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Eriksson M, Kaerlev L, Johansen P, Afonso N, Ahrens W, Costa-Pereira A, Guénel P, Jöckel KH, Gonzalez AL, Merletti F, Suárez-Varela MM, Trétarre B, Wingren G, Richiardi L, Sabroe S. Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for thymoma - A European case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 61:133-138. [PMID: 31254794 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hardly anything is known about the aetiology of thymoma. This paper presents data regarding tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to thymoma from the first case-control study performed on this rare tumour. METHODS A European multi-centre case-control study including incident cases aged 35-69 years with thymoma between 1995 and 1997, was conducted in seven countries. A set of controls, used in seven parallel case-control studies by the same research group was used, including population-based controls from five countries and hospital controls with colon cancer from two countries. Altogether 103 cases, accepted by a reference pathologist, 712 colon cancer controls, and 2071 population controls were interviewed. RESULTS Tobacco smoking was moderately related with thymoma (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9-2.2), and a tendency to dose-response was shown (p = 0.04), with an increased risk for heavy smokers defined as ≥41 pack-years (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). A high consumption of spirits defined as ≥25 g of alcohol per day was associated with an increased risk of thymoma (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.4), whereas no association was found with beer or wine. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking and a high intake of spirits were indicated as risk factors for thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, and Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Linda Kaerlev
- Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Noemia Afonso
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Altamiro Costa-Pereira
- Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Inserm U1018, France; Cancer and Environment Team, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Clinic Essen, Germany
| | - Agustin Llopis Gonzalez
- Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Franco Merletti
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centre for Oncologic Prevention, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Morales Suárez-Varela
- Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gun Wingren
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | | | - Svend Sabroe
- Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Forquer JA. Thymic neoplasms. Curr Probl Cancer 2010; 34:328-66. [PMID: 21112444 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Forquer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Kuefer MU, Moinuddin M, Heideman RL, Lustig RH, Rose SR, Burstein S, VanMiddlesworth L, Fleming I, Jenkins JJ, Shearer PD. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: demographics, treatment, and outcome in eleven pediatric patients treated at a single institution. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 1997; 28:433-40. [PMID: 9143389 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199706)28:6<433::aid-mpo8>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe 11 cases (8 females, 3 males) of papillary thyroid carcinoma in children treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital over a 33-year period, and review the literature. Ages ranged from 7-25 years (median, 16 years). Six patients had primary papillary thyroid carcinoma. Five patients had secondary papillary thyroid carcinoma after treatment of Hodgkin's disease (n = 2), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 2), and neuroblastoma (n = 1) with chemotherapy and cervical radiation. The typical presentation was either cervical lymphadenopathy or a thyroid mass of short duration. Treatment consisted of thyroidectomy, cervical lymph node dissection, and postoperative thyroid hormone replacement (n = 1), parathyroid reimplantation (n = 1), 131I ablation (n = 4), external-beam irradiation (n = 1), and chemotherapy with doxorubicin (n = 1) or carboplatin and topotecan (n = 1). Nine patients are alive without evidence of disease 3.0-22.4 years from diagnosis. One patient has persistent but stable disease 17.3 years after diagnosis. One patient relapsed with metastatic lung disease 0.3 years after the initial diagnosis. He continues to do well after a brief but unsustained complete radiographic remission of disease to combination chemotherapy with carboplatin and topotecan. Our review supports excellent long-term outcome for primary or secondary papillary thyroid carcinoma in pediatric patients although complications may require close follow-up in a multidisciplinary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Kuefer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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