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Sahu PL, Maurya AK, Priyadarshini S, Siddiqui AA, Sahu K. Measurement Uncertainty and Validation for Quantitation of Salbutamol in Human Urine by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:605-611. [PMID: 36214345 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed for quantitation of salbutamol in human urine using salbutamol-d3 as the internal standard. The processing of urines samples includes deconjugation with enzymatic hydrolysis, solid phase extraction procedure utilizing XAD2 column and liquid-liquid extraction accompanied by the derivatization by means of MSTFA/IODO-TMS/DTE mixture. The GC column was a HP Ultra-1 (17 m × 0.22 mm × 0.11 μm) used to separate the peak of interest. The data for GC-MS/MS were acquired and processed utilizing GC Labs Solution and Insight GCMS Software. The detection of spectra was performed on TQ 8050. This method included a chromatographic run of 13.67 min and the linearity was found over the concentration range of 250-2000 ng/mL with a regression coefficient (r2) of 0.99. The coefficient of variation for intra and interday assay precision was between 1.85 and 2.85% and the accuracy was between 95.50 and 107.04% for low quality control (QC), medium QC and high QC. The recovery was adequate to reliable detect the analyte at or below the level recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency i.e., threshold 1000 ng/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 10 and 100 ng/mL, respectively. The expanded measurement uncertainty (Uexp%) was found to be 8.28%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puran Lal Sahu
- National Dope Testing Laboratory, Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports (MYAS), Government of India, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Maurya
- National Dope Testing Laboratory, Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports (MYAS), Government of India, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Subhasmita Priyadarshini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Anees Ahmad Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Kapendra Sahu
- National Dope Testing Laboratory, Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports (MYAS), Government of India, New Delhi 110003, India
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Göktaş EF, Kabil E. Stability of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urine and solution: effects of degradation on analytical assessment. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:407-419. [PMID: 37125899 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Knowledge of optimal storage conditions of drugs is crucial for properly interpreting analytical assessments. Materials & methods: The current study aimed to investigate the stability of some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using a validated method by gas chromatography (GC)-MS. For this propose, long-term, short-term and solution stability were investigated. Results: The analytes remained stable in the sample, similar to the working solution. The most affected substance over time in both matrix and working solution was phenylbutazone. The freeze-thaw cycle affected flunixin and carprofen, but diclofenac and vedaprofen changed only in the third cycle. In short-term stability, high-temperature conditions changed carprofen. Conclusion: The present study is a comprehensive assay for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug stability and can be used as a reference for results assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Funda Göktaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, 34890, Türkiye
| | - Erol Kabil
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, 34890, Türkiye
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Cordell RL, Valkenburg TSE, Pandya HC, Hawcutt DB, Semple MG, Monks PS. Quantitation of salbutamol using micro-volume blood sampling - applications to exacerbations of pediatric asthma. J Asthma 2017; 55:1205-1213. [PMID: 29211599 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1402341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method has been developed to quantify salbutamol in micro-volumes (10 µL) of blood. A potential application is paediatric therapeutic dose monitoring (TDM) in acute severe asthma. METHODS At presentation, the children receive multiple doses of salbutamol (inhaled, nebulised and occasionally intravenous) but it is difficult to distinguish children who do not respond to treatment because of inadequate concentrations from those with toxicity, as symptoms are similar. A comparison was made between traditional dried blood spots (DBS) and the newly developed technique volumetric absorptive micro-sampling (VAMS), with specific investigation into the effect of drying time on analyte recovery. RESULTS For both sampling techniques, the final assay demonstrated good precision and accuracy across the concentration range tested (3-100 ng/mL), including both the normal therapeutic and toxic range. The method was developed to comply with FDA guidelines with precision and accuracy ≤15% for all concentrations, except the limit of quantification (5 ng/mL) where they were ≤20%. VAMS offered advantages in sampling ease and reduced GC-MS interference. The assay was successfully applied to the quantification of blood salbutamol concentrations in three healthy volunteers dosed with 1 mg salbutamol by inhalation. CONCLUSIONS This demonstrated its potential for use in paediatric TDM studies, where in the acute situation considerably higher doses of salbutamol will have been administered. This is the first time that a TDM method for salbutamol has been carried out using VAMS and offers all the advantages provided by DBS, whilst eliminating the inherent sampling volume inaccuracies of traditional DBS collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Cordell
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Leicester , Leicester , LE1 7RH , UK
| | | | - Hitesh C Pandya
- b Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , LE1 7RH , UK.,c Respiratory TAU and Flexible Discovery , GlaxoSmithKline Stevenage , Hertfordshire SG1 2NY , UK
| | - Daniel B Hawcutt
- d Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L69 3BX , UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- d Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L69 3BX , UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Leicester , Leicester , LE1 7RH , UK
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Pérez-Silva I, Ramírez-Silva MT, Galán-Vidal CA, Álvarez-Romero GA, Rodríguez JA, Páez-Hernández ME. Evaluation of the use of solvent impregnated resins in the analysis of salbutamol in human urine followed by capillary electrophoresis. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wu Y, Xu F, Jiang H, Tao X, Zhu K, Liu W, Cui Y, Huang X, Ding S. Determination of Salbutamol, Clenbuterol, and Brombuterol in Urine by a Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.917422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Garrido BC, Silva MLC, Borges RM, Padilha MC, de Aquino Neto FR. Salbutamol extraction from urine and its stability in different solutions: identification of methylation products and validation of a quantitative analytical method. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1630-8. [PMID: 23801106 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salbutamol is commonly used in asthma treatment, being considered a short-effect bronchodilator. This drug poses special interest in certain fields of chemical analysis, such as food, clinical and doping analyses, in which it needs to be analyzed with quantitative precision and accuracy. Salbutamol, however, is known to degrade under certain conditions and this is critical if quantitative results must be generated. The present work aimed to investigate salbutamol extraction from urine samples, to determine whether salbutamol is unstable in other solvents as well as in urine samples, to elucidate the structures of the possible degradation products and to validate an analytical method using the extraction procedure evaluated. Stability investigations were performed in urine at different pH values, in methanol and acetone at different temperatures. Semi-preparative liquid chromatography was performed for the isolation of degradation products, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as well as nuclear magnetic resonance were used for identification. Three unreported methylation products were detected in methanolic solutions and had their structures elucidated. Urine samples showed a reduction in salbutamol concentration of up to 25.8% after 5 weeks. These results show that special care must be taken regarding salbutamol quantitative analyses, since degradation either in standard solutions or in urine could lead to incorrect values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carius Garrido
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, LAB DOP-LADETEC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mareck U, Guddat S, Schwenke A, Beuck S, Geyer H, Flenker U, Elers J, Backer V, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Determination of salbutamol and salbutamol glucuronide in human urine by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:820-7. [PMID: 22081503 DOI: 10.1002/dta.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The determination of salbutamol and its glucuronide in human urine following the inhalative and oral administration of therapeutic doses of salbutamol preparations was performed by means of direct urine injection utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and employing d(3)-salbutamol and d(3)-salbutamol glucuronide as internal standards. Unconjugated salbutamol was detected in all administration study urine samples. Salbutamol concentrations following inhalation were commonly (99%) below 1000 ng/ml whereas values after oral administration frequently (48%) exceeded this threshold. While salbutamol glucuronide was not detected in urine samples collected after inhalation of the drug, 26 out of 82 specimens obtained after oral application contained salbutamol glucuronide with a peak value of 63 ng/ml. The percentage of salbutamol glucuronide compared to unconjugated salbutamol was less than 3%. Authentic doping control urine samples indicating screening results for salbutamol less than 1000 ng/ml, showed salbutamol glucuronide concentrations between 2 and 6 ng/ml, whereas adverse analytical findings resulting from salbutamol levels higher than 1000 ng/ml, had salbutamol glucuronide values between 8 and 15 ng/ml. The approach enabled the rapid determination of salbutamol and its glucuronic acid conjugate in human urine and represents an alternative to existing procedures since time-consuming hydrolysis or derivatization steps were omitted. Moreover, the excretion of salbutamol glucuronide in human urine following the administration of salbutamol was proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mareck
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Sidler-Moix AL, Mercier T, Decosterd LA, Di Paolo ER, Berger-Gryllaki M, Cotting J, Pannatier A. A highly sensitive LC-tandem MS assay for the measurement in plasma and in urine of salbutamol administered by nebulization during mechanical ventilation in healthy volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:672-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Mercier
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Laurent A. Decosterd
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jacques Cotting
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - André Pannatier
- Department of Pharmacy; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
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The importance of reference materials in doping-control analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:483-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ventura R, Ramírez R, Monfort N, Segura J. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for direct quantification of salbutamol in urine samples in doping control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:886-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mazhar S, Chrystyn H. New HPLC assay for urinary salbutamol concentrations in samples collected post-inhalation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anurukvorakun O, Buchberger W, Himmelsbach M, Klampel CW, Suntornsuk L. A sensitive non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric method for multiresidue analyses ofβ-agonists in pork. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:588-99. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peters FT. Stability of analytes in biosamples - an important issue in clinical and forensic toxicology? Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1505-19. [PMID: 17429615 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the stability of drugs in biological samples is important for the interpretation of toxicological findings. This paper reviews data on the stability of drugs in blood, plasma, or serum. Since such data have already been reviewed for classic drugs of abuse, the focus here is on newer drugs of abuse and on therapeutic drugs. Key information about the conditions of the stability experiments will be provided and the following drugs or drug classes are covered: amphetamines, amphetamine-derived, piperazine-derived, and phenethylamine-derived designer drugs, antidepressants, neuroleptics, anti-HIV drugs, antiepileptics, cardiovascular drugs, and others. In addition, aspects of stability experiments and their evaluations are discussed. The data presented show that the majority of drugs are stable in blood, plasma, or serum samples under the conditions usually encountered in a clinical or forensic toxicology laboratory. Instability usually only occurs for drugs carrying ester moieties, sulfur atoms, or other easily oxidized or reduced structures. Nevertheless, clinical or forensic specimens should always be stored at least in the refrigerator and preferably at -20 degrees C or lower to avoid any degradation. Finally, results obtained from biosamples that have been stored at room temperature for a longer time should be interpreted with great care and partial degradation should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Peters
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Yamini Y, Reimann CT, Vatanara A, Jönsson JA. Extraction and preconcentration of salbutamol and terbutaline from aqueous samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane containing anionic carrier. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:57-67. [PMID: 16716341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new three-phase liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) strategy for extraction and preconcentration of salbutamol (SB) and terbutaline (TB) from aqueous samples, including urine. The drugs were extracted from 11 ml of aqueous sample (source phase; SP) into an organic phase with microliter volume located inside the pores of a polypropylene hollow fiber, and then back-extracted into 24 microl of a second aqueous solution as the receiving phase (RP), located in the lumen of the hollow fiber. In preliminary experiments, we tried to transport the drugs using a pH gradient between the two sides of the hollow fiber. Due to the existence of both amine and phenolic groups on the drugs, very little transport occurred and enrichment factors (EF) less than one were obtained. Further experiments were done in the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) monohydrogenphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) or methyltrioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) in the organic phase, to extract drugs from acidic and basic matrices, respectively. Results showed that transport of drugs from alkaline solution into 1M of sodium bromide occurred when the membrane was impregnated with dihexyl ether containing 20% Aliquat 336. To optimize the EF, the effects of different parameters such as the nature of organic solvent used to impregnate the membrane, compositions and volumes of SP and RP, type and concentration of carrier, extraction time and stirring rate were investigated. Optimal results were obtained in the presence of 0.005 M of NaOH (pH 11.70) in the SP, 1M of NaBr in the RP, 20% of Aliquat 336 in dihexyl ether as membrane impregnation solvent, stirring rate of 500 rpm and extraction time of 60 min. Under these conditions, enrichment factors of 52.9 and 213.1, dynamic linear ranges of 20-5000 and 10-5000, and limits of detection of 2.5 and 0.5 ng/ml were obtained for salbutamol and terbutaline, respectively. Also determination of drugs in environmental water and urine samples in the range of nanograms per millilitre with RSDs<10% was possible using HPLC-photodiode array detection or HPLC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 11415-175, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Di X, Wu M. Quantitation of salbutamol in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:328-32. [PMID: 16359934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) is described for quantitation of salbutamol in human urine using nadolol as the internal standard (I.S.). Urine samples were hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase followed by a solid-phase extraction procedure using Bond Elut-Certify cartridges. The HPLC column was an Agilent Zorbax SB-C(18) column. A mixture of 0.01 M ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.5)-acetonitrile (85:15, v/v) was used as the mobile phase. Analytes were quantitated using positive electrospray ionization in a quadrupole spectrometer. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used to monitor m/z 166 for salbutamol and m/z 310 for I.S. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 10.0-2000.0 ng/ml. The limit of quantification was 10.0 ng/ml. The intra- and inter-run precision, calculated from quality control (QC) samples was less than 7.3%. The accuracy as determined from QC samples was within +/-2.6%. The method was applied for determining excretion curves of salbutamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zhang
- China Doping Control Center, National Research Institute of Sports Medicine, The State Sport General Administration, 1 Anding Road, Beijing 100029, China.
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