Non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma: factors important for relapse and survival

Laparoscopic Left Side Duodenum Adenocarcinoma Resection (III-IV Segment): A Step-By-Step Surgical Technique

INTRODUCTION

Nonampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (NDA) accounts for approximately 5% of all gastrointestinal cancers. Complete surgical resection (R0) with regional draining lymph node removal is mandatory as treatment to potentially cure nonampullary duodenal cancer or to achieve long-term survival.

METHODS

According to existing literature, minimally invasive surgery has been reported to be safe and oncologically equivalent in pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic and duodenal cancer. We describe a fully laparoscopic approach for the left-side adenocarcinoma of the duodenum "left-side" is defined with reference to the mesenteric vessels (III-IV segment).

RESULTS

For the first time in literature, this multimedia paper describes a fully laparoscopic complete resection (R0) of the left side of the duodenum (III-IV segment) with locoregional lymph node resection. The main steps of the procedure are described using the concept of the critical view of safety. Reconstruction of intestinal continuity was ensured by full intracorporeal anastomosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Through the tips and indications presented in this article, we supply a guide to the minimally invasive approach and increase operating surgeons' familiarity with such a complex procedure.

Prediction of the invasion depth of superficial nonampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVES

Distinguishing between intramucosal cancer and submucosal invasive cancer is vital for optimal treatment selection for patients with superficial nonampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (SNADAC); however, standard diagnostic systems for diagnosing invasion depth are as yet undetermined.

METHODS

Of 205 patients with SNADAC who underwent treatment at our institution between 2006 and 2022, 188 had intramucosal cancer and 17 had submucosal invasive cancer. The clinical, endoscopic, and pathological features used in the preoperative diagnosis of invasion depth and the diagnostic performance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) were retrospectively analyzed in 85 patients.

RESULTS

The oral side of the papilla tumor location, protruded or mixed macroscopic type, and moderately-to-poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma based on biopsy specimens were significantly more frequent in submucosal invasive cancer than in intramucosal cancer (88% vs. 48%; 94% vs. 42%; 47% vs. 0%, respectively). From the relationship between the endoscopic features and the submucosal invasive cancer incidence, submucosal invasion risk was stratified as: (i) low-risk (risk, 2%), all lesions located on the anal side of the papilla and superficial macroscopic type on the oral side of the papilla; and (ii) high-risk (risk, 23%), protruded or mixed macroscopic type on the oral side of the papilla. Based on the biopsy specimens, all eight patients with moderately-to-poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma had submucosal invasive cancer. Furthermore, EUS was not associated with invasion depth's diagnostic accuracy improvements.

CONCLUSION

Optimal treatment indications for SNADAC can be selected based on the risk factors of submucosal invasion by tumor location, macroscopic type, and biopsy diagnosis.

The emerging role of cell-free DNA as a molecular marker for duodenal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Duodenal adenocarcinoma is rare and its prognostic factors remain controversial. In our study, the role of cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) as prognostic factor in duodenal adenocarcinoma was evaluated.

METHODS

From June 2003 to July 2021, plasma samples were collected from 41 patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma. Plasma cfDNA was assessed in combination with clinicopathological and biochemical characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify independent prognostic factors for overall survival with a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

RESULTS

The 1- and 5-year survival rates of the patients with high plasma cfDNA level (>9288 copies/mL) group were 58.7% and 17.6%, respectively, which were much lower than patients with low cfDNA level (≤9288 copies/mL), with 95.2% and 64.6%. In univariate analysis, high cfDNA level, lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and tumor stage were associated with decreased survival. When subjected to multivariate analysis, only high cfDNA level showed significance in influencing the overall survival of duodenal cancer.

CONCLUSION

cfDNA analysis is simple and noninvasive. High cfDNA level is a strong independent prognostic factor for decreased overall survival and it should be integrated into clinical care.

Extent of regional lymphadenectomy and number-based nodal classification for non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the adequate extent of regional lymphadenectomy according to tumor location and the impact of number-based nodal classification on survival in patients with non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (NADAC).

METHODS

A total of 85 patients with NADAC who underwent surgery were enrolled. The frequency of metastasis was calculated for each node group in the respective tumor locations for 63 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy for pT2-pT4 tumor.

RESULTS

The frequency of metastasis in the pancreaticoduodenal (nos. 13 and 17) and superior mesenteric artery (no. 14) nodes was high (16.7 %-52.3 %) regardless of tumor location. Metastasis in the perigastric (nos. 3 and 4d) and right celiac artery (no. 9) nodes was not uncommon (14.3 %-22.2 %) for tumors in the first portion. The frequency of metastasis in the pyloric (nos. 5 and 6) and the other peripancreaticoduodenal (nos. 8 and 12) nodes varied depending on tumor location but could not be ignored for staging. When these nodes were classified as regional nodes, the 5-year survival in patients with pN0, pN1 (1-2 positive nodes), and pN2 (≥3 positive nodes) were 82.9 %, 51.7 %, and 19.2 %, respectively (p < 0.001). pN classification independently predicted survival (pN1, p = 0.022; pN2, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Nos. 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, and 17 nodes in all advanced NADAC and nos. 3, 4d, and 9 nodes in advanced NADAC in the first portion should be considered as regional nodes for accurate staging. The number-based nodal classification allows good patients' prognostic stratification.

Clinical Outcome of Resected Non-Ampullary Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A Single Center Experience

(1) Background: This study identified the clinical outcome and prognostic factors of resected non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (NADA) in a single tertiary cancer center. (2) Methods: The medical records of 109 patients with NADA who underwent curative surgery between 2000 and 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. (3) Results: The mean age was 62.4 years with a male predominance (70.6%). The majority of tumors were located at the 2nd portion (58.7%). Fifty-seven patients (52.3%) had symptoms at diagnosis. CA19-9 was elevated in 32 patients (29.4%). Of this cohort, most patients were diagnosed as stage III (64.2%). The median overall survival was 92.9 months, and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 84.4%, 71.6%, and 53.7%, respectively. In univariate and multivariate analysis, age, symptoms, CA19-9, and margin status were associated with overall survival and symptoms, CA19-9 and margin status were also associated with recurrence. When correlating symptoms with stages, patients with symptoms at diagnosis had more advanced stages (all p < 0.001). (4) Conclusion: Old age, elevated CA19-9, symptoms, and margin status were independent prognostic factors of NADA, and the patients with symptoms at diagnosis tend to have more advanced stages and a poor prognosis.

Multiple Adenocarcinomas of the Small Bowel in a Patient with Brunner’s Glands Agenesia: A Previously Unreported Association

Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel is rather uncommon and several etio-pathogenic factors have been proposed. We report a case of multiple synchronous adenocarcinomas arising in the non-ampullary duodenum and first tract of the jejunum in a background of Brunner’s glands agenesia, chronic duodenitis, and extensive dysplasia in a 64 year-old woman. To the best of our knowledge such association has not been reported so far.

Development and validation of a nomogram for primary duodenal carcinoma: a multicenter, population-based study

Aim: This study aimed to develop a predictive model for patients with duodenal carcinoma. Methods: Duodenal carcinoma patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010-2015) and the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (2010-2021) were enrolled. A nomogram was constructed according to least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis, the Akaike information criterion approach and Cox regression analysis. Results: Five independent prognostic factors were significantly associated with the prognosis of the duodenal carcinoma patients. A nomogram was constructed with a C-index in the training and validation cohorts of 0.671 (95% CI: 0.578-0.716) and 0.662 (95% CI: 0.529-0.773), respectively. Conclusion: The established nomogram model provided visualization of the risk of each prognostic factor.

Prognostic Factors and Lymph Node Metastasis Patterns of Primary Duodenal Cancer

BACKGROUND

The effectiveness and extent of regional lymph node dissection in primary duodenal cancer (DC) remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the prognostic factors and lymph node metastasis (LNM) patterns in DC.

METHODS

Fifty-three patients who underwent surgical resection for DC between January 1998 and December 2018 at two institutions were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the prognostic factors of resected DC. Moreover, the relationships between depth of tumor invasion and incidence of LNM and between tumor location and LNM stations were analyzed.

RESULTS

The five-year survival rate of the study population was 68.9%. Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that histologic grade G2-G4, presence of LNM, pT3-4, and elevated preoperative CA19-9 were the independent poor prognostic factors. No patient with pTis-T2 had LNM. On the other hand, LNM was found in 70% of patients with pT3-4. Among 36 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), LNM around the pancreatic head was observed, regardless of the duodenal cancer site, including the duodenal bulb and the third to the fourth portion.

CONCLUSIONS

Histologic grade G2-G4, presence of LNM, pT3-T4, and elevated preoperative CA19-9 were the independent poor prognostic factors in patients with resected DC. Our results suggested that lymph node dissection could be omitted for DC Tis-T1a. Moreover, based on the high frequency of LNM in T3-4 cases, PD with lymph node dissection in the pancreatic head region was considered necessary for T3-4 DC at any site.

Carbonic Anhydrases II and IX in Non-ampullary Duodenal Adenomas and Adenocarcinoma

Non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (DAC) is a rare malignancy. Little information is available concerning the histopathological prognostic factors associated with DAC. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes catalyzing the universal reaction of CO₂ hydration. Isozymes CAII, CAIX, and CAXII are associated with prognosis in various cancers. Our aim was to analyze the immunohistochemical expressions of CAII, CAIX, and CAXII in normal duodenal epithelium, duodenal adenomas, and adenocarcinoma and their associations with clinicopathological variables and survival. Our retrospective study included all 27 DACs treated in Oulu University Hospital during years 2000-2020. For comparison, samples of 42 non-ampullary adenomas were collected. CAII expression was low in duodenal adenomas and adenocarcinoma. CAIX expression in adenomas and adenocarcinoma was comparable with the high expression of normal duodenal crypts. Expression patterns in carcinomas were largely not related to clinicopathological features. However, low expression of CAII associated with poorer differentiation of the tumor (p=0.049) and low expression of CAIX showed a trend for association with nodal spread, although statistical significance was not reached (p=0.091). CAII and CAIX lost their epithelial polarization and staining intensity in adenomas. CAXII expression was not detected in the studied samples. CAs were not associated with survival. The prognostic value of CAII and CAIX downregulation should be further investigated. Both isozymes may serve as biomarkers of epithelial dysplasia in the duodenum.

Limited resection vs. pancreaticoduodenectomy for primary duodenal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

It is well known that surgery is the mainstay treatment for duodenal adenocarcinoma. However, the optimal extent of surgery is still under debate. We aimed to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis of limited resection (LR) and pancreatoduodenectomy for patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma. A systematic electronic database search of the literature was performed using PubMed and the Cochrane Library. All studies comparing LR and pancreatoduodenectomy for patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma were selected. Long-term overall survival was considered as the primary outcome, and perioperative morbidity and mortality as the secondary outcomes. Fifteen studies with a total of 3166 patients were analyzed; 995 and 1498 patients were treated with limited resection and pancreatoduodenectomy, respectively. Eight and 7 studies scored a low and intermediate risk of publication bias, respectively. The LR group had a more favorable result than the pancreatoduodenectomy group in overall morbidity (odd ratio [OR]: 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17-0.65) and postoperative pancreatic fistula (OR: 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.43). Mortality (OR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.70-1.33) and overall survival (OR: 0.61, 95% CI 0.33-1.13) were not significantly different between the two groups, although comparison of the two groups stratified by prognostic factors, such as T categories, was not possible due to a lack of detailed data. LR showed long-term outcomes equivalent to those of pancreatoduodenectomy, while the perioperative morbidity rates were lower. LR could be an option for selected duodenal adenocarcinoma patients with appropriate location or depth of invasion, although further studies are required.

Survival outcomes after surgical management of sporadic or familial adenomatous polyposis associated duodenal cancer

BACKGROUND

Duodenal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients. In this study, we compare oncologic outcomes between sporadic and FAP-associated duodenal cancer.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, all patients who underwent surgeries between 2000 and 2014 for either sporadic or FAP duodenal cancer were identified. The patients were grouped based on diagnoses and perioperative and survival outcomes were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 56 patients with duodenal cancer (43 sporadic, 13 FAP) who underwent surgery were identified. Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) was the most common procedure performed. The overall median survival was 7.5 years (1 year: 92%; 5 years: 58.1%). FAP patients had earlier tumor, node, and metastasis stage, less margin involvement, less perineural, and angiolymphatic invasion but had a comparable survival to sporadic patients. The median survival for FAP duodenal cancer was 7.4 vs 9.6 years for sporadic (P = .97) with similar utilization of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although not statistically significant, PD had an improved median survival compared to segmental duodenal resection (SDR) (9.6 years for PD vs 3.6 years for SDR, P = .17). Non-periampullary location and presence of positive lymph nodes were significant predictors of mortality on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

FAP duodenal cancer has no survival advantage compared to sporadic duodenal cancer despite an improved stage of resection with extraampullary lesions having a worse survival.

Effect of marital status on duodenal adenocarcinoma survival: A Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results population analysis

Numerous studies have shown that marital status may be a prognostic factor in various malignancies, but little is known about its effect on duodenal adenocarcinoma. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between marital status and survival in patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was utilized to analyze 2,018 patients who had been diagnosed with duodenal adenocarcinoma between January 2004 and December 2015. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were also used to determine the impact of marital status on overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS). The 5-year OS rate was higher in married patients (32.6%) compared with unmarried (26.8%) patients (P<0.001), as was the 5-year CSS rate (38.8 vs. 33.7%; P<0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that marital status was an independent prognostic factor for duodenal adenocarcinoma, with married patients having improved OS (P<0.001) and CSS (P=0.001) compared with unmarried patients. Subgroup analysis showed that marital status played a role in the survival of patients at American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage I, but not of patients at stages II, III or IV. The survival outcomes for duodenal adenocarcinoma are improved in married patients compared with those in unmarried patients. Therefore, attention should be paid to the impact of social factors and socio-economic factors on unmarried patients, in order to improve their survival outcomes.

Distal duodenectomy: a new option of surgical treatment for duodenal tumors

OBJECTIVE

To assess severity, safety and functional advisability of distal pancreatectomy using original surgical technique developed in the Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

There were 10 patients with duodenal malignancies who have undergone distal pancreatectomy in the Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology for the period 2006-2018. Distal pancreatectomy for primary duodenal tumors was performed in 8 patients, 2 patients underwent surgery for external invasion of the duodenum.

RESULTS

Postoperative complications Clavien-Dindo grade 1 and 2 occurred in 4 (40%) patients. Surgical complication grade 2 occurred in 1 (10%) patient (pancreatic fistula with effective conservative management). There were no cases of leakage of duodenal stump and duodenojejunostomy, impaired bile flow and stenosis of anastomosis with delayed stomach emptying.

CONCLUSION

Distal duodenectomyis associated with low postoperative morbidity, good functionality and quality of life. This procedure is preferred for non-epithelial and neuroendocrine tumors, as well as with secondary malignant duodenal invasion.

Prognostic factors of non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma

Background

Non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma, excluding carcinoma in the ampulla of Vater, is a rare disease. Although several prognostic factors have been reported, they remain controversial due to the rarity of non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma. The aims of this study were to investigate prognostic factors in patients with non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma and to assess chemotherapy in patients with recurrence.

Patients and methods

Records of 25 patients who underwent surgical treatment for non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma from 2004 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The relationship between the clinicopathological factors and outcomes was investigated.

Results

Serum level of CA19-9, gross appearance, tumor size, tumor invasion, lymph node metastases, TNM stage and lymphatic and vascular invasion were significant risk factors of recurrence. Patients with recurrence who received chemotherapy according to regimens used to treat colorectal cancer had a better prognosis than those without chemotherapy (P = 0.016).

Conclusion

Advanced non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma has a poor prognosis, but chemotherapy possibly improves the prognosis in the patients with recurrent non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma.

Outcomes and Treatment Options for Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) is a rare tumor for which survival data per treatment modality and disease stage are unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize the current literature on patient outcome after surgical, (neo)adjuvant, and palliative treatment in patients with DA.

Methods

A systematic search was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines, to 25 April 2017. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS), specified for treatment strategy or disease stage. Random-effects models were used for the calculation of pooled odds ratios per treatment modality. Included papers were also screened for prognostic factors.

Results

A total of 26 observational studies, comprising 6438 patients with DA, were included. Of these, resection with curative intent was performed in 71% (range 53–100%) of patients, and 29% received palliative treatment (range 0–61%). The pooled 5-year OS rate was 46% after curative resection, compared with 1% in palliative-treated patients (OR 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02–0.09, p < 0.0001). Both segmental resection and pancreaticoduodenectomy allowed adequate assessment of lymph node involvement and resulted in similar OS. Lymph node involvement correlated with worse OS (pooled 5-year survival rate 21% for nodal metastases vs. 65% for node-negative disease; OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.11–0.27, p < 0.0001). In the current literature, no survival benefit for adjuvant therapy after curative resection was found.

Conclusion

Resection with curative intent, either pancreaticoduodenectomy or segmental resection, and lack of nodal metastases, favors survival for DA. Further studies exploring multimodality (neo)adjuvant therapy are warranted to investigate their benefit.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1245/s10434-018-6567-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Outcomes of surgical resection for primary duodenal adenocarcinoma: A systematic review

Primary duodenal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a rare malignancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the published evidence for resection with curative intent in patients with PDAC. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE databases for eligible studies that reported 5-year overall survival (OS) after surgical resection of PDAC from January 1990 to January 2018. Independent prognostic factors related to OS were evaluated using meta-analytical techniques. Odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as appropriate. Thirty-seven observational studies comprising a total of 1728 patients who underwent resection for PDAC were reviewed. The overall 30-day postoperative mortality was 3.2% (range, 0-16.0%) and the median 5-year OS was 46.4% (range, 16.6-71.1%). Surgical resection significantly improved the prognosis as compared with the palliative therapy (OR 15.76, P < 0.001). Lymph node metastasis (HR 2.58, P < 0.001), poor tumor differentiation (HR 1.43, P = 0.05), perineural invasion (HR 2.21, P = 0.002), and lymphovascular invasion (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.18-4.03; P = 0.01) were found to be independently associated with decreased OS after surgical resection. The present study provides evidence that surgical resection can be performed safely for PDAC patients and offers a favorable long-term outcome. Tumor-specific factors have prognostic significance.

Prognosis and nomogram for predicting postoperative survival of duodenal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective study in China and the SEER database

As primary duodenal adenocarcinoma is rare, the prognostic factors of this disease remain insufficiently explored, especially in China. We identified postoperative duodenal adenocarcinoma patients at a Chinese double-center (from 2006 to 2016) or who were registered with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (from 2004 to 2014). Clinicopathological features and significant prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS) were reviewed and analyzed by using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Then, a nomogram predicting CSS was constructed based on the SEER database and validated externally by using the separate Chinese cohort. Totally, 137 patients from the Chinese double-center and 698 patients from the SEER database were included for analysis. The multivariate analyses showed that age, tumor grade and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors. The nomogram constructed using these factors showed a clear prognostic superiority to the AJCC-TNM classification, 7^th ed. (C-index: SEER cohort, 0.693 vs 0.625, P < 0.001; Chinese cohort, 0.677 vs 0.659, P < 0.001, respectively). In summary, the valuable prognostic factors in patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma were age, tumor grade and TNM stage. This study developed a nomogram that can precisely predict the CSS for postoperative duodenal adenocarcinoma patients.

Limited distal duodenal resection: Surgical approach and outcomes. A case series

Introduction

Tumours involving the duodenum are usually treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy, which may be associated with considerable morbidity. Limited distal duodenal resection, a relatively smaller procedure, can be done in some of these patients. We describe our experience with this operation for such lesions.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed, from prospectively collected data 10 consecutive patients who underwent limited duodenal and proximal jejunal resection between March 2011 and Nov 2015.

Results

There were 8 males and 2 females who had a median age of 47 years. Their common presentations were abdominal pain (50%) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (40%). Five had malignancy (adenocarcinoma: 2, neuroendocrine tumours: 2, non Hodgkin's lymphoma 1). Three had gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and 2 had other benign tumours (lipoma 1, ectopic pancreas 1). The 30-day post-operative morbidity rate was 60% (n = 6) with mostly minor complications (Clavien grade 1 or 2). Median post-operative stay was 9 (range, 6–13) days. All ten patients were alive without recurrence after a median follow up of 26.5 months.

Conclusion

Limited distal duodenal resection is a feasible surgical alternative to a pancreaticoduodenectomy in carefully selected patients with benign and some malignant tumours of the third and fourth part of the duodenum.

•

Pancreaticodudenctomy is the usual treatment for tumours of the duodenum, which still has 30–50% morbidity.

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Limited resection of the duodenum without pancreatic head resection for benign as well carefully selected malignant tumours of the distal duodenum has considerably lesser morbidity.

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Cattell and Braash maneuver and mobilization of the ligament of Treitz is very helpful during such resection.

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The present study suggests the feasibility of performing such limited resection with equivalent survival and oncological outcomes.

Radical resection of a primary unresectable duodenal cancer after chemotherapy using S-1 and cisplatin: report of a case

Background

Therapeutic outcomes and prognosis of primary unresectable duodenal cancer remains unsatisfactory, because effective chemotherapy is not established.

Case presentation

A 71-year-old male diagnosed with unresectable duodenal carcinoma with distant lymph node metastases was judged inoperable (cT3N2M1 cStage in UICC^7th). Duodenal obstruction developed due to tumor growth, and the patient underwent laparoscopic gastro-jejunostomy and then combined chemotherapy using S-1 and cisplatin. Abdominal CT revealed reduction of the tumor, and lymph node swelling almost disappeared after chemotherapy.

He underwent subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and lymph node dissection including the para-aortic region. The final stage was fT3N1M0, StageIIIA in UICC^7th. He developed pancreatic fistula (ISGPF grade B), which subsided, and he was discharged 29 days after operation. He underwent adjuvant chemotherapy using S-1 for 1 year, and he remains well without recurrence.

Conclusions

S-1/cisplatin combination chemotherapy allowed R0 resection for advanced duodenal cancer.

Tissue MicroRNA profiles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and periampullary cancers

Background

The aim of this study was to validate previously described diagnostic and prognostic microRNA expression profiles in tissue samples from patients with pancreatic cancer and other periampullary cancers.

Methods

Expression of 46 selected microRNAs was studied in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 165), ampullary cancer (n=59), duodenal cancer (n = 6), distal common bile duct cancer (n = 21), and gastric cancer (n = 20); chronic pancreatitis (n = 39); and normal pancreas (n = 35). The microRNAs were analyzed by PCR using the Fluidigm platform.

Results

Twenty-two microRNAs were significantly differently expressed in patients with pancreatic cancer when compared to healthy controls and chronic pancreatitis patients; 17 miRNAs were upregulated (miR-21-5p, −23a-3p, −31-5p, −34c-5p, −93-3p, −135b-3p, −155-5p, −186-5p, −196b-5p, −203, −205-5p, −210, −222-3p, −451, −492, −614, and miR-622) and 5 were downregulated (miR-122-5p, −130b-3p, −216b, −217, and miR-375). MicroRNAs were grouped into diagnostic indices of varying complexity. Ten microRNAs associated with prognosis were identified (let-7 g, miR-29a-5p, −34a-5p, −125a-3p, −146a-5p, −187, −205-5p, −212-3p, −222-5p, and miR-450b-5p). Prognostic indices based on differences in expression of 2 different microRNAs were constructed for pancreatic and ampullary cancer combined and separately (30, 5, and 21 indices).

Conclusion

The study confirms that pancreatic cancer tissue has a microRNA expression profile that is different from that of other periampullary cancers, chronic pancreatitis, and normal pancreas. We identified prognostic microRNAs and microRNA indices that were associated with shorter overall survival in patients with radically resected pancreatic cancer.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40364-017-0087-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Helical tomotherapy for duodenal adenocarcinoma in an elderly patient: A case report

To evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for duodenal adenocarcinoma in an 84-year-old female who underwent EBRT (2.2 Gy/d for a total dose of 46.2 Gy) using helical tomotherapy (HT). Toxicity was evaluated on the National Cancer Institute’s common toxicity criteria (CTCAE 3.0). The patient completed the treatment without G3-G4 toxicity. After 22-mo follow-up, she is alive and well, in complete remission with no late side effects. HT seems to be feasible and effective for duodenal adenocarcinoma in old to very old patients.

Non-ampullary-duodenal carcinomas: clinicopathologic analysis of 47 cases and comparison with ampullary and pancreatic adenocarcinomas

Literature on non-ampullary-duodenal carcinomas is limited. We analyzed 47 resected non-ampullary-duodenal carcinomas. Histologically, 78% were tubular-type adenocarcinomas mostly gastro-pancreatobiliary type and only 19% pure intestinal. Immunohistochemistry (n=38) revealed commonness of 'gastro-pancreatobiliary markers' (CK7 55, MUC1 50, MUC5AC 50, and MUC6 34%), whereas 'intestinal markers' were relatively less common (MUC2 36, CK20 42, and CDX2 44%). Squamous and mucinous differentiation were rare (in five each); previously, unrecognized adenocarcinoma patterns were noted (three microcystic/vacuolated, two cribriform, one of comedo-like, oncocytic papillary, and goblet-cell-carcinoid-like). An adenoma component common in ampullary-duodenal cancers was noted in only about a third. Most had plaque-like or ulcerating growth. Mismatch repair protein alterations were detected in 13% (all with plaque-like growth and pushing-border infiltration). When compared with ampullary (n=355) and pancreatic ductal (n=227) carcinomas, non-ampullary-duodenal carcinomas had intermediary pathologic features with mean invasive size of 2.9 cm (vs 1.9, and 3.3) and 59% nodal metastasis (vs 45, and 77%). Its survival (3-, 5-year rates of 57 and 57%) was similar to that of ampullary-duodenal carcinomas (59 and 52%; P=0.78), but was significantly better than the ampullary ductal (41 and 29%, P<0.001) and pancreatic (28 and 18%, P<0.001) carcinomas. In conclusion, non-ampullary-duodenal carcinomas are more histologically heterogeneous than previously appreciated. Their morphologic versatility (commonly showing gastro-pancreatobiliary lineage and hitherto unrecognized patterns), frequent plaque-like growth minus an adenoma component, and frequent expression of gastro-pancreatobiliary markers suggest that many non-ampullary-duodenal carcinomas may arise from Brunner glands or gastric metaplasia or heterotopic pancreatobiliary epithelium. The clinical behavior of non-ampullary-duodenal carcinoma is closer to that of ampullary-duodenal subset of ampullary carcinomas, but is significantly better than that of ampullary ductal and pancreatic cancers. The frequency of mismatch repair protein alterations suggest that routine testing should be considered, especially in the non-ampullary-duodenal carcinomas with plaque-like growth and pushing-border infiltration.

Experience in clinical diagnosis and treatment of duodenal tumors

Small bowel tumors are rare tumors. Duodenal tumors occur more commonly compared with other small intestinal tumors. To summarize the clinicopathological features of duodenal tumors, in the present study 44 cases of duodenal tumors were collected, and the comparative clinicopathological characteristics between tumors of the ampulla and non-ampulla, the choice of treatment, and differences in the prognosis, were analyzed. The pathological type identified was predominantly adenocarcinoma; periampullary duodenal tumors were almost classifiable as adenocarcinoma in terms of their type. Non-ampulla duodenal tumors also included rare pathological types, such as stromal tumor and large B-cell lymphoma. The symptoms of duodenal tumors were non-specific, therefore rendering early diagnosis and treatment difficult. Due to jaundice, periampullary duodenal tumors were diagnosed earlier than non-ampulla duodenal tumors. Endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) examinations were valuable in terms of diagnosis, and were used as a means of screening. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 199 (CA199) were revealed to be important as biomarkers. Radical surgery was the most effective treatment. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was revealed to be applicable in all cases of duodenal tumors. For non-ampulla duodenal tumors, partial duodenum resection and subtotal gastrectomy were appropriate for selection as methods of treatment. No survival benefits were identified for adjuvant chemotherapy. Duodenal tumors were shown to be a rare neoplasm with atypical symptoms; they should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible; CT and gastroscopy may be used for screening, radical surgery offers the best treatment; pancreatoduodenectomy is not the only surgery option available; and chemotherapy did not result in any survival benefits.

Bile duct metastasis of duodenal bulb carcinoma misdiagnosed as postoperative cholangitis: A case report

Duodenal bulb carcinoma is very rare, and its metastasis to the bile duct is even extremely rare. As a result, both tend to be misdiagnosed or have a missed diagnosis. Here we report a case of bile duct metastasis of duodenal bulb carcinoma after surgery, which was initially misdiagnosed as cholangitis. A definite diagnosis was made by postoperative pathology after biliary intestinal anastomosis. Our case suggests that clinicians should enhance their awareness of duodenal adenocarcinoma and its metastasis to the bile duct to reduce or avoid missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis and improve patients' survival rate.

Duodenal adenocarcinoma: Advances in diagnosis and surgical management

Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare but aggressive malignancy. Given its rarity, previous studies have traditionally combined duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) with either other periampullary cancers or small bowel adenocarcinomas, limiting the available data to guide treatment decisions. Nevertheless, management primarily involves complete surgical resection when technically feasible. Surgery may require pancreaticoduodenectomy or segmental duodenal resection; either are acceptable options as long as negative margins are achievable and an adequate lymphadenectomy can be performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation are important components of multi-modality treatment for patients at high risk of recurrence. Further research would benefit from multi-institutional trials that do not combine DA with other periampullary or small bowel malignancies. The purpose of this article is to perform a comprehensive review of DA with special focus on the surgical management and principles.

Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for small bowel adenocarcinoma: A propensity score-matched analysis

BACKGROUND

The role of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in the treatment of small bowel adenocarcinoma is poorly defined. Previous analyses have been limited by small sample sizes and have failed to demonstrate a survival advantage.

METHODS

Patients with resected small bowel adenocarcinoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] pathologic stage I-III) who were receiving AC (n = 1674) or surgery alone (SA; n = 3072) were identified in the NCDB (1998-2011). Cox regression identified covariates associated with overall survival (OS). AC and SA cohorts were matched (1:1) by propensity scores based on the likelihood of receiving AC or the survival hazard from Cox modeling. OS was compared with Kaplan-Meier estimates.

RESULTS

The omission of AC conferred an increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-1.50; P < .001). After propensity score matching, there was a nonsignificant trend toward improved OS with AC in AJCC stage I patients (158.8 vs 110.7 months; P = .226) and AJCC stage II patients (104.0 vs 79.6 months; P = .185), including the subset with a T4 tumor classification (64.0 vs 47.4 months; P = .130) or a positive resection margin (44.4 vs 31.0 months; P = .333). Median OS was superior for patients with AJCC stage III disease who were receiving AC versus SA (42.4 vs 26.1 months; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

These data support the use of AC for resected stage III small bowel adenocarcinoma. The trend toward improved OS for patients without nodal metastasis, including those who have T4 tumors or have undergone positive-margin resection, may justify the use of AC in select patients with earlier stage disease. Cancer 2016;122:693-701. © 2015 American Cancer Society.

Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: Profile and Predictors of Survival Outcomes

Duodenal adenocarcinoma is rare. We aimed to evaluate survival outcome and prognostic factors for survival in patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma in recent years, marked by advancement in chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers. All patients treated for duodenal adenocarcinoma at our institution between January 2000 and July 2013 were reviewed. Thirty-nine patients were identified: 27 operative patients [21(53.8%) curative and 6 (15.4%) palliative operations] and 12 nonoperative patients [primary systemic chemotherapy, 4 (10.3%), palliative radiotherapy, 1 (2.6%), and no treatment, 7 (17.9%)]. Curative resections included 13 pancreaticoduodenectomies and eight segmental resections. Median overall survival (OS) for entire cohort was 14.4 months. Median OS and one-, three-, and five-year OS were operative group (41.4 months; 79.1%, 50.6%, and 10.6%, respectively); nonoperative group (7.4 months; 25.0%, 8.3%, and 0%, respectively); curative surgery (45.4 months; 92.9%, 62.5%, and 16.7%, respectively) and palliative surgery (5.4 months; 33.3%, 16.7%, and 0%, respectively). Female gender ( P = 0.04), curative resection ( P = 0.03), nodal metastasis ( P = 0.047) and advanced T stage ( P = 0.047) were predictive of OS. Two factors were independently predictive of OS—female gender and curative resection. Overall survival still hinges on curative resection. This favors early detection. Adjuvant treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and radiation require further investigation.

Outcome after surgical resection for duodenal adenocarcinoma in the UK

BACKGROUND

Factors influencing long-term outcome after surgical resection for duodenal adenocarcinoma are unclear.

METHODS

A prospectively created database was reviewed for patients undergoing surgery for duodenal adenocarcinoma in six UK hepatopancreaticobiliary centres from 2000 to 2013. Factors influencing overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) were identified by regression analysis.

RESULTS

Resection with curative intent was performed in 150 (84·3 per cent) of 178 patients. The postoperative morbidity rate for these patients was 40·0 per cent and the in-hospital mortality rate was 3·3 per cent. Patients who underwent resection had a better median survival than those who had a palliative surgical procedure (84 versus 8 months; P < 0·001). The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates for patients who underwent resection were 83·9, 66·7 and 51·2 per cent respectively. Median DFS was 53 months, and 1- and 3-year DFS rates were 80·8 and 56·5 per cent respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that node status (hazard ratio 1·73, 95 per cent c.i. 1·07 to 2·79; P = 0·006) and lymphovascular invasion (hazard ratio 3·49, 1·83 to 6·64; P = 0·003) were associated with overall survival.

CONCLUSION

Resection of duodenal adenocarcinoma in specialist centres is associated with good long-term survival. Lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastases are independent prognostic indicators.

Extra-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma

Extra-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinomas are rare, and when studied, frequently have been grouped with jejunoileal adenocarcinomas. Nevertheless, anecdotal experiences suggest that these neoplasms may present 2 or more distinct phenotypes. To better characterize these neoplasms, we performed a retrospective review of 38 cases with a special focus on the morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics and their clinicopathologic significance. Our cohort of extra-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinomas was classified on the basis of the morphologic features into gastric type (n=19, 50%), intestinal type (n=14, 37%), pancreaticobiliary type (n=2, 5%), and others (n=3, 8%). Most gastric-type adenocarcinomas (n=18, 95%) developed in the proximal duodenum, whereas the other types were located equally in the proximal and distal duodenum. Intestinal-type dysplasia was present at the periphery of 8 (57%) intestinal-type adenocarcinomas, and 8 (42%) gastric-type adenocarcinoma were associated with gastric-type dysplasia. Gastric foveolar metaplasia (n=12) and Brunner gland hyperplasia (n=10) were exclusively recognized adjacent to gastric-type adenocarcinomas. Notably, intestinal-type histology and the absence of lymph node metastasis were significantly associated with favorable disease-free survival in univariate and multivariate analyses. In summary, this study demonstrated that 2 major subsets of extra-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma, intestinal type and gastric type, are associated with distinct histopathologic features and clinical behavior.

Does the extent of resection impact survival for duodenal adenocarcinoma? Analysis of 1,611 cases

BACKGROUND

Because duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) is relatively rare, few studies have investigated the impact of resection type on long-term outcomes.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify all patients between 1988 and 2010 with DA. Patients were divided into two groups based on the type of surgery received: simple resection (SR), defined as a simple removal of the primary site, and radical resection (RR), defined as removal of the primary site with a resection in continuity with other organs. Differences in disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were compared.

RESULTS

Of the 1,611 patients included, 746 (46.3 %) underwent SR and 865 (53.7 %) underwent RR. As expected, patients undergoing RR were more likely to present with poorly differentiated and large tumors, as well as advanced stage disease. Despite greater lymph node (LN) retrieval (11.0 vs. 6.8; p < 0.0001), RR was not associated with improved survival (5-year DSS and OS rates of 52.8 and 41.3 % for SR vs. 48.8 and 37.6 % for RR; p > 0.05). On univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the type of surgery was not associated with OS (odds ratio [OR] 0.98; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.11). Increasing TNM stages, tumor grade, fewer LNs removed, LN ratio, and absence of radiation were associated with worse survival. After controlling for confounding factors, type of surgery still did not influence OS (OR 1.11; 95 % CI 0.97-1.27).

CONCLUSIONS

Radical resection (e.g., in the form of pancreaticoduodenectomy) does not appear to impact survival compared with simple segmental resection for DA.

Defining the role of adjuvant therapy: ampullary and duodenal adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinomas of the ampulla of Vater and duodenum are more rare than pancreatic cancer and have a better prognosis. However, studies conducted on the management of these cancers, such as adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are limited by small sample sizes and series that are retrospective. This review evaluates ampullary and duodenal adenocarcinomas with regard to incidence, anatomy, prognostic features, patterns of failure, and the available literature studying adjuvant therapy.

Surgical procedure depending on the depth of tumor invasion in duodenal cancer

BACKGROUND

Duodenal cancer excluding Vater's papilla cancer is a relatively rare disease entity; therefore, the most appropriate operative methods depending on the tumor condition, such as the tumor site and/or depth of invasion, still remain unclear. The aim of this study is to determine an appropriate operative method and an appropriate extent of lymph node dissection depending on tumor site or tumor invasion depth.

METHODS

Data of a total of 35 patients with duodenal cancer who underwent resectional surgery with curative intent were reviewed retrospectively, and the clinicopathological factors and survival outcomes were investigated.

RESULTS

Overall 5-year survival rates of all resected cases were 63.0% (median survival: 9.1 years). Multivariate analysis identified histological G3/4 (P = 0.002) and presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004) as independent adverse prognostic factors. Of the 35 patients, 11 (31.4%) had lymph node metastasis. In all patients with the tumor invasion depth within limited to the mucosa or submucosa (T1a or T1b), lymph node metastasis was absent (0/15 patients). T2/3/4 tumor (P < 0.001) and G3/4 (P = 0.021) were identified as predictors of the presence of lymph node metastasis. Four (11.4%) of the 35 patients had metastasis in the infrapyloric node.

CONCLUSIONS

Limited resection is sufficient for patients with T1a tumor. In the case of T1b tumor, limited resection or pancreatoduodenectomy may be selected after performing pancreaticoduodenal node biopsy as sentinel lymph node biopsy. For patients with T2-4 tumor, pancreatoduodenectomy or substomach preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (excepting Pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy) with regional lymph node dissection should be performed.

Clinicopathological analysis and survival outcome of duodenal adenocarcinoma

Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare cancer, contributing <10 % of periampullary carcinoma. This study reviews the single center experience of duodenal adenocarcinoma and analyzes the clinical and pathological factors to predict survival and recurrence. The records of 50 patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical exploration or resection from 1995 to 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the clinicopathological factors associated with survival and recurrence. There were 35 men and 15 women, with a mean age of 61 years. In multivariate analysis of 50 patients, R0 resection [p = 0.041, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.569, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.057-12.054] and symptom at initial admission (p = 0.025, HR = 11.210, 95% CI = 1.354-92.812) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Thirty-six patients underwent curative resection (resectability 72%). The 5-year survival rates for curative and noncurative resections were 46.4% and 0%, respectively. Univariate analysis of 36 patients who underwent R0 resection revealed that symptoms at initial admission (p = 0.023), presence of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.034), and perineural invasion (p = 0.025) were significant prognostic factors after curative resection. There was no significant factor for overall survival in the multivariate analysis. There was recurrence in 15 patients, mainly as liver metastasis. Multivariate analysis revealed that presence of symptom (p = 0.047, HR = 5.362, 95% CI = 1.021-28.149) and ulcerative tumor (p = 0.036, HR = 5.668, 95% CI = 1.123-28.619) were independent factors for disease free survival. An aggressive surgical approach to achieve R0 resection was important to enhance survival. Most of the recurrence occurred within 1 year after surgery. Close follow-up is necessary after surgical resection.

Clinicopathologic features and prognosis of duodenal adenocarcinoma and comparison with ampullary and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Because of the rarity of duodenal adenocarcinoma (DAC), the clinicopathologic features and prognostication data for DAC are limited. There are no published studies directly comparing the prognosis of DAC to that of ampullary adenocarcinoma (AA) and of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) after resection. In this study, we examined the clinicopathologic features of 68 patients with DAC, 92 patients with AA, and 126 patients with PDA who underwent resection. Patient clinicopathologic and survival information were extracted from medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences with 2-sided significance level of .05. Patients with DAC had higher American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage than AA patients (P = .001). Lymph node metastasis (P = .013) and AJCC stage (P = .02) correlated with overall survival in DAC patients. Patients with DAC or AA had lower frequencies of lymph node metastasis and positive margin and better survival than those with PDA (P < .05). However, no differences in nodal metastasis, margin status, or survival were observed between DAC patients and those with AA. Our study showed that lymph node metastasis and AJCC stage are important prognostic factors for overall survival in DAC patients. Patients with DAC had less frequent nodal metastasis and better prognosis than those with PDA. There was no significant difference in prognosis between DAC and AA.

Intestinal-type and pancreatobiliary-type adenocarcinomas: how does ampullary carcinoma differ from other periampullary malignancies?

BACKGROUND

Ampullary carcinomas typically have either intestinal or pancreatobiliary type of differentiation, histopathologically resembling carcinomas of its adjacent tissues (duodenum, bile duct, or pancreas). We evaluated whether the histologic type itself is more important for long-term survival than the fact that the tumor originated in the ampulla.

METHODS

Microscopic slides from 207 consecutive pancreatoduodenectomies were reviewed (72 pancreatic, 46 biliary, 61 ampullary, and 28 duodenal adenocarcinomas; 76 intestinal type, 131 pancreatobiliary type). Tumor size, nodal involvement, margin involvement, degree of differentiation, vascular involvement, and perineural growth, as well as overall survival, were compared between different origins of the same histologic type.

RESULTS

Intestinal-type ampullary adenocarcinomas had similar frequency of poor histopathologic factors compared to duodenal adenocarcinomas, and pancreatobiliary-type ampullary adenocarcinomas had similar frequency of poor histopathologic factors compared to pancreatobiliary-type biliary and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Adjusting for tumor size and nodal involvement, there was no difference in long-term survival between patients with intestinal-type ampullary, duodenal, or biliary and pancreatic tumors (p = 0.79), and there was no difference in long-term survival between patients with pancreatobiliary-type ampullary, biliary, or pancreatic tumors (p = 0.41).

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term survival for patients with ampullary carcinomas equals pancreatic, biliary, and duodenal carcinomas when the same histologic type is compared. It can be questioned whether ampullary carcinomas should be regarded as a separate entity in classification of solid tumors. Clinical trials on adjuvant treatments for periampullary carcinomas should stratify by pancreatobiliary type versus intestinal type of histologic differentiation.

15-year experience with surgical treatment of duodenal carcinoma: a comparison of periampullary and extra-ampullary duodenal carcinomas

BACKGROUND

The aim of our study was to compare the outcomes of periampullary and extra-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinomas and segmental duodenal resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy and to evaluate prognostic factors.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of all adults treated for duodenal adenocarcinoma by operative resection at a large tertiary referral center from 1994 to 2009.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty-four patients had an operation for duodenal adenocarcinoma over a 15-year period (periampullary, n = 25, and extra-ampullary, n = 99). Ninety-nine patients (80%) underwent curative resection, including 24 (96%) with periampullary and 75 (76%) with extra-ampullary carcinomas. The average number of lymph nodes sampled was eight with segmental resection and 12 with pancreatoduodenectomy (p < 0.001). Five-year overall survivals were 37% for the entire cohort (n = 124), 37% in the extra-ampullary group, and 38% in the periampullary group. Tumor size (p = 0.20), positive nodes (p = 0.60), segmental resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy (p = 0.55), adjuvant therapy (p = 0.23), and R(1) versus R(0) resection (p = 0.21) were not associated with survival. In contrast, advanced T stage and pathologic grade were associated with poor survival.

CONCLUSION

Extra-ampullary and periampullary duodenal adenocarcinomas have similar survival after resection. For distal duodenal tumors, survival is improved by curative resection without being compromised by limited resection. The number of lymph nodes sampled was significantly less with segmental resection than pancreatoduodenectomy.

Neoadjuvant treatment of duodenal adenocarcinoma: a rescue strategy

AIM

To evaluate the role of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and rescue surgery in the management of unresectable or recurrent duodenal adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

Retrospective review of all adults treated with neoadjuvant therapy and rescue surgery for locally unresectable or locally recurrent duodenal adenocarcinoma from 1994 to 2010.

RESULTS

Ten patients received various forms of neoadjuvant therapy prior to operative exploration for potential resection. Six patients presented with locally unresectable disease, while four had local recurrences. Six patients had vascular encasement, three had retroperitoneal extension with vascular invasion, and one had invasion of surrounding organs. Of the six patients with locally advanced disease, preoperative therapy consisted of chemotherapy alone (3) or chemoradiotherapy (3). Of the four patients with local recurrences, preoperative therapy consisted of chemotherapy alone (1), chemoradiotherapy alone (1), chemoradiotherapy after chemotherapy (1), and chemoradiotherapy followed by combination chemotherapy (1). Nine of ten patients became resectable after neoadjuvant therapy. Clinically, two patients had complete responses, and four had partial responses. Histopathology revealed complete pathologic response in two patients and near-complete pathologic response in one (<1 mm of residual disease). Currently, five patients are alive (range 18-83 months postoperatively). All have no evidence of disease.

CONCLUSION

Neoadjuvant therapy may convert locally unresectable duodenal adenocarcinoma to resectable disease with subsequent prolonged survival.

Duodenal adenocarcinoma: clinicopathologic analysis and implications for treatment

BACKGROUND

Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare cancer usually studied as a group with periampullary or small bowel adenocarcinoma; therefore, its natural history is poorly understood.

METHODS

Patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma were identified from a single-institution pancreaticoduodenectomy database. Patients with adenocarcinoma arising from the ampulla of Vater were excluded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinicopathologic variables associated with survival and recurrence after resection.

RESULTS

From 1984 to 2006, a total of 122 patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Overall survival after resection was 48% at 5 years and 41% at 10 years. Five-year survival decreased as the number of lymph nodes involved by metastasis increased from 0 to 1-3 to ≥ 4 (68%, 58%, 17%, respectively, P < 0.01) and as the lymph node ratio increased from 0 to >0-0.2 to >0.2-0.4 to >0.4 (68%, 57%, 14%, 14%, respectively, P < 0.01). Lymph node metastasis was the only independent predictor of decreased survival in multivariate analysis. Recurrence after resection was predominantly distant (81%). Adjuvant chemoradiation did not decrease local recurrence or prolong overall survival; however, patients who received chemoradiation more commonly had nodal metastasis (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The prognostic significance of both the absolute number and ratio of involved lymph nodes emphasizes the need for adequate lymphadenectomy to accurately stage duodenal adenocarcinoma. The mostly distant pattern of recurrence underscores the need for the development of effective systemic therapies.

Clinicopathological characteristics and survival analysis of primary duodenal cancers: a 14-year experience in a tertiary centre in South China

BACKGROUND

Primary duodenal cancer (PDC) is rare and few studies have addressed it adequately, especially in China. The present study is to evaluate the clinicopathological features and prognosis of PDC in Chinese patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

All the consecutive cases confirmed as PDC by histopathological analysis in The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between 1995 and 2008 were included. Clinicopathological details were retrospectively analysed and prognostic factors influencing survival were evaluated.

RESULTS

The patient cohort included 53 men and 38 women, accounting for only 0.02% of all in-patients during this period. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and gastrointestinal barium radiography were mainstay diagnostic tests for PDC; they detected 88.6% and 83.3% of the tumours, respectively. Tumours mainly occurred in the descending portion of the duodenum (67.0%). Abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom (56.0%). Histologically, adenocarcinoma was the most common type (74.7%). The overall 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 62.6%, 43.7% and 33.1%, respectively. Patients survived longer in the curative surgery group (median survival time of 45 months) than those in the palliative group (6 months) (P < 0.001). Nodal metastasis and positive resection margin had a significant negative impact on survival in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery in a univariate and multivariate model (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Patients with PDC are rare and lack specific presentations. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and gastrointestinal barium radiography are effective in screening this rare tumour. Nodal metastasis and positive resection margins are associated with a poor prognosis. A curative surgery that achieves complete resection with negative margin should be pursued.