Development of a solid phase extraction method for simultaneous determination of corticoids and tranquilizers in serum samples

Supramolecular solvent-based vortex-mixed microextraction: determination of glucocorticoids in water samples

Glucocorticoids contamination has become a big environmental issue in China and other developing countries, due to increasing needs in medical prescription and farming. However, no highly sensitive and precise methods have been reported to quantify glucocorticoids so far. In the past several years, supramolecular solvent-based vortex-mixed microextraction (SS-BVMME) has been shown to be effective. However, the mechanism of SS-BVMME is still unknown. In this report, a novel method has been proposed for rapid quantification of trace amount of glucocorticoids, beclomethasone dipropionate (BD), hydrocortisone butyrate (HB) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (NPP) in water samples from the Green Lake. This method is simple, safe and cost effective. It contains two steps: supramolecular solvent-based vortex-mixed microextraction (SS-BVMME) technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. First, ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4) and n-butanol were mixed to form the supramolecular solvent. After mixing the supramolecular solvent with an aqueous sample to test, a homogenous mixture was formed immediately. BD, HB and NPP were then extracted based on their binding interactions, particularly hydrogen bond formed between their hydroxyl group and the supramolecular solvent. The overall process of sample preparation took only 20min and more than 5 samples could be simultaneously prepared. The minimum detectable concentrations of samples in this method were 0.09925, 0.5429 and 2.428ngmL(-1) for BD, HB and NPP, respectively. Product recoveries ranged from 88% to 103% with relative standard deviations from 0.6% to 4%. For the first time, we report that hydrogen bond plays a key role in SS-BVMME. We also improve the sensitivity significantly to quantify glucocorticoids, which may greatly benefit environmental safety management in China.

Flow-Injection Coulometric Detection Based on Ion Transfer and Its Application to the Determination of Chlorpromazine

A flow-injection coulometric method for the determination of chlorpromazine based on ion transfer into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane, was developed. The detector used consists of a flow-through cell that incorporates a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane which contains tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate as electrolyte. The membrane is located between the flowing solution and an inner aqueous electrolyte solution. Two pairs of electrodes, each pair formed by a reference electrode and a working electrode, are used, one pair in each solution. The potential between the reference electrodes was controlled by a four-electrode potentiostat with ohmic drop compensation. A potential step capable of producing the transfer of the chlorpromazine ion into the membrane was applied during the passage of a wide portion of sample plug through the cell and the corresponding quantity of the electricity was measured. In the selected conditions, a linear relationship was observed between the quantity of electricity and chlorpromazine concentrations over a range of 1×10^-6 −1×10^-4 M. The detection limit was 2 × 10^-7 M. Good repeatability and between-day reproducibility was obtained. No interference was observed on the part of some common ions and pharmaceutical excipients. The method proposed was applied satisfactorily to the determination of chlorpromazine in pharmaceuticals and human urine.

Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of phenothiazines in human urine in the low nanogramper milliliter concentration range using field-amplified sample injection

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with ultraviolet-visible detection has been established and validated for the determination of five phenothiazines: thiazinamium methylsulfate, promazine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, thioridazine hydrochloride, and promethazine hydrochloride in human urine. Optimum separation was obtained on a 64.5 cm x 75 microm bubble cell capillary using a buffer containing 150 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 25% acetonitrile at pH 8.2, with temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 20 kV, respectively. Naphazoline hydrochloride was used as an internal standard. Field-amplified sample injection (FASI) has been applied to improve the sensitivity of the detection. Considering the influence of parameters affecting the on-line preconcentration (nature of preinjection plug, sample solvent composition, injection times, and injection voltage) and due to the significant interactions among them, in this paper we propose for the first time the application of a multivariate approach to carry out the study. The optimized conditions were as follows: preinjection plug of water for 7 s at 50 mbar, electrokinetic injection for 40 s at 6.2 kV, and 32 microm of H3PO4 in the sample solvent. Also, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure is developed to obtain low detection limits and an adequate selectivity for urine samples. The combination of SPE and FASI-CZE-UV allows adequate linearities and recoveries, low detection limits (from 2 to 5 ng/mL), and satisfactory precisions (3.0-7.2% for an intermediate RSD %).