Does the use of fibrin glue prevent seroma formation after axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer? A prospective randomized trial in 159 patients

Impact of Topical Epinephrine with Xylocaine on Drainage After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: A Randomized Controlled Trial

INTRODUCTION

We evaluated the impact of topical epinephrine with xylocaine on drainage after axillary lymph node dissection.

METHODS

Fifty-two women were randomized into two groups, epinephrine with xylocaine drainage (ED) and conventional drainage group (CD). The amount of drainage, duration of drainage catheter, incidence of seroma formation and wound infection were noted.

RESULTS

The mean total drainage volume was less in ED group as compared to CD group (195 ml vs. 353 ml; p = .002). Drainage catheter was removed earlier in ED group as compared to CD group (5.07 + / - 0.99 days vs. 6.65 + / - 1.07 days; p = 0.0001). The incidence of seroma and wound infection was similar in two groups.

CONCLUSION

Topical epinephrine with xylocaine after axillary lymph node dissection results in significantly decreased drainage volume and duration of drainage.

Use of polysaccharide hemostatic agent (HaemoCer™) in breast cancer surgery to reduce postoperative complications: A randomised controlled trial

Postoperative wound-site bleeding, tissue inflammation and seroma formation are well-known complications in the field of breast surgery. Hemostatic agents consisting of polysaccharides may be used intra-operatively to minimise postoperative complications. We conducted a prospective randomised-controlled, single-centre study including 136 patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery for invasive or intraductal breast cancer. Of these, 68 patients were randomised to receive an absorbable polysaccharide hemostatic agent into the wound site during surgery, while 68 patients were randomised to the control group and did not receive any hemostatic agent. Primary outcome was the total volume of postoperative drained fluid from the surgical site. Secondary outcomes were the number of days until drain removal and rate of immediate postoperative surgical site infection Patients in the intervention group had significantly higher drainage output volumes compared with the control group 85 mL (IQR 46.25-110) versus 50 mL (IQR 30-75), respectively; (P = .003). Univariable linear regression analyses showed a significant association between the surgical specimen and the primary outcome (P < .001). After multivariable analysis, the use of absorbable polysaccharide hemostatic product was no longer significantly associated with a higher drainage output and only the size of the surgical specimen remained a significant predictor. The number of days until drainage removal and the postoperative seroma formation were higher in the intervention group (P = .004) and (P = .003), respectively. In our study, intraoperative application of polysaccharide hemostatic agent during breast-conserving surgery did not decrease postoperative fluid production. Only the size of the surgical specimen was significantly associated with postoperative drainage volume.

The efficacy of oxidized regenerated cellulose (SurgiGuard®) in breast cancer patients who undergo total mastectomy with node surgery: A prospective randomized study in 94 patients

Background

Seromas frequently develop in patients who undergo total mastectomy with node surgery. We aimed to prospectively explore whether use of oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC, SurgiGuard^®) affects seroma formation after total mastectomy with node surgery (sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)).

Materials and methods

Ninety four breast cancer patients were enrolled in the study who underwent total mastectomy with ALND or SLNB. The patients were randomized into two groups, one treated with ORC plus closed suction drainage and the other with closed suction drainage alone.

Results

Mean drainage volume was slightly lower in the ORC group on postoperative day 1 (123 ± 54 vs 143 ± 104 ml), but was slightly higher at all other time points; however, these differences were not significant. Mean total drainage volume in patients treated with ORC plus drainage did not differ from that of patients treated with drainage alone (1134 ± 507 ml vs 1033 ± 643 ml, P = 0.486).

Conclusions

Use of ORC (SurgiGuard^®) did not significantly alter the risk of seroma formation.

Fibrin Sealants and Axillary Lymphatic Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 23 Clinical Randomized Trials

Simple Summary

Axillary dissection is a highly mobile procedure with severe lymphatic consequences. The off-label application of fibrin sealants in the axilla, with the sole aim to eliminate dead space and to provoke sealing of the disrupted lymphatic vessels at the end of axillary dissection, is an experimental procedure to reduce lymphatic morbidity. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the effects of fibrin sealants on lymphatic morbidity after axillary dissection. Our results show that this experimental procedure is able to decrease the total axillary drainage output, the number of days before the axillary drainage is removed, and the length of hospital stay. However, no effects on the occurrence rate of axillary lymphocele or on the surgical site complications rate were demonstrated

Abstract

Background: use of fibrin sealants following pelvic, paraaortic, and inguinal lymphadenectomy may reduce lymphatic morbidity. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate if this finding applies to the axillary lymphadenectomy. Methods: randomized trials evaluating the efficacy of fibrin sealants in reducing axillary lymphatic complications were included. Lymphocele, drainage output, surgical-site complications, and hospital stay were considered as outcomes. Results: twenty-three randomized studies, including patients undergoing axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer, melanoma, and Hodgkin’s disease, were included. Fibrin sealants did not affect axillary lymphocele incidence nor the surgical site complications. Drainage output, days with drainage, and hospital stay were reduced when fibrin sealants were applied (p < 0.0001, p < 0.005, p = 0.008). Conclusion: fibrin sealants after axillary dissection reduce the total axillary drainage output, the duration of drainage, and the hospital stay. No effects on the incidence of postoperative lymphocele and surgical site complications rate are found.

Effect of autologous fibrin glue on seroma reduction after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial

Introduction

Breast cancer stands out as the second most common cancer in the world with incidence 35.1% of all malignancies among females in Egypt. Fluid build-up after breast surgery is still the most annoying complication which leads to worse outcome. We aimed to evaluate whether autologous fibrin glue might lessen the formation of seroma following modified radical mastectomy.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial designed to configure the effect of autologous fibrin glue given in the study group using the drain in comparison to a control group who received the drain only; seroma volume was calculated every 24 h. For all of the cases. The drains were removed when the daily drainage was less than 30 ml for 3 consecutive days.

Results

We recruited 30 patients to each of the two groups. Age, pathology, breast cancer stage, number of lymph nodes and tumour size did not differ significantly between groups. A comparison of the median days to drain removal showed 8 days reduction in median days to drain removal compared in the intervention group (7 days) than the control (15 days). The patients in the fibrin glue group had a significantly lower cumulative drain output volume (mean ± SD of 505,6 ± 209,3 ml) than those in the control group (1674.1 ± 1 373,8 ml).

Conclusions

Autologous fibrin glue significantly decrease seroma formation post-modified radical mastectomy.

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Seroma is the most annoying complication after breast cancer surgery.

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Fibrin glue is an adhesive agent has been associated with reduction in the fluid build-up post mastectomy.

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Autologous Fibrin Glue is easily prepared and safe agent.

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The usage of Autologous fibrin glue help in short hospital stay after mastectomy.

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This is the first randomized clinical intervention to use fibrin glue from autologous nature to reduce seroma formation after MRM.

Effectiveness of Cyanoacrylate in Reducing Seroma Formation in Breast Cancer Patients Post-Axillary Dissection: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background/Purpose

Seroma is a common complication after axillary dissection in women with node-positive breast cancer. We aim to determine the effect of Cyanoacrylate on reducing seroma formation in patients undergoing axillary dissection. This a randomized clinical trial.

Methods

This is a single-center, randomized, single-blinded, and two-arm parallel study. Women with node-positive breast cancer eligible for axillary dissection were enrolled. Patients with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 35 kg/m², those who underwent immediate breast reconstruction, and/or received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio, and were stratified according to their age, BMI, tumor size, and operation type. The primary endpoint was the total seroma volume (the total drained volume and the total aspirated volume after drain removal). Data presented as mean and range when applicable.

Results

111 patients were randomized (Cyanoacrylate 57; control 54). 105 patients were analyzed. Sixty-nine patients underwent breast conserving surgery, and 36 underwent modified radical mastectomy. There was no difference in the total seroma volume between the Cyanoacrylate vs. control arms (1,304 (60–4,950) vs. 1,446 (100–5,223) ml, p=0.458). Wound infection, flap necrosis, number of manual aspirates, and hematoma formation were not statistically different between the two groups. Time to drain removal was shorter in the Cyanoacrylate arm (11.04(3–23) vs. 13.84(3–37) days, p=0.015). The use of Cyanoacrylate was not cost effective ($586.93 (550–748) vs. $29.63 (0–198), p<0.001). Higher seroma volume was correlated with modified radical mastectomy, older age, and BMI more than 30 kg/m².

Conclusion

Cyanoacrylate did not reduce seroma formation and its use was not cost effective.

Clinical Trial Registration

clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02141373.

Managing infected seroma post-lymphadenectomy; A retrospective cohort study and cost analysis in melanoma patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Seromas are a common and unavoidable complication following lymphadenectomy, and often become clinically significant with superseded infection requiring re-admission for prompt intervention. However, there is no consensus as to whether a formal surgical incision and drainage (I&D), ultrasound (US)-guided aspiration or intravenous (IV) antibiotics alone is the most efficacious method of managing an infected seroma, the investigation of which formed the rationale for this study.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included a consecutive series of patients readmitted for infected seroma following a lymphadenectomy for melanoma at Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust (LTHT) from 2006 to 2017. Details on management, length of hospital stay, length of follow-up and number of clinical appointments required were examined.

FINDINGS

Seventy-one cases of infected seroma were identified from the cohort of 1691 lymphadenectomies. Initially, 21 patients (29.5%) were managed by IV antibiotics alone (failure rate of 52.4%); 18 (25.4%) with US-guided aspiration (failure rate 27.8%) and 32 (45.1%) with surgical I&D, which was 100% effective. Ultimately, 62.5% of the cohort required surgical management. Patients who underwent surgical I&D were discharged significantly faster following the procedure (3 versus 5 days for US-guided aspiration, p = 0.002) and spent fewer days in hospital overall (p = 0.022). The overall average cost was comparable across the three treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical management seemed preferential to conservative approaches in terms of efficacy and was not significantly more expensive overall; but carries anaesthetic risk. There may be a clinically significant difference in outcome depending on management; however, more evidence is required to investigate this.

Effects of Fibrin Sealant on Seroma Reduction for Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing Axillary Dissection: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND

Seroma formation is common in patients with breast cancer after axillary dissection. Fibrin sealant, containing fibrinogen and thrombin, has been developed to improve wound healing. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of fibrin sealants in reducing seroma among patients with breast cancer undergoing axillary dissection.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to April 2020. Pooled estimates of the outcomes were computed using a random-effects model. The primary outcomes were incidence and volume of seroma, while the secondary outcomes were volume and duration of drainage, incidence of infection, and length of hospital stay.

RESULTS

We reviewed 23 RCTs that included 1640 patients. Compared with the control group, the fibrin sealant group had no significant differences in the incidence of seroma, length of hospital stay, or incidence of surgical site infection. Significant intergroup differences were discovered in lower volume of seroma (weighted mean difference [WMD] - 71.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 135.58 to - 8.19), volume of drainage (WMD - 73.24, 95% CI - 107.32 to - 39.15), and duration of drainage (WMD - 0.84, 95% CI - 1.50 to - 0.19).

CONCLUSIONS

Fibrin sealants provide limited benefits in reducing the volume of seroma and the volume and duration of drainage. Therefore, after shared decision making, surgeons may apply fibrin sealants to patients with breast cancer undergoing axillary dissection.

The Use of Fibrin-based Tissue Adhesives for Breast in Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery

Background:

Breast plastic surgery is a rapidly evolving field of medicine. The modern view of surgical trends reflects the desire to minimize complications and introduce advanced technologies. These always will be priorities for surgeons. Reconstructive surgery, a branch of plastic surgery focusing on restoration of lost functional and aesthetic component, seeks to enhance psychological rehabilitation and improves the quality of life, as well as aesthetic recovery.

Objective:

This review addresses the action of fibrin agents and their effect on the quality of surgical hemostasis.

Discussion and Conclusion:

The fundamental goals for the surgeon are to perform a minimally traumatic intervention and to prevent any form of complication. Achieving complete hemostasis is an intraoperative necessity. Timely prevention of bleeding and hemorrhagic phenomena can affect not only the outcome of the operation, but also the incidence of postoperative complications. Topics include the integrity of microvascular anastomoses, tissue adhesion, and the incidence of seromas and hematomas associated with fibrin glue usage. The literature on fibrin adhesives with respect to prevention of postoperative complications, and the effectiveness with active drainage also are analyzed.

Fibrin-thrombin sealant does not reduce lymphocele formation in patients with inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer

Purpose: Inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (IFLD) is associated with very high morbidity. Fibrin sealant patches are used in various surgical procedures to prevent hematomas and lymphoceles. Here, we report a single-institution experience of fibrin sealants after IFLD in vulvar cancer and give an overview of the current literature.

Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed outcome data on vulvar cancer patients who underwent bilateral IFLD between November 2014 and June 2016 at the University Hospital Basel. A fibrin sealant patch (Tachosil^®) was placed in one groin only. Postsurgical fluid collection and complications were compared between both groins; time courses of lymphocele formation were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects regression model.

Results: Postsurgical outcome of 11 consecutive patients with bilateral IFLD for vulvar cancer was assessed for a median follow-up of 32 days (range 12–77). Significantly larger lymphoceles were detected over time in the groin with the fibrin sealant patch (median 20 mL vs 5 mL without patch, p=0.002), and more punctures for symptomatic lymphocele were required on this side. The infection rate did not differ between sides.

Conclusion: Fibrin sealant patches should not routinely be used for prevention of lymphoceles after IFLD for vulvar cancer. They do not seem to reduce lymph collection, the need for puncture or the infection risk after lymphadenectomy in our experience and according to a general literature review.

Effect of topical microporous polysaccharide hemospheres on the duration and amount of fluid drainage following mastectomy: a prospective randomized clinical trial

Background

Seroma formation is the most common complication after mastectomy and places patients at risk of associated morbidities. Microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH) consists of hydrophilic, plant based, polysaccharide particles and is currently used as an absorbable hemostatic agent. An animal model evaluating MPH and seroma formation after mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection showed a significant decrease in seroma volume. Study aim was to evaluate topical MPH on the risk of post-mastectomy seroma formation as measured by total drain output and total drain days.

Methods

Prospective randomized single-blinded clinical trial of patients undergoing mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer. MPH was applied to the surgical site in the study group and no application in the control group.

Results

Fifty patients were enrolled; eight were excluded due to missing data. Forty-two patients were evaluated, control (n = 21) vs. MPH (n = 21). No difference was identified between the two groups regarding demographics, tumor stage, total drain days, total drain output, number of clinic visits, or complication rates. On a subset analysis, body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 was identified as an independent risk factor for high drain output. Post hoc analyses of MPH controlling for BMI also revealed no statistical difference.

Conclusions

Unlike the data presented in an animal model, no difference was demonstrated in the duration and quantity of serosanguinous drainage related to the use of MPH in patients undergoing mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer. BMI greater than 30 was identified as an independent risk factor for high drain output and this risk was not affected by MPH use. NCT03647930, retrospectively registered 08/2018.

Impact of a Surgical Sealing Patch on Lymphatic Drainage After Axillary Dissection for Breast Cancer: The SAKK 23/13 Multicenter Randomized Phase III Trial

BACKGROUND

Several studies and a meta-analysis showed that fibrin sealant patches reduced lymphatic drainage after various lymphadenectomy procedures. Our goal was to investigate the impact of these patches on drainage after axillary dissection for breast cancer.

METHODS

In a phase III superiority trial, we randomized patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery at 14 Swiss sites to receive versus not receive three large TachoSil^® patches in the dissected axilla. Axillary drains were inserted in all patients. Patients and investigators assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment. The primary endpoint was total volume of drainage.

RESULTS

Between March 2015 and December 2016, 142 patients were randomized (72 with TachoSil^® and 70 without). Mean total volume of drainage in the control group was 703 ml [95% confidence interval (CI) 512-895 ml]. Application of TachoSil^® did not significantly reduce the total volume of axillary drainage [mean difference (MD) -110 ml, 95% CI -316 to 94, p = 0.30]. A total of eight secondary endpoints related to drainage, morbidity, and quality of life were not improved by use of TachoSil^®. The mean total cost per patient did not differ significantly between the groups [34,253 Swiss Francs (95% CI 32,625-35,880) with TachoSil^® and 33,365 Swiss Francs (95% CI 31,771-34,961) without, p = 0.584]. In the TachoSil^® group, length of stay was longer (MD 1 day, 95% CI 0.3-1.7, p = 0.009), and improvement of pain was faster, although the latter difference was not significant [2 days (95% CI 1-4) vs. 5.5 days (95% CI 2-11); p = 0.2].

CONCLUSIONS

TachoSil^® reduced drainage after axillary dissection for breast cancer neither significantly nor relevantly.

Ultrasound-Guided Breast-Conservative Surgery Decreases the Rate of Reoperations for Palpable Breast Cancer

The purpose of this study is to verify whether the performance of ultrasound-guided quadrantectomy (USGQ) versus palpation-guided quadrantectomy (PGQ) can reduce the incidence of positive margins and if it can change the attitude of the surgeon. A retrospective study was conducted on 842 patients underwent quadrantectomy for breast cancer, 332 of them underwent USGQ, whereas 550 underwent PGQ. The histological type of the tumors and the margin status obtained with the histological examination were compared. The histological examination of the surgical specimen showed involvement of the margins in 24/842 patients (2.85%), 22 (2.61%) of them belonged to the PGQ group, and two to the USGQ group (P = 0.0011). The highest rate of microscopically positive margins was, statistically significant, for carcinoma in situ, when compared with patients with invasive carcinoma (0.0001). USGQ technique showed several advantages compared with PGQ. In fact, the former notes a lower positive margin rate and, consequently, a lower rate of reintervention. In addition, it may change the surgeon's attitude by causing him to remove another slice of margin to ensure more histological negativity. It should be the gold standard technique for breast-conservative surgery of palpable tumors.

The use of fibrin sealant during non-emergency surgery: a systematic review of evidence of benefits and harms

BACKGROUND

Fibrin sealants are used in different types of surgery to prevent the accumulation of post-operative fluid (seroma) or blood (haematoma) or to arrest haemorrhage (bleeding). However, there is uncertainty around the benefits and harms of fibrin sealant use.

OBJECTIVES

To systematically review the evidence on the benefits and harms of fibrin sealants in non-emergency surgery in adults.

DATA SOURCES

Electronic databases [MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library (including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the Health Technology Assessment database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials)] were searched from inception to May 2015. The websites of regulatory bodies (the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration) were also searched to identify evidence of harms.

REVIEW METHODS

This review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies using any type of fibrin sealant compared with standard care in non-emergency surgery in adults. The primary outcome was risk of developing seroma and haematoma. Only RCTs were used to inform clinical effectiveness and both RCTs and observational studies were used for the assessment of harms related to the use of fibrin sealant. Two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts to identify potentially relevant studies. Data extraction was undertaken by one reviewer and validated by a second. The quality of included studies was assessed independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias tool for RCTs and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidance for adverse events for observational studies. A fixed-effects model was used for meta-analysis.

RESULTS

We included 186 RCTs and eight observational studies across 14 surgical specialties and five reports from the regulatory bodies. Most RCTs were judged to be at an unclear risk of bias. Adverse events were inappropriately reported in observational studies. Meta-analysis across non-emergency surgical specialties did not show a statistically significant difference in the risk of seroma for fibrin sealants versus standard care in 32 RCTs analysed [n = 3472, odds ratio (OR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 1.04; p = 0.13; I² = 12.7%], but a statistically significant benefit was found on haematoma development in 24 RCTs (n = 2403, OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.86; p = 0.01; I² = 0%). Adverse events related to fibrin sealant use were reported in 10 RCTs and eight observational studies across surgical specialties, and 22 RCTs explicitly stated that there were no adverse events. One RCT reported a single death but no other study reported mortality or any serious adverse events. Five regulatory body reports noted death from air emboli associated with fibrin sprays.

LIMITATIONS

It was not possible to provide a detailed evaluation of individual RCTs in their specific contexts because of the limited resources that were available for this research. In addition, the number of RCTs that were identified made it impractical to conduct independent data extraction by two reviewers in the time available.

CONCLUSIONS

The effectiveness of fibrin sealants does not appear to vary according to surgical procedures with regard to reducing the risk of seroma or haematoma. Surgeons should note the potential risk of gas embolism if spray application of fibrin sealants is used and not to exceed the recommended pressure and spraying distance. Future research should be carried out in surgery specialties for which only limited data were found, including neurological, gynaecological, oral and maxillofacial, urology, colorectal and orthopaedics surgery (for any outcome); breast surgery and upper gastrointestinal (development of haematoma); and cardiothoracic heart or lung surgery (reoperation rates). In addition, studies need to use adequate sample sizes, to blind participants and outcome assessors, and to follow reporting guidelines.

STUDY REGISTRATION

This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015020710.

FUNDING

The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

The impact of tissue glue in wound healing of head and neck patients undergoing neck dissection

We investigated the impact of fibrin glue on postoperative drainage amount and duration in head and neck cancer patients who underwent neck dissection. This study was a prospective randomized controlled trial. Patients who were scheduled to undergo neck dissection due to head and neck cancer were eligible for this study. After receiving a detailed explanation, all patients signed an informed consent form before enrollment. Patients were then randomly assigned to the study group (fibrin glue) or control group. In the study group, 2 ml of fibrin glue (Tissucol(®); Duploject, Baxter AG) was applied on the surface of the surgical wound before closure. Basic demographic data along with tumor-related features, operation-related variables, postoperative drainage amount/duration, postoperative pain, and analgesic usage were collected and analyzed. A total of 15 patients were included in the final analyses, with eight patients in the study group and seven patients in the control group. No significant differences were found between the two groups in age, gender, primary site, clinical N stage, neck dissection levels, perioperative bleeding, postoperative drainage amount/duration, hospitalization duration, and postoperative pain status. The application of 2 ml fibrin glue by the method described herein did not reduce the postoperative drainage amount/duration nor the postoperative pain status in patients who underwent neck dissection.

Techniques in the prevention and management of seromas after breast surgery

Seromas are the most frequent complications following breast surgery, resulting in significant discomfort and morbidity with possible delays in commencing adjuvant therapies. Varied clinical practices exist in the techniques employed to prevent and manage seromata. This article assesses published literature on the techniques employed in prevention of seroma formation following breast surgery, evaluating the different methodologies used. Although prevention is the best strategy, seromata remain problematic and we consider their management. The principle findings were that prevention is key to the management of seromata. Methods employed to prevent seromata include suction drainage, shoulder immobilization, quilting sutures, fibrin sealants and innovative measures of managing the axilla, among others. The evidence demonstrated that a combination of quilting and drains significantly reduces the incidence and volumes of seromata. These effects are sustained by minimizing use of electrocautery, alongside increasing frequencies of axillary sentinel lymph node biopsies and node sampling. The efficacy data on fibrin sealants is inconclusive and consequently should not be routinely used alone or accompanied by quilting sutures. Clinically significant seromas deemed 'symptomatic' by patients and complicating infected seromas should be aspirated. There are limited data on the recommended treatment of established seromas with a paucity of high-quality studies and further research involving randomized trials are indicated.

Quilting prevents seroma formation following breast cancer surgery: closing the dead space by quilting prevents seroma following axillary lymph node dissection and mastectomy

BACKGROUND

Seroma is a frequent problem after mastectomy (ME) and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Seroma is associated with pain, discomfort, impaired mobilisation and repeated aspirations, often resulting in a surgical site infection (SSI). It has already been demonstrated that minimizing dead space through fixation of the skin flaps to the underlying muscles (quilting) lowers the incidence of seroma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quilting on the incidence of seroma, and SSI.

METHODS

Two consecutive groups with a total of 176 patients following ME and/or ALND were retrospectively compared. Endpoints were the incidence of seroma, and number and volume of aspirations and SSIs. Analysed risk factors were age, ME, lymph node dissection, neoadjuvant therapy, body mass index (BMI) and hypertension.

RESULTS

The quilted group (n = 89) scored significantly better on all endpoints compared with the conventional group (n = 87). The incidence of seroma decreased from 80.5 % to 22.5 % (p < 0.01), the mean number of aspirations from 4.86 to 2.40 (p = 0.015), the volume of aspirations from 1660 ml to 611 ml (p = 0.05) and the SSIs from 31.0 % to 11.2 % (p < 0.01). Increasing age and lymph node dissection were found to be risk factors for seroma; quilting was a protective factor.

CONCLUSION

Quilting is an effective method for preventing seroma and its complications.

Axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer in elderly patients and fibrin glue

BACKGROUND

Axillary lymphadenectomy or sentinel biopsy is integral part of breast cancer treatment, yet seroma formation occurs in 15-85% of cases. Among methods employed to reduce seroma magnitude and duration, fibrin glue has been proposed in numerous studies with controversial results.

METHODS

Thirty patients over 60 years underwent quadrantectomy or mastectomy with level I/II axillary lymphadenectomy; a suction drain was fitted in all patients. Fibrin glue spray were applied to the axillary fossa in 15 patients; the other 15 patients were treated with harmonic scalpel.

RESULTS

Suction drainage was removed between post-operative Days 3 and 4. Seroma magnitude and duration were not significant in patients receiving fibrin glue compared with the harmonic scalpel group.

CONCLUSIONS

Use of fibrin glue does not always prevent seroma formation, but can reduce seroma magnitude, duration and necessary evacuative punctures.

Fibrin glue instillation under skin flaps to prevent seroma-related morbidity following breast and axillary surgery

BACKGROUND

Fibrin glue (FG) combines fibrinogen and thrombin, under the presence of factor XIII and calcium chloride, and produces a 'fibrin clot' as would occur through the natural clotting cascade. FG is thought to close over any small vessels including lymphatics that are too small for conventional surgical closure, thereby reducing seroma formation, seroma incidence and related comorbidities.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the evidence on the effectiveness of FG in people undergoing breast and axillary surgery and to establish whether FG is an efficient modality to prevent postoperative seroma and seroma-related outcomes.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group's (CBCG) Specialised Register (9 December 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, Issue 1 2012), MEDLINE (9 December 2011), EMBASE (9 December 2011), LILACS (22 October 2012), SCI-E (22 October 2012), the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trial Registry (9 December 2011) and ClinicalTrials.gov (22 October 2012).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of FG in terms of reducing the postoperative seroma incidence and related comorbidities in people undergoing breast and axillary surgery.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

At least two review authors independently scrutinised search results, selected eligible studies and extracted the data. The pooled analysis of the extracted data was achieved by the statistical analysis on Review Manager software. The quality of studies was assessed using The Cochrane Collaboration's 'Risk of bias' tool.

MAIN RESULTS

The search of four standard electronic databases yielded 119 potentially relevant studies but only 18 RCTs involving 1252 people were found suitable for statistical analysis. There was significant heterogeneity among trials and the majority of trials were of poor quality. The use of FG under skin flaps following breast and axillary surgery failed to reduce the incidence of postoperative seroma (risk ratio (RR) 1.02; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.16, P value = 0.73), mean volume of seroma (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.25; 95% CI -0.92 to 0.42, P value = 0.46), wound infection (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.77, P value = 0.84), postoperative complications (RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.63 to 2.04, P value = 0.68) and length of hospital stay (SMD -0.2; 95% CI -0.78 to 0.39, P value = 0.51). FG reduced the total volume of drained seroma (SMD -0.75, 95% CI -1.24 to -0.26, P value = 0.003) and duration of persistent seromas requiring frequent aspirations (SMD -0.59; CI 95% -0.95 to -0.23, P value = 0.001).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

FG did not influence the incidence of postoperative seroma, the mean volume of seroma, wound infections, complications and the length of hospital stays in people undergoing breast cancer surgery. Due to significant methodological and clinical diversity among the included studies this conclusion may be considered weak and biased. Therefore, a major multicentre and high-quality RCT is required to validate these findings.

Fibrin glue instillation under skin flaps to prevent seroma-related morbidity following breast and axillary surgery

BACKGROUND

Fibrin glue (FG) combines fibrinogen and thrombin, under the presence of factor XIII and calcium chloride, and produces a 'fibrin clot' as would occur through the natural clotting cascade. FG is thought to close over any small vessels including lymphatics that are too small for conventional surgical closure, thereby reducing seroma formation, seroma incidence and related comorbidities.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the evidence on the effectiveness of FG in people undergoing breast and axillary surgery and to establish whether FG is an efficient modality to prevent postoperative seroma and seroma-related outcomes.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group's (CBCG) Specialised Register (9 December 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, Issue 1 2012), MEDLINE (9 December 2011), EMBASE (9 December 2011), LILACS (22 October 2012), SCI-E (22 October 2012), the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trial Registry (9 December 2011) and ClinicalTrials.gov (22 October 2012).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of FG in terms of reducing the postoperative seroma incidence and related comorbidities in people undergoing breast and axillary surgery.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

At least two review authors independently scrutinised search results, selected eligible studies and extracted the data. The pooled analysis of the extracted data was achieved by the statistical analysis on Review Manager software. The quality of studies was assessed using The Cochrane Collaboration's 'Risk of bias' tool.

MAIN RESULTS

The search of four standard electronic databases yielded 119 potentially relevant studies but only 18 RCTs involving 1252 people were found suitable for statistical analysis. There was significant heterogeneity among trials and the majority of trials were of poor quality. The use of FG under skin flaps following breast and axillary surgery failed to reduce the incidence of postoperative seroma (risk ratio (RR) 1.02; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.16, P value = 0.73), mean volume of seroma (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.25; 95% CI -0.92 to 0.42, P value = 0.46), wound infection (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.77, P value = 0.84), postoperative complications (RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.63 to 2.04, P value = 0.68) and length of hospital stay (SMD -0.2; 95% CI -0.78 to 0.39, P value = 0.51). FG reduced the total volume of drained seroma (SMD -0.75, 95% CI -1.24 to -0.26, P value = 0.003) and duration of persistent seromas requiring frequent aspirations (SMD -0.59; CI 95% -0.95 to -0.23, P value = 0.001).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

FG did not influence the incidence of postoperative seroma, the mean volume of seroma, wound infections, complications and the length of hospital stays in people undergoing breast cancer surgery. Due to significant methodological and clinical diversity among the included studies this conclusion may be considered weak and biased. Therefore, a major multicentre and high-quality RCT is required to validate these findings.

Feasibility of use of a barbed suture (v-loc 180) for quilting the donor site in latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction

BACKGROUND

Latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap is a popular method of breast reconstruction which can be associated with high incidence of seroma formation. Quilting sutures at the harvest site are used to reduce this. Barbed sutures are self anchoring sutures which avoid multiple knotting and can be useful in quilting.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent LD flap breast reconstruction between January 2009 and January 2011 was carried out. Seroma formation at the harvest site, wound related complications, inpatient stay and duration of surgery were analysed and a comparison was made between two groups where quilting was done with barbed (V-Loc) suture and conventional polydioxanone (PDS) II sutures.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven patients were included of which 33 had quilting by V-Loc sutures and in 24 patients PDS II suture was used. Median age in the PDS group was 55 years (interquartile range [IQR)], 45 to 61 years) which was comparable to the V-Loc group (53 years [IQR, 48 to 59 years]; P-value 0.948). Sixteen patients (28%) had significant seroma formation and 5 (9%) patients developed superficial wound dehiscence. Incidences of seroma or wound complications were comparable (P-value 0.378 and 1.00, respectively). Secondary outcomes such as total duration of surgery, total inpatient stay, total amount of drain at the donor site were also similar in two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Use of barbed sutures for quilting the donor site in LD flap reconstruction is a feasible option and the associated seroma formation and wound complications are comparable with conventional sutures.

Analysis of selected factors influencing seroma formation in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy

INTRODUCTION

The aim of the work was to analyze the impact of selected factors on the incidence of seroma formation in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

One hundred and fifty breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients had mastectomy performed using the same operative technique with electrocoagulation. The amount of seroma formed after surgery and its duration were correlated with selected demographic, clinical and pathological parameters.

RESULTS

The cumulative total seroma volume collected by the end of treatment was higher and the overall time of seroma treatment was longer in patients over the age of 60 years (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively). Duration of seroma was significantly longer in obese patients (p = 0.036). The cumulative total seroma volume collected by the end of treatment was higher and the overall time of seroma treatment was longer in patients who had over 130 ml of lymph drained during the first 24 postoperative hours (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively). Additionally, longer duration of seroma was observed in patients with pathological stage I and II according to TNM-UICC (p = 0.042) and in patients with ≥ 1200 g weight resected of mammary gland (p = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Age and obesity are important prognostic factors influencing seroma formation in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. The amount of lymph formed during first postoperative day may have predictive value in assessing cumulative total seroma volume collected during treatment and its overall duration.

Randomized clinical trial on the effect of fibrin sealant on latissimus dorsi donor-site seroma formation after breast reconstruction

BACKGROUND

Latissimus dorsi (LD) flap procedures comprise 50 per cent of breast reconstructions in the UK. They are frequently complicated by seroma formation. Fibrin sealants may reduce seroma volumes at the donor site. The aim was to investigate the effect of fibrin sealant (Tisseel(®)) on total seroma volumes from the breast, axilla and back (donor site) after LD breast reconstruction. Secondary outcomes were specific back seroma volumes together with incidence and severity of wound complications.

METHODS

Consecutive women undergoing implant-assisted or extended autologous LD flap reconstruction were randomized to either standard care or application of fibrin sealant to the donor-site chest wall. All participants were blinded for the study duration but assessors were only partially blinded. Non-parametric methods were used for analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 107 women were included (sealant 54, control 53). Overall back seroma volumes were high, with no significant differences between control and sealant groups over 3 months. Fibrin sealant failed to reduce in situ back drainage volumes in the 10 days after surgery, and did not affect the rate or volume of seromas following drain removal.

CONCLUSION

This randomized study, which was powered for size effect, failed to show any benefit from fibrin sealant in minimizing back seromas after LD procedures.

Effectiveness of OK-432 (Sapylin) to reduce seroma formation after axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of seroma formation after axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer cannot be ignored. Various approaches have been used in an effort to reduce it, but these results are still controversial. We aimed to describe a new method of application of OK-432 (Sapylin, heat-treated Su strain of Streptococcus) to reduce seroma formation after axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer and to verify the safety and efficacy of it as a beneficial supplement for conventional surgery.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized analysis of consecutive quadrantectomy or mastectomy plus axillary lymphadenectomy using or not using OK-432 was designed. From July 2010 to November 2011, a total of 111 patients were enrolled in this prospective, randomized study and completed the follow-up. OK-432 applied to the axillary fossa plus placement of closed suction drainage was used in 54 patients (the experimental group); placement of closed suction drainage was used in 57 patients (the control group).

RESULTS

There were no statistical significance between the two groups in terms of age, body mass index, treatment received, tumor size, number of removed lymph nodes, and lymph node status. Postoperative drainage magnitude and duration were significantly reduced in the experimental group (P = 0.008 and 0.003, respectively). One week after hospital discharge, fewer patients developed a palpable seroma in the experimental group: 10 in the experimental group versus 28 in the control group (P = 0.001). Fewer seromas needed aspiration (mean 1 [range 0-3] in the experimental group vs. mean 4 [range 1-5] in the control group; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in terms of the incidence of complications associated with axillary lymphadenectomy (P = 0.941).

CONCLUSIONS

OK-432 is a feasible and safe option for axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. The use of it does not always prevent seroma formation, but it can reduce drainage magnitude and duration, as well as decrease the incidence of seroma after the removal of drainage. It may be increasingly conducted in day surgery clinics.

Latissimus dorsi donor-site morbidity: the combination of quilting and fibrin sealant reduce length of drain placement and seroma rate

Seroma formation has been shown to be a multifactorial process in part due to dead space and the formation of raw surfaces, which produce large quantities of serous exudate. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of quilting/progressive tension sutures (to reduce dead space) and fibrin sealant (to seal the raw surface) in combination on the seroma rate and length of drain placement in patients undergoing latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. A retrospective review of 43 patients undergoing latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction was performed. The patients were divided into 2 groups: quilting sutures alone versus those with quilting sutures and fibrin sealant. Data regarding age, body mass index, smoking history, timing of reconstruction, type of breast surgery, radiation history, complications, length of drain placement, use of fibrin glue, and use of quilting/progressive tension sutures were collected for each patient. Results were analyzed statistically using unpaired t tests (P < 0.05). The quilting group included 19 patients with 24 donor sites. The mean drain placement duration was 21.5 days (range, 9-69 days). One patient in 19 developed a seroma, which was treated and resolved with aspiration. The seroma rate for the quilting only group was 5%. The quilting and sealant group included 23 patients with 26 donor sites. The quilting and sealant group had a mean duration of drain placement of 13.9 days (range, 6-38 days). This was a statistically reduced length of drainage (P = 0.04) compared with quilting only. The quilting and sealant group had 1 patient in 23 develop a seroma with a rate of 4% which compared with quilting only was not statistically significant (P = 0.4). The combination of quilting sutures and fibrin sealant directed at the 2 main mechanisms of seroma formation, (dead space and serous exudate, respectively) can decrease the duration of postoperative drain placement and does maintain low seroma rates.

Efficacy of quilting sutures and fibrin sealant together for prevention of seroma in extended latissimus dorsi flap donor sites

BACKGROUND

The extended latissimus dorsi flap is important for breast reconstruction. Unfortunately, donor site seroma is the most common complication of extended latissimus dorsi flap for breast reconstruction. Although using fibrin sealant in the donor site reduces the rate of seroma formation, donor site seroma remains a troublesome complication. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the combination of quilting sutures and fibrin sealant in the latissimus dorsi donor site for the prevention of seroma.

METHODS

Forty-six patients who underwent breast reconstruction with extended latissimus flap were enrolled in the study. The patients received either fibrin sealant (group 1, n=25) or a combination of fibrin sealant and quilting sutures (group 2, n=21) in the extended latissimus dorsi donor site. Outcome measures were obtained from the incidence, volume of postoperative seroma, total drainage amount, indwelling period of drainage, and duration of hospital stay.

RESULTS

The incidence of seroma was 76% in group 1 and 42.9% in group 2 (P=0.022). We also found significant reductions in seroma volume (P=0.043), total drainage amount (P=0.002), indwelling period of drainage (P=0.01), and frequency of aspiration (P=0.043). The quilting sutures did not affect the rate of drainage, tube reinsertion, or hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of quilting sutures combined with fibrin sealant on the latissimus dorsi flap donor site is helpful for reducing the overall seroma volume, frequency of aspiration, and total drainage amount.

A nomogram to predict the duration of drainage in patients with penile cancer treated with inguinal lymph node dissection

PURPOSE

We developed a nomogram to predict the duration of drainage in patients with penile cancer treated with inguinal lymph node dissection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 111 groin basins in 56 patients who underwent radical inguinal lymph node dissection for penile cancer were retrospectively assessed. We retrieved the clinicopathological factors from the medical records including age, body mass index, albumin, smoking history, hypertension, diabetes, preoperative radiotherapy/chemotherapy, palpable lymph nodes, previous lymph node biopsy, total number of resected lymph nodes and ratio of positive lymph nodes. The criterion of drain removal was total drain output of 50 ml or less per day for 2 days starting from postoperative day 3. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to explore the risk factors of drainage duration and variable selection was performed according to Akaike's information criteria. A nomogram was built based on regression coefficients and internally validated with 200 bootstrap resamples.

RESULTS

Median postoperative drainage duration was 7 days. The prediction model using pretreatment factors showed a concordance index of 0.55. With the addition of lymph node related variables a second model was constructed which produced a better concordance index (0.65) and good calibration. On multivariate analysis young age, high body mass index, total number of resected lymph nodes and ratio of positive lymph nodes were independent predictors of prolonged lymphatic drainage.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of readily obtained clinicopathological variables we developed a nomogram to predict the duration of lymphatic drainage which, if externally validated, could be helpful for patient consultation, treatment decision making and clinical trial design.

Axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer utilizing Harmonic Focus®

Background

For patients with axillary lymph node metastases from breast cancer, performance of a complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is the standard approach. Due to the rich lymphatic network in the axilla, it is necessary to carefully dissect and identify all lymphatic channels. Traditionally, these lymphatics are sealed with titanium clips or individually sutured. Recently, the Harmonic Focus^®, a hand-held ultrasonic dissector, allows lymphatics to be sealed without the utilization of clips or ties. We hypothesize that ALND performed with the Harmonic Focus^® will decrease operative time and reduce post-operative complications.

Methods

Retrospective review identified all patients who underwent ALND at a teaching hospital between January of 2005 and December of 2009. Patient demographics, presenting pathology, treatment course, operative time, days to drain removal, and surgical complications were recorded. Comparisons were made to a selected control group of patients who underwent similar surgical procedures along with an ALND performed utilizing hemostatic clips and electrocautery. A total of 41 patients were included in this study.

Results

Operative time was not improved with the use of ultrasonic dissection, however, there was a decrease in the total number of days that closed suction drainage was required, although this was not statistically significant. Complication rates were similar between the two groups.

Conclusion

In this case-matched retrospective review, there were fewer required days of closed suction drainage when ALND was performed with ultrasonic dissection versus clips and electrocautery.

Seroma formation after mastectomy: pathogenesis and prevention

Post mastectomy seroma remains an unresolved quandary as the risk factors for its formation have still not been identified. Seromas of the axillary space following breast surgery can lead to significant morbidity and delay in the initiation of adjuvant therapy. Various techniques and their modifications have been practiced and published in English literature, but there seems to be no consensus. In this article, all aspects of seroma formation from pathogenesis to prevention including drug therapies have been discussed.

Randomized controlled trial of fibrin sealant to reduce postoperative drainage following elective lymph node dissection

Background

Excessive postoperative drainage following groin and axillary lymphadenectomy may be associated with a prolonged hospital stay and an increased complication rate. The use of fibrin sealant before wound closure may reduce postoperative wound drainage.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing elective groin or axillary lymphadenectomy were randomized to standard wound closure or to having fibrin sealant sprayed on to the wound bed before closure. Postoperative wound drainage, duration of drainage and complications were recorded, as were locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis and mortality.

Results

A total of 74 patients requiring 38 groin and 36 axillary dissections were randomized. The median postoperative wound drainage volume for the groin dissection cohort was 762 (range 25–3255) ml in the control group and 892 (265–2895) ml in the treatment group (P = 0·704). Drainage volumes in the axillary cohort were 590 (230–9605) and 565 (30–1835) ml in the control and treatment groups respectively (P = 0·217). There was no difference in the duration of drainage or postoperative complication rate between the treatment groups in both the axillary and groin cohorts. Local recurrence, distant metastasis and mortality rates did not differ between the treatment groups.

Conclusion

There was no advantage in using fibrin sealant during elective lymphadenectomy in terms of reducing drainage output or postoperative complication rate. Registration number: NCT00324272 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).