1
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Fabrication of cellulose derivative coated spherical covalent organic frameworks as chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Chankvetadze B. Our research cooperation with Professor Yoshio Okamoto. Chirality 2022; 34:630-645. [PMID: 35048410 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes our cooperation with the research group of Prof. Yoshio Okamoto at Nagoya University during the period of time between 1992 and 2005. Although the text deals entirely with enantioseparations in high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and capillary electrochromatography, this is not a detailed review in any of these areas. The text highlights selected aspects of these techniques, which have been the subject of our joint research and in part their reflection in follow-up research by our and other research groups. Together with more systematically studied topics, aspects such as ultrafast separation of enantiomers, uncommonly high separation factor of enantiomers and other related issues are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Chiral Monolithic Silica-Based HPLC Columns for Enantiomeric Separation and Determination: Functionalization of Chiral Selector and Recognition of Selector-Selectand Interaction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175241. [PMID: 34500675 PMCID: PMC8434329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review draws attention to the use of chiral monolithic silica HPLC columns for the enantiomeric separation and determination of chiral compounds. Properties and advantages of monolithic silica HPLC columns are also highlighted in comparison to conventional particle-packed, fused-core, and sub-2-µm HPLC columns. Nano-LC capillary monolithic silica columns as well as polymeric-based and hybrid-based monolithic columns are also demonstrated to show good enantioresolution abilities. Methods for introducing the chiral selector into the monolithic silica column in the form of mobile phase additive, by encapsulation and surface coating, or by covalent functionalization are described. The application of molecular modeling methods to elucidate the selector–selectand interaction is discussed. An application for enantiomeric impurity determination is also considered.
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4
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Chiral stationary phase based on cellulose derivative coated polymer microspheres and its separation performance. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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5
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Abstract
Background::
Nano level chiral separation is necessary and demanding in the development
of the drug, genomic, proteomic, and other chemical and the environmental sciences. Few drugs exist
in human body cells for some days at nano level concentrations, that are out of the jurisdiction of the
detection by standard separation techniques. Likewise, the separation and identification of xenobiotics
and other environmental contaminants (at nano or low levels) are necessary for our healthiness.
Discussion:
Conclusion:
This article will be beneficial for chiral chromatographers, academicians, pharmaceutical
industries, environmental researchers and Government regulation authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Arsh Basheer
- State University of New York, Flint Entrance, Amherst, NY 14260, Buffalo, United States
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcus T. Scotti
- Cheminformatics Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraiba-Campus I, 58051-970, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Teaching and Research Management - University Hospital, Cheminformatics Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraiba-Campus I, 58051-970, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara - 41477, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Chankvetadze B. Recent trends in preparation, investigation and application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Fouad A, Ibrahim D, Adly FG, Ghanem A. An insight into chiral monolithic stationary phases for enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography applications. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2303-2340. [PMID: 31050176 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, three main classes of chiral monolithic stationary phases, namely silica-, organic polymer-, and hybrid-based monolithic stationary phases, are covered. Their preparations, applications, and advantages compared with the conventional-packed and open-tubular capillary columns are discussed. A detailed description of the different types and techniques used for the introduction of chiral selectors into the monolithic matrices such as immobilization, functionalization, coating, encapsulation, and bonding. Special emphasis is given to the recent developments of chiral selectors in HPLC monolithic stationary phases during the past 18 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fouad
- Chirality Program, School of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Diana Ibrahim
- Chirality Program, School of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Frady G Adly
- Chirality Program, School of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, School of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
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8
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Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases for Enantioseparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:93-126. [PMID: 31069731 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since this book contains dedicated chapters on enantioseparations using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), or capillary electrochromatography (CEC), the application of polysaccharide-based materials in these modes of liquid-phase separation techniques is touched just superficially. Special emphasis is directed toward a discussion of the optimization of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors, their attachment onto the carrier, and the optimization of the support. The optimization of the separation of enantiomers based on various parameters such as mobile phase composition and temperature is discussed.
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9
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Khundadze N, Pantsulaia S, Fanali C, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B. On our way to sub-second separations of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:37-43. [PMID: 30139619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study our preliminary attempt for obtaining fast and highly efficient separations of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography with slightly modified state-of-the-art commercial instrumentation is described. In order to reach this goal after careful selection of chiral analytes, the preparation of chiral stationary phase (CSP), mobile phase composition and column dimensions were optimized. The concept of segmented chiral-achiral column was introduced. As the result of these optimizations baseline separation of enantiomers was achieved with the analysis time between 1-2 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Khundadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Salome Pantsulaia
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Tivadar Farkas
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, 90501 CA, USA
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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10
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Carrasco-Correa EJ, Ferri M, Woiwode U, Ma Y, Herrero-Martínez JM, Ramis-Ramos G, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Zwitterionic codeine-derived methacrylate monoliths for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography of chiral acids and chiral bases. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2558-2565. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Martina Ferri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Ulrich Woiwode
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Yubo Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Lindner Consulting GmbH; Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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11
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Noel Echevarria R, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Keunchkarian S, Reta M, Herrero-Martinez JM. Photografted methacrylate-based monolithic columns coated with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) for chiral separation in CEC. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1424-1432. [PMID: 29385319 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A chiral capillary monolithic column for enantiomer separation in capillary electrochromatography was prepared by coating cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) on porous glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate monolith in capillary format grafted with chains of [2(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride. The surface modification of the monolith by the photografting of [2(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride monomer as well as the coating conditions of cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) onto the grafted monolithic scaffold were optimized to obtain a stable and reproducible chiral stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. The effect of organic modifier (acetonitrile) in aqueous mobile phase for the enantiomer separation by capillary electrochromatography was also investigated. Several pairs of enantiomers including acidic, neutral, and basic analytes were tested and most of them were partially or completely resolved under aqueous mobile phases. The prepared monolithic chiral stationary phases exhibited a good stability, repeatability, and column-to-column reproducibility, with relative standard deviations below 11% in the studied electrochromatographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Noel Echevarria
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Bs. As., Argentina
| | | | - Sonia Keunchkarian
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Bs. As., Argentina
| | - Mario Reta
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Bs. As., Argentina
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12
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Professor Bezhan Chankvetadze turns 60. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1818-1821. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Fouad A, Marzouk AA, Ibrahim SM, El-Adl SM, Ghanem A. Functionalized polymer monoliths with carbamylated amylose for the enantioselective reversed phase nano-liquid chromatographic separation of a set of racemic pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:91-99. [PMID: 28797665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the first encapsulation of three carbamylated amylose namely R-, S- and R/S-amylose 2,3(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-6-ethylphenylcarbamate in organic polymer monolith in situ capillary columns. The columns were investigated for the enantioselective nano-liquid chromatographic separation of a set of racemic pharmaceuticals, namely, α- and β-blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, antifungal drugs, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors, catecholamines, sedative hypnotics, antihistaminics, anticancer drugs, and antiarrhythmic drugs. Baseline separation was achieved for several drugs under reversed phase chromatographic conditions and only few drugs were separated under normal phase conditions. The developed columns provide more economical analysis under environmentally benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fouad
- Chirality Program, Faculty of ESTEM, University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Adel A Marzouk
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samy M Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sobhy M El-Adl
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Faculty of ESTEM, University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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14
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Fanali S. An overview to nano-scale analytical techniques: Nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1822-1829. [PMID: 28256745 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) and CEC are microfluidic techniques mainly used for analytical purposes. They have been applied to the separation and analysis of a large number of compounds, e.g., peptides, proteins, drugs, enantiomers, antibiotics, pesticides, nutraceutical, etc. Analytes separation is carried out into capillaries containing selected stationary phase. The mobile phase is moved either by a pump (nano-LC) or by an EOF, respectively. The two tools can offer some advantages over conventional techniques, e.g., high selectivity, separation efficiency, resolution, short analysis time and consumption of low volumes of mobile phase. Flow rates in the range 50-800 nL/min are usually applied. The low flow rate reduces the chromatographic dilution increasing the mass sensitivity. Special attention must be paid in avoiding peak dispersion selecting the appropriate detector, injector and tube connection. Finally due to the low flow rate these microfluidic techniques can be easily coupled with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, Italian National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
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15
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Fanali S. Nano-liquid chromatography applied to enantiomers separation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:20-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Fanali C, Fanali S. Chiral Separations using Miniaturized Techniques: State of the Art and Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca; Campus Bio-Medico University; Rome (Italy)
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council (CNR); Area della Ricerca di Roma I; Via Salaria km. 29.300-00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
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Ikegami T, Tanaka N. Recent Progress in Monolithic Silica Columns for High-Speed and High-Selectivity Separations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:317-342. [PMID: 27306311 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic silica columns have greater (through-pore size)/(skeleton size) ratios than particulate columns and fixed support structures in a column for chemical modification, resulting in high-efficiency columns and stationary phases. This review looks at how the size range of monolithic silica columns has been expanded, how high-efficiency monolithic silica columns have been realized, and how various methods of silica surface functionalization, leading to selective stationary phases, have been developed on monolithic silica supports, and provides information on the current status of these columns. Also discussed are the practical aspects of monolithic silica columns, including how their versatility can be improved by the preparation of small-sized structural features (sub-micron) and columns (1 mm ID or smaller) and by optimizing reaction conditions for in situ chemical modification with various restrictions, with an emphasis on recent research results for both topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
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18
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Szwed K, Ou J, Huang G, Lin H, Liu Z, Wang H, Zou H. Preparation of cyclodextrin-modified monolithic hybrid columns for the fast enantioseparation of hydroxy acids in capillary liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1110-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szwed
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dalian P. R. China
| | - Junjie Ou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dalian P. R. China
| | - Guang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dalian P. R. China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dalian P. R. China
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dalian P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dalian P. R. China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dalian P. R. China
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19
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Novell A, Minguillón C. Monolithic silica columns with covalently attached octaproline chiral selector. Dependence of performance on derivatization degree and comparison with a bead-based analogue. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Aturki Z, Rocco A, Rocchi S, Fanali S. Current applications of miniaturized chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques in drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:194-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Ahmed M, Gwairgi M, Ghanem A. Conventional Chiralpak ID vs. Capillary Chiralpak ID-3 Amylose Tris-(3-Chlorophenylcarbamate)-Based Chiral Stationary Phase Columns for the Enantioselective HPLC Separation of Pharmaceutical Racemates. Chirality 2014; 26:677-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ahmed
- Chirality Program, Biomedical Science; University of Canberra; Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Canberra Australia
| | - Marina Gwairgi
- Chirality Program, Biomedical Science; University of Canberra; Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Canberra Australia
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Biomedical Science; University of Canberra; Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Canberra Australia
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22
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Ciogli A, Pierri G, Kotoni D, Cavazzini A, Botta L, Villani C, Kocergin J, Gasparrini F. Toward enantioselective nano ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2819-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pierri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Dorina Kotoni
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Rome Italy
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23
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Al-Othman ZA, Al-Warthan A, Ali I. Advances in enantiomeric resolution on monolithic chiral stationary phases in liquid chromatography and electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1033-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi India
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24
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Nano-liquid chromatography in nutraceutical analysis: Determination of polyphenols in bee pollen. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:270-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Lin H, Ou J, Tang S, Zhang Z, Dong J, Liu Z, Zou H. Facile preparation of a stable and functionalizable hybrid monolith via ring-opening polymerization for capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Healey R, Ghanem A. An Insight to Chiral Monolith for Enantioselective Nano and Micro HPLC: Preparation and Applications. Chirality 2013; 25:314-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Healey
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Applied Science; University of Canberra; Australian Capital Territory (ACT); 2617; Australia
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Applied Science; University of Canberra; Australian Capital Territory (ACT); 2617; Australia
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27
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Rocco A, Maruška A, Fanali S. Enantiomeric separations by means of nano-LC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:421-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rocco
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies; Vytautas Magnus University; Kaunas Lithuania
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
| | - Audrius Maruška
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies; Vytautas Magnus University; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
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Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by high-performance liquid chromatography using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:81-111. [PMID: 23283772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since this book contains dedicated chapters on enantioseparations using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), and simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography, the application of polysaccharide-based materials in these modes of liquid phase separation techniques are touched just superficially. More emphasis is directed toward a discussion of the optimization of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors, their attachment onto the carrier, and the optimization of the support. The optimization of the separation of enantiomers based on various parameters such as mobile phase composition and temperature is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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29
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Chankvetadze B. Recent developments on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase separation of enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:26-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Ou J, Lin H, Tang S, Zhang Z, Dong J, Zou H. Hybrid monolithic columns coated with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate) for enantioseparations in capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:372-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Liu Y, Heyden YV, Mangelings D. Amylose-3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate immobilized on monolithic silica stationary phases for chiral separations in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1613-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Lv C, Liu Y, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Enantioselectivity of monolithic silica stationary phases immobilized with different concentrations cellulose tris (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate), analyzed with different mobile phases in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2708-17. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Kumar AP, Park JH. Fast separations of chiral β-blockers on a cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-coated zirconia monolithic column by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5369-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Pittler E, Schmid MG. Enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids by HPLC on a monolithic column dynamically coated with a vancomycin derivative. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 24:1213-9. [PMID: 20954213 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work a chiral stationary phase was prepared by dynamically coating a monolithic reversed-phase HPLC column with a vancomycin-derivative as chiral selector. A hydrophobic alkyl-chain was attached to the vancomycin molecule, providing the immobilization of the chiral selector on the reversed-phase material. Dansyl amino acids were chosen as model analytes for testing the separation power of the dynamically coated phase. All investigated compounds were separated into their enantiomers. Compared with a conventionally packed vancomycin-CSP, a reversal of the enantiomer elution order was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfriede Pittler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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35
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Monoliths with chiral surface functionalization for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1091-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Kumar AP, Park JH. Enantioseparation on cellulose dimethylphenylcarbamate-modified zirconia monolithic columns by reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Chankvetadze B. Monolithic chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase enantioseparation techniques. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:305-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Wistuba D. Chiral silica-based monoliths in chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:941-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Ikai T, Okamoto Y. Structure Control of Polysaccharide Derivatives for Efficient Separation of Enantiomers by Chromatography. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6077-101. [DOI: 10.1021/cr8005558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong St. Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yoshio Okamoto
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong St. Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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40
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Slater MD, Fréchet JMJ, Svec F. In-column preparation of a brush-type chiral stationary phase using click chemistry and a silica monolith. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:21-8. [PMID: 19051194 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brush-type chiral stationary phases (CSP) have been prepared both from a silica monolith and, separately, from 10 mum porous silica beads via a process of in-column modification including attachment of the chiral selector via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Azide functionalities were first introduced on the pore surface of each type of support by reaction with 3-(azidopropyl)trimethoxysilane, followed by immobilization of a proline-derived chiral selector containing an alkyne moiety. This functionalization reaction was carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper (I) iodide. The separation performance of these triazole linked stationary phases was demonstrated in enantioseparations of four model analytes, which afforded separation factors as high as 11.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Slater
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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41
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Fan LQ, Zhang YP, Ye XW, Zhang YJ, Li B, Lee KP. Rapid Preparation of Monolithic Silica Column for Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Separation by Microwave Irradiation. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802548606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qun Fan
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ping Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Wen Ye
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jun Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Kwang Pill Lee
- b Department of Chemistry , Graduate School, Kyungpook National University , South Korea
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42
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Dong X, Wu R, Dong J, Wu M, Zhu Y, Zou H. Polyacrylamide-based monolithic capillary column with coating of cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate) for enantiomer separation in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:919-27. [PMID: 18219649 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A hydrophilic chiral capillary monolithic column for enantiomer separation in CEC was prepared by coating cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate) (CDMPC) on porous hydrophilic poly(acrylamide-co-N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide) (poly(AA-co-MBA)) monolithic matrix with confine of a fused-silica capillary. The coating conditions were optimized to obtain a stable and reproducible chiral stationary phase for CEC. The effect of organic modifier of ACN in aqueous mobile phase for the enantiomer separation by CEC was investigated, and the significant influence of ACN on the enantioresolution and electrochromatographic retention was observed. Twelve pairs of enantiomers including acidic, neutral, and basic analytes were tested and nine pairs of them were baseline-enantioresolved with acidic and basic aqueous mobile phases. A good within-column repeatability in retention time (RSD = 2.4%) and resolution (RSD = 3.2%) was obtained by consecutive injections of a neutral compound, benzoin, on a prepared chiral monolithic column, while the between-column repeatability in retention time (RSD = 6.4%) and resolution (RSD = 9.6%) was observed by column-to-column examination. The prepared monolithic stationary phase showed good stability in either acidic or basic mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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43
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Núñez O, Nakanishi K, Tanaka N. Preparation of monolithic silica columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:231-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Preinerstorfer B, Hoffmann C, Lubda D, Lämmerhofer M, Lindner W. Enantioselective silica-based monoliths modified with a novel aminosulfonic acid-derived strong cation exchanger for electrically driven and pressure-driven capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1626-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Wu R, Hu L, Wang F, Ye M, Zou H. Recent development of monolithic stationary phases with emphasis on microscale chromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:369-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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46
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Qin F, Xie C, Yu Z, Kong L, Ye M, Zou H. Monolithic enantiomer-selective stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 29:1332-43. [PMID: 16894777 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic materials have become a well-established format for stationary phases in the field of capillary electrochromatography. Four types of monoliths, namely particle-fixed, silica-based, polymer-based, and molecularly imprinted monoliths, have been utilized as enantiomer-selective stationary phases in CEC. This review summarizes recent developments in the area of monolithic enantiomer-selective stationary phases for CEC. The preparative procedure and the characterization of these columns are highlighted. In addition, the disadvantages and limitations of different monolithic enantiomer-selective stationary phases in CEC are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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47
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Chankvetadze B, Kubota T, Ikai T, Yamamoto C, Kamigaito M, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, Okamoto Y. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparations on capillary columns containing crosslinked polysaccharide phenylcarbamate derivatives attached to monolithic silica. J Sep Sci 2007; 29:1988-95. [PMID: 17017011 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic capillary columns containing native silica gel were covalently modified with 3,5-disubstituted phenylcarbamate derivatives of cellulose and amylose and applied for enantioseparations in capillary LC. The method previously used for covalent immobilization of polysaccharide phenylcarbamate derivatives onto the surface of microparticulate silica gel was successfully adapted for in situ modification of monolithic fused-silica capillary columns. The effects of the nature of polysaccharide and the substituents, as well as of multiple covalent immobilization of polysaccharide derivative on chromatographic performance of capillary columns were studied. The capillary columns obtained using this technique are stable in all solvents commonly used in LC and exhibit promising enantiomer resolving ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Molecular Recognition and Separation Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, USA
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48
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Puy G, Roux R, Demesmay C, Rocca JL, Iapichella J, Galarneau A, Brunel D. Influence of the hydrothermal treatment on the chromatographic properties of monolithic silica capillaries for nano-liquid chromatography or capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1160:150-9. [PMID: 17537447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, silica monolithic capillaries have focused more and more attention on miniaturized separation techniques like capillary electrochromatography (CEC), nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) and chip electrochromatography owing to their unique chromatographic properties and their simplified preparation compared with packed columns. They are synthesized according to a sol-gel multi-step process that includes, after a gelation step at 40 degrees C leading to the formation of the macropores network and the silica skeleton, a post-gelation step (hydrothermal treatment at 120 degrees C in basic medium) that allows to tailor the mesopores and finally a calcination or a washing step to remove remaining polymers. In order to reduce the synthesis time, the number of synthesis steps and above all the temperature synthesis, to adapt the synthesis of such silica monoliths in polymeric microsystem devices, we extensively studied the influence of the hydrothermal treatment and its duration on textural (pore size distribution) and chromatographic properties (retention, efficiency) of in situ-synthesized capillary monoliths in nano-LC and CEC. This study was performed on pure silica and octyl chains grafted silica monoliths. Untreated monoliths show small pores (<6 nm), whereas hydrothermally treated monoliths exhibit medium and large mesopores (8-17 nm). It was demonstrated that the hydrothermal treatment at 120 degrees C was not necessary for pure silica monolithic capillaries dedicated to normal phase liquid chromatography or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and electrochromatography: the suppression of the hydrothermal treatment did not impair efficiencies in CEC and in nano-LC but contributed to increase in retention factors. Minimal plate heights of ca. 5 microm in CEC and 6 microm in nano-LC were obtained with or without hydrothermal treatment with bare silica. In the same way, the hydrothermal treatment was not necessary for grafted silica monoliths only dedicated to CEC. However, the results clearly indicate that the hydrothermal treatment becomes essential before grafting in order to preserve the efficiency of the monolithic silica capillaries dedicated to nano-LC: in this particular case, the suppression of the hydrothermal treatment leads approximately to a loss of a factor two in efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Puy
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment CPE, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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49
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Hernández-Borges J, Aturki Z, Rocco A, Fanali S. Recent applications in nanoliquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1589-610. [PMID: 17623443 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since its first introduction by Karlsson and Novotny in 1988 nano-LC has emerged as a complementary and/or competitive separation method to conventional HPLC, offering several advantages such as higher efficiency, ability to work with minute sample sizes and lower consumption of mobile phases, and better compatibility with MS, etc. Although its use was not so extended initially, in the last years new and interesting applications have appeared which deserve to be carefully considered. The aim of this review is therefore to provide an updated and critical survey of different nano-LC applications in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Borges
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma I, Rome, Italy
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50
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Fanali S, Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Rocco A. Separation of basic compounds of pharmaceutical interest by using nano-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:252-8. [PMID: 17069825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS) was evaluated for the separation of basic compounds of pharmaceutical interest. The separation of selected beta-blockers, namely nadolol, oxprenolol, alprenolol and propranolol in the presence of terbutaline was performed using two 75 microm I.D. capillaries packed with two different RP18 stationary phases (SP). The best results concerning resolution and efficiency were achieved using the SP where free silanol groups were not present. As expected, this latter SP proved to be very efficient and symmetry factors were observed mainly in the case of the more retained analytes. Baseline resolution of all studied basic compounds was achieved with the Cogent bidentate C18 silica phase (CBC18) eluting analytes at 800 nL/min with a mobile phase containing 500 mM ammonium acetate pH 4.5-water-methanol (1:8:91, v/v/v). The separated basic compounds were revealed using on-column UV detector at 205 nm and electrospray-ion-trap mass spectrometer (ESI-MS). The packed capillary was connected to the MS through a commercial sheath liquid interface or a sheathless nano-spray interface and in both cases the sensitivity was studied and the results compared. Limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.1 ng/mL was measured for nadolol using the sheathless nano-spray interface and the capillary column packed with the CBC18 stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00016 Monterotondo Scalo (Rome), Italy.
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