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Fouad A, Adly FG, Soltan MK, Ghanem A. Lipase as a Chiral Selector Immobilised on Carboxylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Encapsulated in the Organic Polymer Monolithic Capillary for Nano-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Enantioseparation of Racemic Pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2023; 28:6663. [PMID: 37764439 PMCID: PMC10534468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the preparation of lipase immobilised on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an enantioselector for capillary monolithic columns and their application in the chiral separation of racemic pharmaceuticals. The columns were prepared through the encapsulation of functionalised SWCNTs (c-SWCNTs) within an organic monolithic polymer, followed by the immobilisation of lipase over the obtained monolith, over a three-day (L1) and five-day (L2) period. The prepared columns were tested for the enantioselective nano-HPLC separation of 50 racemic drugs. A suitable resolution was achieved for 25 drugs using nano-RP-HPLC conditions for both the L1 and L2 capillaries, while no specific resolution was detected under normal-phase HPLC conditions. The developed c-SWCNT-lipase-based polymeric monolithic capillaries are a promising expansion for separating pharmaceutical enantiomers' using nano-HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Frady G. Adly
- Complementary & Over the Counter Medicines Branch, Medicines Regulation Division, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australian Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra, ACT 2609, Australia;
| | - Moustafa K. Soltan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Oman College of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Muscat 132, Oman
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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2
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Al-Sulaimi S, Kushwah R, Abdullah Alsibani M, El Jery A, Aldrdery M, Ashraf GA. Emerging Developments in Separation Techniques and Analysis of Chiral Pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2023; 28:6175. [PMID: 37687004 PMCID: PMC10489017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation, the process of isolating enantiomers from a racemic mixture, holds paramount importance in diverse scientific disciplines. Using chiral separation methods like chromatography and electrophoresis, enantiomers can be isolated and characterized. This study emphasizes the significance of chiral separation in drug development, quality control, environmental analysis, and chemical synthesis, facilitating improved therapeutic outcomes, regulatory compliance, and enhanced industrial processes. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as a powerful technique for the analysis of chiral drugs. This review also highlights the significance of CE in chiral drug analysis, emphasizing its high separation efficiency, rapid analysis times, and compatibility with other detection techniques. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become a vital technique for chiral drugs analysis. Through the utilization of a chiral stationary phase, HPLC separates enantiomers based on their differential interactions, allowing for the quantification of individual enantiomeric concentrations. This study also emphasizes the significance of HPLC in chiral drug analysis, highlighting its excellent resolution, sensitivity, and applicability. The resolution and enantiomeric analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) hold great importance due to their chiral nature and potential variations in pharmacological effects. Several studies have emphasized the significance of resolving and analyzing the enantiomers of NSAIDs. Enantiomeric analysis provides critical insights into the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potential interactions of NSAIDs, aiding in drug design, optimization, and personalized medicine for improved therapeutic outcomes and patient safety. Microfluidics systems have revolutionized chiral separation, offering miniaturization, precise fluid control, and high throughput. Integration of microscale channels and techniques provides a promising platform for on-chip chiral analysis in pharmaceuticals and analytical chemistry. Their applications in techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) offer improved resolution and faster analysis times, making them valuable tools for enantiomeric analysis in pharmaceutical, environmental, and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Al-Sulaimi
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman; (S.A.-S.); (R.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Reveka Kushwah
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman; (S.A.-S.); (R.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alsibani
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman; (S.A.-S.); (R.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Atef El Jery
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moutaz Aldrdery
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Neequaye T, El Rassi Z. Poly(carboxyethyl acrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) precursor monolith with bonded anthracenyl ligands for use in reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography based on hydrophobic and π-π interactions. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463526. [PMID: 36166884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this research report, the post polymerization functionalization (PPF) of a carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA)-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) [poly-CEA-co-EDMA)] precursor monolith with 2-aminoanthracene was carried out in the presence of an organic solvent soluble carbodiimide, namely N,N´-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), yielding the so-called anthracenyl-poly-CEA-co-EDMA monolith. This novel monolith proved to be an excellent monolithic stationary for reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography (RP-CEC) with hydrophobic and π-π interactions of a wide range of nonpolar solutes including those bearing aryl functional groups in their structures such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), toluene derivatives and aniline derivatives as well as solutes carrying in their structures electron withdrawing substituents such as dinitrophenyl-amino acids (DNP-AAs) and di-DNP-AAs. The retention behaviors of the just mentioned solutes obtained on the anthracenyl-poly-CEA-co-EDMA monolithic column were compared to those obtained on octadecyl-poly-CEA-co-EDMA monolithic column prepared from the same carboxy-precursor monolith. The results demonstrated the superiority of anthracenyl column over the octadecyl column for the separation and enhanced selectivity for aromatic solutes since it provides not only hydrophobic interactions but also π-π interactions with aromatic nonpolar solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Neequaye
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Si H, Wang Q, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Li H, Li S, Wang S, Zhu B. Functionalized monolithic columns: Recent advancements and their applications for high-efficiency separation and enrichment in food and medicine. Front Chem 2022; 10:951649. [PMID: 35991596 PMCID: PMC9388943 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.951649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatographic column is the core of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, and must have excellent separation efficiency and selectivity. Therefore, functional modification materials for monolithic columns have been rapidly developed. This study is a systematic review of the recently reported functionalized monolithic columns. In particular, the study reviews the types of functional monomers under different modification conditions, as well as the separation and detection techniques combined with chromatography, and their development prospects. In addition, the applications of functionalized monolithic columns in food analysis, biomedicine, and the analysis of active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicines in recent years are also discussed. Also reviewed are the functionalized monolithic columns for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It provided a reference for further development and application of organic polymer monolithic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Si
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Wang,
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongya Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shuna Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Zhang J, Liang L, Miao Y, Yang Y, Bao X, Liu C. Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin imprinted polymers: hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane as a coating for enantioseparation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9637-9644. [PMID: 35424918 PMCID: PMC8985239 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00079b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) imprinted coating based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) for open tubular electrochromatography was prepared. The mixture of methacryl-POSS (MA0735), HP-β-CD (template), methacrylic acid (MAA, monomer), N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA, crosslinker) and toluene-dimethyl sulfoxide (porogen) was used to synthesize the chiral selective coating. The influence of synthesis parameters on the imprinting effect and separation performance, including the amount of HP-β-CD, POSS, and MAA, was investigated systemically. The optimum polymerization was prepared by mixing HP-β-CD, MA0735, MAA, and MBA with the molar ratio of 1 : 1.87 : 1.60 : 1.60. Five racemates were separated by the modified capillary columns using aqueous buffer. Column efficiency on the POSS-based MIPs coating column was greater than 22 000 plates/m. MIPs-POSS hybrid coating capillaries had improved resolution (3.36 times) and the greatest resolution was up to 6.15 within 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
- Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Lingling Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
- Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Yanqing Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
- Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Xin Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Chunye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
- Institute of Medicine, Xi'an Medical University Xi'an 710021 China
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6
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Gackowski M, Przybylska A, Kruszewski S, Koba M, Mądra-Gackowska K, Bogacz A. Recent Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis in the Determination of Active Compounds in Medicinal Plants and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Molecules 2021; 26:4141. [PMID: 34299418 PMCID: PMC8307982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes scientific reports from between 2010 and 2019 on the use of capillary electrophoresis to quantify active constituents (i.e., phenolic compounds, coumarins, protoberberines, curcuminoids, iridoid glycosides, alkaloids, triterpene acids) in medicinal plants and herbal formulations. The present literature review is founded on PRISMA guidelines and selection criteria were formulated on the basis of PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study type). The scrutiny reveals capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection as the most frequently used capillary electromigration technique for the selective separation and quantification of bioactive compounds. For the purpose of improvement of resolution and sensitivity, other detection methods are used (including mass spectrometry), modifiers to the background electrolyte are introduced and different extraction as well as pre-concentration techniques are employed. In conclusion, capillary electrophoresis is a powerful tool and for given applications it is comparable to high performance liquid chromatography. Short time of execution, high efficiency, versatility in separation modes and low consumption of solvents and sample make capillary electrophoresis an attractive and eco-friendly alternative to more expensive methods for the quality control of drugs or raw plant material without any relevant decrease in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gackowski
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, A. Jurasza 2 Street, PL–85089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Przybylska
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, A. Jurasza 2 Street, PL–85089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Stefan Kruszewski
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13 Street, PL–85067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Koba
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, A. Jurasza 2 Street, PL–85089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Mądra-Gackowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Skłodowskiej Curie 9 Street, PL–85094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Artur Bogacz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Skłodowskiej Curie 9 Street, PL–85094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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7
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Deng M, Xue M, Liu Y, Zhao M. Preparation of a novel hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin functionalized monolith for separation of chiral drugs in capillary electrochromatography. Chirality 2021; 33:188-195. [PMID: 33604997 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) functionalized monolithic capillary column was prepared by one-pot sequential strategy and used for chiral separation in capillary electrochromatography for the first time. In one pot, GMA-HP-γ-CD as functional monomer was allowed to be formed via the ring opening reaction between HP-γ-CD and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) catalyzed by 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and then copolymerized directly with ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) in the presence of porogenic solvents via thermally initiated free radical polymerization. The preparation conditions of monoliths were optimized. Enantiomer separations of six chiral drugs including pindolol, clorprenaline, tulobuterol, clenbuterol, propranolol, and tropicamide were achieved on the monolith. Among them, pindolol, clorprenaline, and tropicamide were baseline separated with resolution values of 1.62, 1.73, and 1.55, respectively. The mechanism of enantiomer separation was discussed by comparison of the HP-γ-CD and HP-β-CD functionalized monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoduo Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyao Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanru Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Ali F, AlOthman ZA, Al-Shaalan NH. Mixed-mode open tubular column for peptide separations by capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2602-2611. [PMID: 33905621 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-mode chromatography open tubular column has been developed for peptide separation in electrochromatography. A column with 92 cm effective length and 50 μm internal diameter is fabricated internally with a copolymer sheet of restricted thickness. Catalyst facilitated binding of the coupling agent 3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl isocyanate has been carried out at the interior surface of the column. The initiator sodium diethyldithiocarbamate was bound to the coupling agent. A small amount of N-[2-(acryloylamino) phenyl] acrylamide was used along with methacrylic acid and styrene in the monomer mixture to induce a little polar character in the stationary phase fabricated inside the column. Twenty-three peptides have been separated from a chemically digested protein mixture present in cytochrome C in capillary electrochromatography, in addition to the separation of six commercial peptides. We achieved an average plate count of over 1.5 million/m with the column of current study both for the digested protein components and commercial peptides using 70/30% v/v (acetonitrile/20 mM ammonium formate) at pH 6.5. In addition, the column resulted in baseline separation of all the peptides with very good resolution, enhanced peak capacity, and better retention time span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zeid A AlOthman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Hamad Al-Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Ali F, Cheong WJ, Rafique A, AlOthman ZA, Sadia M, Muhammad M. Particle packed mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phase for the separation of peptide in liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1430-1439. [PMID: 33492780 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A particle-based stationary phase has been prepared for the separation of five synthetic peptides and a mixture containing tryptic digest of cytochrome C in liquid chromatography. Particles originating from silica monolith were differentially sedimented to obtain 1-2 μm particles. A stationary phase was achieved by the coating of poly(styrene-methacrylic acid-N-phenylacrylamide) copolymer onto the particles via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization reaction. Stainless steel column (30 cm long and 1 mm internal diameter) was packed with stationary phase. Very high separation efficiency (ca. 351 000 plates/m) was achieved for five commercial peptides with a percent relative standard deviation of less than 1%. Protocol for the synthesis and modification of silica monolith particles has been well optimized with a good reproducibility both in particle and pore size. The column resolved about 21 peptide components from a mixture containing tryptic digest of cytochrome C, under the elution conditions of acetonitrile/15 mM ammonium format (65/35 v/v%) with a flow rate of 28 μL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Aamra Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of The Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Zeid A AlOthman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Sadia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mian Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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10
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Hartner NT, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Piendl SK, Zimmermann S, Belder D. On-Line Coupling of Chip-Electrochromatography and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15129-15136. [PMID: 33143411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the first hyphenation of chip-electrochromatography (ChEC) with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This approach combines the separation power of two electrokinetically driven separation techniques, the first in liquid phase and the second in gas phase, with a label-free detection of the analytes. For achieving this, a microfluidic glass chip incorporating a monolithic separation column, a nanofluidic liquid junction for providing post-column electrical contact, and a monolithically integrated electrospray emitter was developed. This device was successfully coupled to a custom-built high-resolution drift tube IMS with shifted potentials. After proof-of-concept studies in which a mixture of five model compounds was analyzed in less than 80 s, this first ChEC-IMS system was applied to a more complex sample, the analysis of herbicides spiked in the wine matrix. The use of ChEC before IMS detection not only facilitated the peak allocation and increased the peak capacity but also enabled analyte quantification. As both, ChEC and IMS work at ambient conditions and are driven by high voltages, no bulky pumping systems are needed, neither for the hydrodynamic pumping of the mobile phase as in high-performance liquid chromatography nor for generating a vacuum system as in mass spectrometry. Accordingly, the approach has great potential as a portable analytical system for field analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian K Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Dores-Sousa JL, Terryn H, Eeltink S. Morphology optimization and assessment of the performance limits of high-porosity nanostructured polymer monolithic capillary columns for proteomics analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Recent advances in preparation and applications of monolithic chiral stationary phases. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Ma S, Li Y, Ma C, Wang Y, Ou J, Ye M. Challenges and Advances in the Fabrication of Monolithic Bioseparation Materials and their Applications in Proteomics Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902023. [PMID: 31502719 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography integrated with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has become a powerful technique for proteomics research. Its performance heavily depends on the separation efficiency of HPLC, which in turn depends on the chromatographic material. As the "heart" of the HPLC system, the chromatographic material is required to achieve excellent column efficiency and fast analysis. Monolithic materials, fabricated as continuous supports with interconnected skeletal structure and flow-through pores, are regarded as an alternative to particle-packed columns. Such materials are featured with easy preparation, fast mass transfer, high porosity, low back pressure, and miniaturization, and are next-generation separation materials for high-throughput proteins and peptides analysis. Herein, the recent progress regarding the fabrication of various monolithic materials is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on studies of the fabrication of monolithic capillary columns and their applications in separation of biomolecules by capillary liquid chromatography (cLC). The applications of monolithic materials in the digestion, enrichment, and separation of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides from biological samples are also considered. Finally, advances in comprehensive 2D HPLC separations using monolithic columns are also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ya Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chen Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Junjie Ou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Echevarría RN, Keunchkarian S, Villarroel-Rocha J, Sapag K, Reta M. Organic monolithic capillary columns coated with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) for enantioseparations by capillary HPLC. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Preparation of a hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin functionalized monolithic column by one-pot sequential reaction and its application for capillary electrochromatographic enantiomer separation. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:269-277. [PMID: 31279475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) functionalized monolithic capillary column was prepared by one-pot sequential reaction for the first time. The preparation of the HP-β-CD functionalized monolithic column involves two sequential reactions in one pot: (1) the ring opening reaction between HP-β-CD and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) catalyzed by 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU); (2) the copolymerization of GMA-HP-β-CD, ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS). A series of monolithic columns were successfully prepared by varying the temperature of the ring opening reaction or several copolymerization parameters (the type and composition of porogenic solvents, ratio of GMA-HP-β-CD to EDMA and polymerization temperature). Then, the morphologies and structures of the resulting monolithic stationary phases were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis. Raman spectroscopy clearly indicated the successful bonding of HP-β-CD onto the monolith. When the prepared chiral stationary phase (CSP) was applied for the separation of a set of racemic compounds by capillary electrochromatography (CEC), including racemic anticholinergic drugs, β-adrenergic drugs, meptazinol and its intermediates, satisfactory separation selectivities were obtained. Additionally, the column also showed excellent separation abilities towards four flavanone glycosides epimers. Furthermore, the prepared monolithic columns exhibited satisfactory stability and reproducibilities of retention time, resolution and column efficiency. These results demonstrated the potential and usefulness of the developed one-pot sequential strategy in the preparation of other derivatized CD functionalized monolithic columns.
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16
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Mao Z, Chen Z. Advances in capillary electro-chromatography. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:227-237. [PMID: 31452960 PMCID: PMC6702421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a micro-scale separation technique which is a hybrid between capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC). CEC can be performed in packed, monolithic and open-tubular columns. In recent three years (from 2016 to 2018), enormous attention for CEC has been the development of novel stationary phases. This review mainly covers the development of novel stationary phases for open-tubular and monolithic columns. In particular, some biomaterials attracted increasing interest. There are no significant breakthroughs in technology and principles in CEC. The typical CEC applications, especially chiral separations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China
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17
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Mao X, Liu L, Xiao F, Ni W, Cheng X. An innovative reversed-phase monolithic column modified with 4-vinylbiphenyl and ionic liquid stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A poly(VBP-co-EDMA-co-IL) monolithic column was used for electrochromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangju Mao
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Lu Liu
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Fang Xiao
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Wenshan Ni
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Xintao Cheng
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
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18
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Separation and preconcentration of actinides from concentrated nitric acid by extraction chromatography in microsystems. Talanta 2018; 185:586-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Thiol-radical-mediated polymerization for preparation of POSS-containing polyacrylate monoliths in capillary liquid chromatography. Talanta 2018; 190:62-69. [PMID: 30172542 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Through introducing octakis (3-mercaptopropyl) octasilsesquioxane (POSS-SH) synthesized in our lab to the prepolymerization solution containing stearyl acrylate (SA), 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate (HEDA) in the existence of porogenic solvents (tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediol and 1-propanol), a POSS-containing hybrid monolithic column was fabricated via photo-initiated thiol-acrylate polymerization within 7 min. The resulting poly(SA-co-HEDA-co-POSS) monoliths were investigated by physical characterization and chromatographic evaluation. It was found that both the additive amount of thiol group and the proportion of porogenic solvents played vital effect on column efficiency, pore morphology and hydrophobicity of monolithic columns. Consequently, the poly(SA-co-HEDA-co-POSS) monolith possessed superior thermal stability, suitable permeability and homogeneous microstructure. The highest column efficiency was ∼111,000 N m-1 for butylbenzene at the linear velocity of 0.71 mm s-1 in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Subsequently, baseline separations of 9 phenolic compounds, 5 anilines and 5 antibiotics were achieved, indicating the monolithic poly(SA-co-HEDA-co-POSS) column had great ability for separation of small molecules. The analytic results of the tryptic digest of BSA and HeLa were also proved that the hybrid monolith had potential for the analysis of complicated biological samples.
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Fresco-Cala B, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Cárdenas S, Herrero-Martínez JM. Carbon nanostructures incorporated on methacrylate monoliths for separation of small molecules by nano-liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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da Silva CGA, Grespan Bottoli CB, Collins CH. 3-Dimensional X-ray microtomography methodology for characterization of monolithic stationary phases and columns for capillary liquid chromatography - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:30-45. [PMID: 29031297 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this tutorial we describe a fast, nondestructive, three-dimensional (3-D) view approach to be used in morphology characterization of capillary monoliths and columns by reconstruction from X-ray microtomography (XMT) obtained by acquiring projection images of the sample from a number of different directions. The method comprises imaging acquisition, imaging reconstruction using specific algorithms and imaging analysis by generation of a 3-D image of the sample from radiographic images. The 3-D images show the morphological data for bulk macropore space and skeleton connectivity of the monoliths and were compared with other images from imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and with chromatographic performance. The 3-D XMT methodology is applicable for organic and inorganic capillary chromatographic monolithic materials and it allows the acquisition of many hundreds (in our case 1001 projections) of longitudinal and cross-sectional images in a single session, resolving morphological details with a 3D-view of the monolithic structure, inclusive inside the column in a sectional structure with volume (three dimensions) when compared to the sectional structure area (with only two dimensions) when using SEM and FESEM techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G A da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Cuiabá, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - Carol H Collins
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil.
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22
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Wang J, Shen S, Lu X, Ye F. One-pot preparation of an organic polymer monolith by thiol-ene click chemistry for capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3144-3152. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P.R. China
| | - Shufen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P.R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P.R. China
| | - Fanggui Ye
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P.R. China
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23
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Fu H, McCord BR. Separation and identification of antidepressants by acrylate-based monolithic column capillary electrochromatography with UV detection. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2882-2890. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhuo Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Florida International University; Miami FL USA
| | - Bruce R. McCord
- Department of Chemistry; Florida International University; Miami FL USA
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24
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One-Pot Approach to Prepare Organo-silica Hybrid Capillary Monolithic Column with Intact Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle as Building Block. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34718. [PMID: 27698475 PMCID: PMC5048148 DOI: 10.1038/srep34718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile "one-pot" approach to prepare organo-silica hybrid capillary monolithic column with intact mesoporous silica nanoparticle (IMSN) as crosslinker and building block was described. An IMSN crosslinked octadecyl-silica hybrid capillary monolithic column (IMSN-C18 monolithic column) was successfully prepared, and the effects of fabrication conditions (e.g. concentration of intact mesoporous silica nanoparticle, polycondensation temperature, content of vinyltrimethoxysilane and stearyl methacrylate) on the structures of the IMSN-C18 monolithic column were studied in detail. The IMSN-C18 hybrid monolithic column possessed uniform morphology, good mechanical and pH stability (pH 1.1-11), which was applied to the separations of alkyl benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as proteins. The minimum plate height of 10.5 μm (corresponding to 95000 N m-1) for butylbenzene and high reproducibility were achieved. The analysis of tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was carried out on the IMSN-C18 monolithic column by cLC coupled mass spectrometry (cLC-MS/MS), with the protein sequence coverage of 87.5% for BSA, demonstrating its potential application in proteomics.
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25
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Recent developments in cyclodextrin functionalized monolithic columns for the enantioseparation of chiral drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:110-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Astefanei A, Dapic I, Camenzuli M. Different Stationary Phase Selectivities and Morphologies for Intact Protein Separations. Chromatographia 2016; 80:665-687. [PMID: 28529348 PMCID: PMC5413533 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of biology proposed that one gene encodes for one protein. We now know that this does not reflect reality. The human body has approximately 20,000 protein-encoding genes; each of these genes can encode more than one protein. Proteins expressed from a single gene can vary in terms of their post-translational modifications, which often regulate their function within the body. Understanding the proteins within our bodies is a key step in understanding the cause, and perhaps the solution, to disease. This is one of the application areas of proteomics, which is defined as the study of all proteins expressed within an organism at a given point in time. The human proteome is incredibly complex. The complexity of biological samples requires a combination of technologies to achieve high resolution and high sensitivity analysis. Despite the significant advances in mass spectrometry, separation techniques are still essential in this field. Liquid chromatography is an indispensable tool by which low-abundant proteins in complex samples can be enriched and separated. However, advances in chromatography are not as readily adapted in proteomics compared to advances in mass spectrometry. Biologists in this field still favour reversed-phase chromatography with fully porous particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight alternative selectivities and stationary phase morphologies that show potential for application in top-down proteomics; the study of intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Astefanei
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. Dapic
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Camenzuli
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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28
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Moravcová D, Rantamäki AH, Duša F, Wiedmer SK. Monoliths in capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:880-912. [PMID: 26800083 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have reviewed separation studies utilizing monolithic capillary columns for separation of compounds preceding MS analysis. The review is divided in two parts according to the used separation method, namely CEC and capillary LC (cLC). Based on our overview, monolithic CEC-MS technique have been more focused on the syntheses of highly specialized and selective separation phase materials for fast and efficient separation of specific types of analytes. In contrast, monolithic cLC-MS is more widely used and is often employed, for instance, in the analysis of oligonucleotides, metabolites, and peptides and proteins in proteomic studies. While poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-based and silica-based monolithic capillaries found their place in proteomic analyses, the other laboratory-synthesized monoliths still wait for their wider utilization in routine analyses. The development of new monolithic materials will most likely continue due to the demand of more efficient and rapid separation of increasingly complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Moravcová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Filip Duša
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Wang H, Ou J, Bai J, Liu Z, Yao Y, Chen L, Peng X, Zou H. Improving permeability and chromatographic performance of poly(pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate) monolithic column via photo-induced thiol-acrylate polymerization. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1436:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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He P, Burke BP, Clemente GS, Brown N, Pamme N, Archibald SJ. Monolith-based 68Ga processing: a new strategy for purification to facilitate direct radiolabelling methods. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The post-processing of 68Ga generator eluate by means of a novel high capacity cation-exchange silica monolith column has been validated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull HU6 7RX
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
| | - Benjamin P. Burke
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull HU6 7RX
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
| | - Gonçalo S. Clemente
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
- University of Hull
- Hull HU6 7RX
- UK
| | - Nathan Brown
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
- University of Hull
- Hull HU6 7RX
- UK
- School of Engineering
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull HU6 7RX
- UK
| | - Stephen J. Archibald
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull HU6 7RX
- UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre
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31
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Chen Z, Bi X, Li J, Tang Y, Fan G, Sun D. Application and optimization of organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic capillary electrochromatography for in vivo cefdinir determination with microdialysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:440-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Department of TCM analysis; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM; Guangzhou PR China
| | - Xiaoli Bi
- Department of TCM analysis; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM; Guangzhou PR China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai PR China
| | - Yuanjun Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai PR China
| | - Guorong Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research; Shanghai PR China
| | - Dongmei Sun
- Department of TCM analysis; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of TCM; Guangzhou PR China
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32
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Vlakh EG, Korzhikov VA, Hubina AV, Tennikova TB. Molecular imprinting: a tool of modern chemistry for the preparation of highly selective monolithic sorbents. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Ali F, Cheong WJ. Open tubular capillary column for the separation of cytochrome C tryptic digest in capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3645-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Namku Incheon South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Namku Incheon South Korea
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35
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Novell A, Minguillón C. Monolithic silica columns with covalently attached octaproline chiral selector. Dependence of performance on derivatization degree and comparison with a bead-based analogue. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Qin W, Lü H, Xie Z. Preparation and evaluation ofo-phenanthroline immobilized on a hybrid silica monolith modified with ionic liquids for reversed-phase pressurized capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3722-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Haixia Lü
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Zenghong Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
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37
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Xue Y, Gu X, Wang Y, Yan C. Recent advances on capillary columns, detectors, and two-dimensional separations in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:124-34. [PMID: 25223262 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As a typical miniaturized analytical technique, CEC has attracted much attention because of its low sample and solvent consumption, high efficiency, high selectivity, high resolution, and fast speed. In this review, we mainly cover the development of capillary columns and detection techniques in the CEC since 2009. Herein, three types of capillary columns, namely, open-tubular capillary columns, monolithic columns and packed columns, and several types of detectors are reviewed in detail. Moreover, a 2D separation system based on CEC is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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38
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Sancho R, Novell A, Svec F, Minguillón C. Monolithic silica columns functionalized with substituted polyproline-derived chiral selectors as chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2805-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sancho
- Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus; University of Barcelona; Santa Coloma de Gramenet Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Arnau Novell
- Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus; University of Barcelona; Santa Coloma de Gramenet Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Molecular Foundry; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA USA
| | - Cristina Minguillón
- Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus; University of Barcelona; Santa Coloma de Gramenet Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Al-Hussin A, Boysen RI, Saito K, Hearn MT. Preparation and electrochromatographic characterization of new chiral β-cyclodextrin poly(acrylamidopropyl) porous layer open tubular capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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UV-polymerized butyl methacrylate monoliths with embedded carboxylic single-walled carbon nanotubes for CEC applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6329-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Nema T, Chan EC, Ho PC. Applications of monolithic materials for sample preparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang X, Zheng N, Huang Y, Wang J, Lin X, Xie Z. Dipyridyl-immobilized ionic liquid type hybrid silica monolith for hydrophilic interaction electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3091-9. [PMID: 23925897 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A pyridinium-based immobilized ionic liquid type multifunctional hybrid silica monolith was prepared by the in situ polymerization of 3-chloropropyl-silica matrix and 4,4'-dipyridyl for hydrophilic interaction CEC. The obtained hybrid monolith possessed of high stable skeletal microstructures with obviously hydrophilic retention mechanism under ACN content >50% in the mobile phase. Strong and stable anodic EOF could be observed under a broad pH range from pH 3.0 to 9.0. Due to the immobilized dipyridyl groups bonded to the silica matrix surface, the resulting hydrophilic hybrid monolith possessed multiple separation interactions including hydrogen bond, π-π, and anion exchange. Excellent separations of various polar analytes including electroneutral phenols, charged acid nucleotides, and basic analytes were successfully achieved. The highest column efficiencies up to 120,000, 164,000, and 106,000 plates/m were obtained for nucleotides, nucleic acid bases, and nucleosides and nicotines, respectively. These results demonstrated that the dipyridyl-immobilized ionic liquid functionalized hybrid monolith possessed highly mechanical stability and good chromatographic performance for hydrophilic interaction electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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Lin H, Ou J, Tang S, Zhang Z, Dong J, Liu Z, Zou H. Facile preparation of a stable and functionalizable hybrid monolith via ring-opening polymerization for capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Aydoğan C, Yılmaz F, Çimen D, Uzun L, Denizli A. Enantioseparation of aromatic amino acids using CEC monolith with novel chiral selector,N-methacryloyl-l-histidine methyl ester. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1908-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Aydoğan
- Department of Chemistry; Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Fatma Yılmaz
- Vocational School of Gerede Chemistry Technology Division; Abant Izzet Baysal University; Bolu; Turkey
| | - Duygu Çimen
- Department of Chemistry; Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Department of Chemistry; Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry; Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University; Ankara; Turkey
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Aydoğan C, Yılmaz F, Denizli A. Cation exchange/hydrophobic interaction monolithic chromatography of small molecules and proteins by nano liquid chromatography†. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1685-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Aydoğan
- Department of Chemistry; Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University; Ankara; Turkey
| | - Fatma Yılmaz
- Vocational School of Gerede Chemistry Technology Division; Abant Izzet Baysal University; Bolu; Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry; Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University; Ankara; Turkey
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Tsioupi DA, Stefan-Vanstaden RI, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:178-204. [PMID: 23161372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the recent advances in enantioanalysis by use of electrophoretic techniques. Due to the big number of publications in the subject mentioned above, this article is focused on chiral method developments and applications published from 2008 until 2011, and it demonstrates chiral selectors used in CE. Numerous chiral selectors have been used over the years, and these include the cyclic and the linear oligo- and polysaccharides, the branched polysaccharides, the polymeric and monomeric surfactants, the macrocyclic and other antibiotics, and the crown ethers. Different dual-selector systems are also presented in this article, and the results are compared with those obtained by use of a single chiral selector. Finally, several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications based on chiral recognition are summarized.
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Nardecchia S, Carriazo D, Ferrer ML, Gutiérrez MC, del Monte F. Three dimensional macroporous architectures and aerogels built of carbon nanotubes and/or graphene: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:794-830. [PMID: 23160635 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes and graphene are some of the most intensively explored carbon allotropes in materials science. This interest mainly resides in their unique properties with electrical conductivities as high as 10(4) S cm(-1), thermal conductivities as high as 5000 W m(-1) K and superior mechanical properties with elastic moduli on the order of 1 TPa for both of them. The possibility to translate the individual properties of these monodimensional (e.g. carbon nanotubes) and bidimensional (e.g. graphene) building units into two-dimensional free-standing thick and thin films has paved the way for using these allotropes in a number of applications (including photocatalysis, electrochemistry, electronics and optoelectronics, among others) as well as for the preparation of biological and chemical sensors. More recently and while recognizing the tremendous interest of these two-dimensional structures, researchers are noticing that the performance of certain devices can experience a significant enhancement by the use of three-dimensional architectures and/or aerogels because of the increase of active material per projected area. This is obviously the case as long as the nanometre-sized building units remain accessible so that the concept of hierarchical three-dimensional organization is critical to guarantee the mass transport and, as consequence, performance enhancement. Thus, this review aims to describe the different synthetic processes used for preparation of these three-dimensional architectures and/or aerogels containing either any or both allotropes, and the different fields of application in which the particular structure of these materials provided a significant enhancement in the efficacy as compared to their two-dimensional analogues or even opened the path to novel applications. The unprecedented compilation of information from both CNT- and graphene-based three-dimensional architectures and/or aerogels in a single revision is also of interest because it allows a straightforward comparison between the particular features provided by each allotrope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nardecchia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Bandari R, Kuballa J, Buchmeiser MR. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization-derived, lectin-functionalized monolithic supports for affinity separation of glycoproteins. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1169-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendar Bandari
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie; Institut für Polymerchemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie; Institut für Polymerchemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
- Institut für Textilchemie und Chemiefasern (ITCF); Denkendorf Germany
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Vlakh EG, Maksimova EF, Tennikova TB. Monolithic polymeric sorbents for high-performance chromatography of synthetic polymers. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090413020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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KUBO T, YASUDA K, TOMINAGA Y, HOSOYA K, OTSUKA K. Hybridization of a Macroporous Sponge and Spherical Microporous Adsorbents for High Throughput Separation of Ionic Solutes. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:417-21. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya KUBO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Koji YASUDA
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
| | | | - Ken HOSOYA
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Koji OTSUKA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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