumor activity in a wide variety of human epithelial tumor types, such as colorectal, breast, non-small cell lung, and prostate cancers. Up to now, the drug found application in cancer prevention in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Moreover, the use of Celecoxib is currently tested in the prevention and treatment of pancreatic, breast, ovarian, non-small cell lung cancer and other advanced human epithelial cancers. Induction of apoptosis contributes to the anti-neoplastic activity of Celecoxib. In most cellular systems Celecoxib induces apoptosis independently from its COX-2 inhibitory action via a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway which is however, not inhibited by overexpression of Bcl-2. In addition, Celecoxib exerts antagonistic effects on the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and survivin. Consequently, the use of Celecoxib may be of specific value for the treatment of apoptosis-resistant tumors with overexpression of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, or survivin as single drug or in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted pro-apoptotic drugs that are inhibited by survivin, Bcl-2 or Mcl-1. As COX-2 inhibition has been associated with cardiovascular toxicity, the value of drug derivatives without COX-2 inhibitory action should be validated for prevention and treatment of human epithelial tumors to reduce the risk for heart attack or stroke. However, its additional COX-2 inhibitory action may qualify Celecoxib for a cautious use in COX-2-dependent epithelial tumors, where the drug could additionally suppress COX-2-mediated growth and survival promoting signals from the tumor and the stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Jendrossek
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Lim SC, Cho H, Lee TB, Choi CH, Min YD, Kim SS, Kim KJ. Impacts of cytosolic phospholipase A2, 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase, and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions on tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:692-9. [PMID: 20635443 PMCID: PMC2908865 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.5.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In addition to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which is related to prostaglandin E2 synthesis, other enzymes such as cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1), and 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) have been suggested to be related to carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of cPLA2, COX-2, mPGES-1, and 15-PGDH in tumor progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS cPLA2, COX-2, mPGES-1, 15-PGDH, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions were immunohistochemically examined in 89 CRC, and their expressions were compared with each other or clinicopathologic parameters as well as VEGF as tumor progression parameters. RESULTS cPLA2 was expressed in 54.5%, COX-2 in 80.5%, mPGES-1 in 96.4%, 15-PGDH in 46.1%, and VEGF in 65.9%. The expression of cPLA2 correlated with VEGF expression. COX-2 expression was correlated with the depth of invasion, tumor stage, cPLA2, and VEGF expressions. Moreover, VEGF revealed the highest expression in the tissues positive for both cPLA2 and COX-2. Furthermore, 15-PGDH expression was inversely correlated with VEGF expression. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that cPLA2 and mPGES-1, in addition to COX-2, are constitutively overexpressed, and that 15-PGDH might be attenuated in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, cPLA2 and 15-PGDH as well as COX-2 could have an important role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoon Cho
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae Bum Lee
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Choi
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Don Min
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Jong Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Zhang Z, Deng X, Ren X, Zhang B, Chen X, Yang J, Ding H, Sui J, Song X. Expression of mutant p53 and of the multidrug resistant proteins P-glycoprotein and glutathione S-transferase-pi correlated in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:925-34. [PMID: 20377486 DOI: 10.3109/00365521003734117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating studies suggest that multidrug resistance is related to expression of p53, P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and Glutathione S-Transferase-pi (GST-pi). This study was to estimate mutant p53 expression and its correlation with drug resistance related proteins Pgp and GST-pi expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical ABC technique was used to detect the expression of mutant p53 protein, Pgp and GST-pi in 404 cases with colorectal adenocarcinoma. RESULTS A low frequency of mutant p53 accumulation was observed, consistent with findings in colorectal cancers (CRCs) from other Asian populations. Accumulation of mutant p53 was related to AJCC staging (p < 0.05). Pgp expression was significantly correlated with tumor location (p = 0.039) and gender (p = 0.043). The positive percentage of Pgp and GST-pi expression was all significantly higher in mutant p53 protein positive group than mutant p53 protein negative cases (r = 0.634, p < 0.001 and r = 0.680, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate association of three biomarkers with clinicopathologic parameters of colorectal carcinoma, and overexpression of Pgp and GST-pi was closely correlated with mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
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Khanifar E, Stamos MJ, Billings TL, Wu MLC. Contemporary Evaluation of Colorectal Carcinoma in Specimens from Endoscopic Biopsies. Lab Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1309/lm8trjp8jy7sstsu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Ogino S, Kirkner GJ, Nosho K, Irahara N, Kure S, Shima K, Hazra A, Chan AT, Dehari R, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:8221-7. [PMID: 19088039 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; PTGS2) is considered to play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis and is often up-regulated in colon cancers. However, previous data on the influence of COX-2 expression on patient outcome have been conflicting. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using 662 colon cancers (stage I-IV) in two independent prospective cohorts (the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study), we detected COX-2 overexpression in 548 (83%) tumors by immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios (HR) of colon cancer-specific and overall mortalities, adjusted for patient characteristics and related molecular events, including the CpG island methylation phenotype, microsatellite instability, and p53, CIMP, KRAS, and BRAF mutations. RESULTS During follow-up of the 662 cases, there were 283 deaths, including 163 colon cancer-specific deaths. Patients with COX-2-positive tumors showed a trend towards an inferior colon cancer-specific mortality [HR, 1.37; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.87-2.14], which became significant after adjusting for tumor stage and other predictors of clinical outcome (multivariate HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.06-2.74; P = 0.029). Notably, the prognostic effect of COX-2 expression might differ according to p53 status (Pinteraction = 0.04). Compared with tumors with both COX-2 and p53 negative, COX-2-positive tumors were significantly associated with an increased cancer-specific mortality (multivariate HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.23-3.65) regardless of p53 status. A similar trend was observed when overall mortality was used as an outcome. CONCLUSION COX-2 overexpression is associated with worse survival among colon cancer patients. The effect of COX-2 on clinical outcome may be modified by p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Müller AC, Handrick R, Elsaesser SJ, Rudner J, Henke G, Ganswindt U, Belka C, Jendrossek V. Importance of Bak for celecoxib-induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1082-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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