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Ma G, Zhang X, Wang M, Xu X, Xu B, Guan Z. Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the differential diagnosis of primary benign and malignant unilateral adrenal tumors. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:2013-2018. [PMID: 33936982 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background This retrospective study was performed to estimate the clinical role of whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) in the differential diagnosis of primary benign and malignant unilateral adrenal tumors. Methods A total of 64 patients (31 male, 33 female; age range: 3-76 years, mean: 48.5) with a confirmed unilateral adrenal tumor underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT examination for diagnosis and staging. The whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT examination excluded metastasis, and all patients were confirmed by operation and biopsy pathology. Their clinical data and pathological results were collected. On visual analysis of PET/CT imaging, adrenal uptake was based on a three-scale grading system. The region of interest (ROI) was delineated in the liver and the renal lesion site. Standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements were determined on a standardized reconstruction, and the maximum values (SUVmax) of the lesion and liver were measured. The ratio of tumor to the liver was defined as T/L. Visual interpretation, SUVmax-receiver operating characteristics (ROC) method, and T/L-ROC method were used to analyze the diagnostic accuracy. Results A total of 64 lesions (48 benign, 16 malignant lesions) were detected. The visual analysis found that 100% of Grade I cases were benign, 90.9% of Grade II cases were benign, and 65.1% of Grade III cases were benign. The SUVmax of malignant lesions (10.0±5.8) was higher than that of benign lesions (5.4±5.3, P<0.05). The T/L was 3.39±1.79 for malignant lesions and 1.99±2.09 for benign lesions (P<0.05). In the differentiation of primary benign and malignant unilateral adrenal tumors, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the SUVmax-ROC method (cut-off value =5.65) were 81.25%, 72.91%, 75.00%, and the positive and negative predictive values were 50.00% and 92.11%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the T/L-ROC method (cut-off value =1.52) were 93.73%, 62.50%, 70.31%, and the positive and negative predictive values were 46.88% and 96.77%, respectively. Conclusions 18F-FDG PET/CT improved diagnostic accuracy in differentiating primary benign and malignant unilateral adrenal tumors. There was a high negative predictive value, and for positive prediction, other tracer imaging is needed for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minshu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baixuan Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Guan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Vos EL, Grewal RK, Russo AE, Reidy-Lagunes D, Untch BR, Gavane SC, Boucai L, Geer E, Gopalan A, Chou JF, Capanu M, Strong VE. Predicting malignancy in patients with adrenal tumors using 18 F-FDG-PET/CT SUVmax. J Surg Oncol 2020; 122:1821-1826. [PMID: 32914407 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18 F-FDG-PET/CT) parameters may help distinguish malignant from benign adrenal tumors, but few have been externally validated or determined based on definitive pathological confirmation. We determined and validated a threshold for 18 F-FDG-PET/CT maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) in patients who underwent adrenalectomy for a nonfunctional tumor. METHODS Database review identified patients with 18 F-FDG-PET/CT images available (training cohort), or only SUVmax values (validation cohort). Discriminative accuracy was assessed by area under the curve (AUC), and the optimal cutoff value estimated by maximally selected Wilcoxon rank statistics. RESULTS Of identified patients (n = 171), 86 had adrenal metastases, 20 adrenal cortical carcinoma, and 27 adrenal cortical adenoma. In the training cohort (n = 96), SUVmax was significantly higher in malignant versus benign tumors (median 8.3 vs. 3.0, p < .001), with an AUC of 0.857. Tumor size did not differ. The optimal cutoff SUVmax was 4.6 (p < .01). In the validation cohort (n = 75), this cutoff had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity 55%. CONCLUSIONS 18 F-FDG-PET/CT SUVmax was associated with malignancy. Validation indicated that SUVmax ≥ 4.6 was suggestive of malignancy, while lower values did not reliably predict benign tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira L Vos
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravinder K Grewal
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley E Russo
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diane Reidy-Lagunes
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian R Untch
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Somali C Gavane
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Boucai
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eliza Geer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joanne F Chou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marinela Capanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vivian E Strong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Kessler L, Schlitter AM, Krönke M, von Werder A, Tauber R, Maurer T, Robinson S, Orlandi C, Herz M, Yousefi BH, Nekolla SG, Schwaiger M, Eiber M, Rischpler C. First Experience Using 18F-Flubrobenguane PET Imaging in Patients with Suspected Pheochromocytoma or Paraganglioma. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:479-485. [PMID: 32859709 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.248021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are a rare tumor entity originating from adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla or in sympathetic, paravertebral ganglia outside the medulla. Small lesions are especially difficult to detect by conventional CT or MRI and even by SPECT with the currently available radiotracers (e.g., metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG]). The novel PET radiotracer 18F-flubrobenguane could change the diagnostic paradigm in suspected pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas because of its homology with MIBG and the general advantages of PET imaging. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate 18F-flubrobenguane in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas and to investigate the biodistribution in patients. Methods: Twenty-three patients with suspected pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma underwent PET/CT or PET/MRI at 63 ± 24 min after injection of 256 ± 33 MBq of 18F-flubrobenguane. The SUVmean and SUVmax of organs were measured with spheric volumes of interest. Threshold-segmented volumes of interest were used to measure the SUVmean or SUVmax of the tumor lesions. One reader evaluated all cross-sectional imaging datasets (CT or MRI) separately, as well as the PET hybrid datasets, and reported the lesion number and size. The diagnostic certainty for a positive lesion was scored on a 3-point scale. Results: 18F-flubrobenguane showed a reproducible, stable biodistribution, with the highest SUVmax and SUVmean being in the thyroid gland (30.3 ± 2.2 and 22.5 ± 1.6, respectively), pancreas (12.2 ± 0.8 and 9.5 ± 0.7, respectively), and tumor lesions (16.8 ± 1.7 and 10.1 ± 1.1, respectively) and the lowest SUVmax and SUVmean being in muscle (1.1 ± 0.06 and 0.7 ± 0.04, respectively) and the lung (2.5 ± 0.17 and 1.85 ± 0.13, respectively). In a subgroup analysis, a significantly higher average SUVmean was seen for both pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma than for healthy adrenal glands (11.9 ± 2.0 vs. 9.9 ± 1.5 vs. 3.7 ± 0.2, respectively). In total, 47 lesions were detected. The reader reported more and smaller lesions with higher certainty in PET hybrid imaging than in conventional imaging; however, statistical significance was not reached. Of the 23 (23/47, 49%) lesions smaller than 1 cm, 61% (14/23) were found on hybrid imaging only. Conclusion: Our preliminary data suggest 18F-flubrobenguane PET to be a new, effective staging tool for patients with suspected pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. Major advantages are the fast acquisition and high spatial resolution of PET imaging and the intense uptake in tumor lesions, facilitating detection. Further studies are warranted to define the role of 18F-flubrobenguane PET, particularly in comparison to standard diagnostic procedures such as MRI or 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kessler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna M Schlitter
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krönke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander von Werder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Tauber
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Robinson
- Discovery Research, Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, Massachusetts; and
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Discovery Research, Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, Massachusetts; and
| | - Michael Herz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Behrooz H Yousefi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan G Nekolla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Rischpler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bhargava P, Sangster G, Haque K, Garrett J, Donato M, D'Agostino H. A Multimodality Review of Adrenal Tumors. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2019; 48:605-615. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang B, Qiu J. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of paraganglioma. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:2624-2635. [PMID: 35117020 PMCID: PMC8797373 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors derived from the adrenal medulla and the adrenal gland are called pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL), respectively. PGLs are neuroepithelial cell clusters associated with sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves, and are scattered throughout the body. According to the World Health Organization, the presence of distant metastases indicates malignant PGL. Most PGLs are benign, but their high secretion of catecholamines in the blood is associated with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and death. Further research on PGL is required to provide a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the genetics, clinical manifestations, benign and malignant forms, current major diagnostic methods, and progress in the treatment of PGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710068, China
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an 710068, China
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Vāvere AL, Neumann KD, Butch ER, Hu B, DiMagno SG, Snyder SE. Improved, one-pot synthesis of 6-[18
F]fluorodopamine and quality control testing for use in patients with neuroblastoma. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:1069-1080. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Vāvere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis Tennessee USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R. Butch
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - Bao Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Stephen G. DiMagno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Scott E. Snyder
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis Tennessee USA
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Agrawal A, Rangarajan V, Shah S, Puranik A, Purandare N. MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine) theranostics in pediatric and adult malignancies. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20180103. [PMID: 30048149 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaiodobenzylguanidine, a guanithidine analog, labeled with 123I and 131I, is used for imaging and therapy of neuroblastomas and various neural crest tumors like paragangliomas, pheochromocytomas, medullary cancer of thyroid and carcinoids since the past three to four decades. In this review article, we shall revisit metaiodobenzylguanidine as a radiopharmaceutical and its various applications in neural crest tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archi Agrawal
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai , India
| | - Venkatesh Rangarajan
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai , India
| | - Sneha Shah
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai , India
| | - Ameya Puranik
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai , India
| | - Nilendu Purandare
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Tata Memorial Hospital , Mumbai , India
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Kandathil A, Wong KK, Wale DJ, Zatelli MC, Maffione AM, Gross MD, Rubello D. Metabolic and anatomic characteristics of benign and malignant adrenal masses on positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a review of literature. Endocrine 2015; 49:6-26. [PMID: 25273320 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PET/CT with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) or using different radiocompounds has proven accuracy for detection of adrenal metastases in patients undergoing cancer staging. It can assist the diagnostic work-up in oncology patients by identifying distant metastases to the adrenal(s) and defining oligometastatic disease that may benefit from targeted intervention. In patients with incidentally discovered adrenal nodules, so-called adrenal "incidentaloma" FDG PET/CT is emerging as a useful test to distinguish benign from malignant etiology. Current published evidence suggests a role for FDG PET/CT in assessing the malignant potential of an adrenal lesion that has been 'indeterminately' categorized with unenhanced CT, adrenal protocol contrast-enhanced CT, or chemical-shift MRI. FDG PET/CT could be used to stratify patients with higher risk of malignancy for surgical intervention, while recommending surveillance for adrenal masses with low malignant potential. There are caveats for interpretation of the metabolic activity of an adrenal nodule on PET/CT that may lead to false-positive and false-negative interpretation. Adrenal lesions represent a wide spectrum of etiologies, and the typical appearances on PET/CT are still being described, therefore our goal was to summarize the current diagnostic strategies for evaluation of adrenal lesions and present metabolic and anatomic appearances of common and uncommon adrenal lesions. In spite of the emerging role of PET/CT to differentiate benign from malignant adrenal mass, especially in difficult cases, it should be emphasized that PET/CT is not needed for most patients and that many diagnostic problems can be resolved by CT and/or MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kandathil
- Nuclear Medicine/Radiology Department, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Stamm M, Abele JT. Streamlining the imaging of clinically suspected pheochromocytoma: using urine metanephrines to decrease imaging costs. Can Assoc Radiol J 2014; 65:372-8. [PMID: 25070590 DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve the cost efficiency of the imaging evaluation of clinically suspected pheochromocytoma by using 24-hour fractionated urine metanephrine (FUM) results. METHODS A retrospective review of I-123 meta-iodo-benzyl-guanidine single photon emission tomography (SPECT) computed tomography (CT) studies performed at our institution between January 2007 and February 2011 for clinically suspected pheochromocytoma was performed. SPECT-CT results from 70 patients were compared with results from 24-hour FUM analysis (within 2 months of SPECT-CT) and with relevant CT or magnetic resonance imaging studies (within 6 months of SPECT-CT). An imaging algorithm was developed to maximize cost efficiency without altering the final imaging interpretation. Actual imaging costs for the studied cohort were compared with the expected costs if this algorithm had been applied. RESULTS If the 24-hour FUMs were normal, then all the SPECT-CT studies were negative (16/70). Eighty-seven percent of patients with abnormal total metanephrine had a positive SPECT-CT. If the total metanephrine was normal but 1 or more of the metanephrine fractions were abnormal, then 39%-58% of the SPECT-CT studies were positive. Within this subgroup, none had a positive SPECT-CT if a CT or magnetic resonance image was negative or benign. The actual imaging costs averaged CAD$2833.19 per patient for this cohort. Applying a streamlined imaging algorithm guided by 24-hour FUM analysis would result in an average imaging cost of CAD$1225.97 per patient without an expected change in the final imaging impression. CONCLUSION By using 24-hour FUM results to streamline imaging, considerable cost savings per patient (56.7%) can be attained without a change in the final overall imaging interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stamm
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan T Abele
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Martucci VL, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment. Curr Probl Cancer 2014; 38:7-41. [PMID: 24636754 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Endocrine tumors are hormonally active benign or malignant neoplasms arising within endocrine organs or from specialized cells of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system. The detection rate of these tumors is increasing as a result of sensitive biochemical tests and high-resolution diagnostic imaging. Medical imaging has become a key component in the diagnosis and staging of endocrine malignancies; however, despite the impressive advances in computed tomography (CT) and MRI, detection of small primary tumors and metastases continues to be a challenge. Functional imaging techniques use radiopharmaceuticals targeted at unique tumor cellular processes in order to provide sensitive and highly specific whole-body imaging. Functional imaging allows prediction of the efficacy of radionuclide or receptor-based therapies and surveillance after therapy. Advances in imaging have not been limited to radiopharmaceuticals. Hybrid scanner technology in the form of PET/CT and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT, designed to combine functional images with anatomic maps, has further improved the diagnostic accuracy. High-resolution hybrid imaging when deployed with novel PET and SPECT radiopharmaceuticals has the potential to dramatically change, individualize, and optimize imaging plans based on the histological grade, degree of differentiation, and genetic profile of each patient's endocrine neoplasm.
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Cerdan F, Gabriel S, Sebag F, Fakhry N, Deveze A, Barlier A, Cammilleri S, Mundler O, Taïeb D. Évaluation fonctionnelle par TEP 18F-FDopa des paragangliomes et phéochromocytomes non métastatiques : impact de la localisation lésionnelle et du statut génétique. MEDECINE NUCLEAIRE-IMAGERIE FONCTIONNELLE ET METABOLIQUE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mednuc.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Goenka AH, Shah SN, Remer EM, Berber E. Adrenal imaging: a primer for oncosurgeons. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:543-8. [PMID: 22886706 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of an incidental adrenal lesion into benign and malignant etiologies is an endeavor with significant and obvious clinical benefit. Advances in imaging now enable this differentiation in high proportion of patients in a non-invasive manner. The ACR guidelines elaborated in this review seek to promote clinically meaningful, evidence-based approach to an IAL. Knowledge of the potential as well the limitations of individual modalities is essential so as to streamline investigations in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit H Goenka
- Section of Abdominal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Imaging Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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