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Dores-Sousa JL, Fernández-Pumarega A, De Vos J, Lämmerhofer M, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Guidelines for tuning the macropore structure of monolithic columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:522-533. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Pumarega
- Departament de Química Analítica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Química; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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Capillary methacrylate-based monoliths by grafting from/to γ-ray polymerization on a tentacle-type reactive surface for the liquid chromatographic separations of small molecules and intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jandera P. Advances in the development of organic polymer monolithic columns and their applications in food analysis—A review. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Liu K, Aggarwal P, Lawson JS, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Organic monoliths for high-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2767-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Pankaj Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - John S. Lawson
- Department of Statistics; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
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Yu S, Ma KCC, Mon AA, Ng FL, Ng YY. Controlling porous properties of polymer monoliths synthesized by photoinitiated polymerization. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bai L, Gong W, Duan Q, Chen J, Zhang Y. Rapid Preparation of C18 Monoliths for Micro-column Separation Using Ultraviolet and Microwave Irradiation. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li Y, Aggarwal P, Tolley H, Lee M. Organic Monolith Column Technology for Capillary Liquid Chromatography. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 2012; 50:237-80. [DOI: 10.1201/b11636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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8
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Immobilized trypsin on epoxy organic monoliths with modulated hydrophilicity: Novel bioreactors useful for protein analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8937-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Yu S, Ng FL, Ma KCC, Ng FL, Zhao J, Tong SKK. Development of porous polymer monolith by photoinitiated polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Nordborg A, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Monolithic phases for ion chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:197-226. [PMID: 21689046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic media are continuing to increase in popularity in chromatographic applications, and the ongoing use of commercially available materials in ion chromatography (IC) has made monoliths a viable alternative to packed-bed columns for routine use. We discuss different strategies for the synthesis of polymeric and silica monoliths with ion-exchange functionality, such as direct incorporation of ion-exchange functionality during monolith preparation and different postpolymerization alterations such as grafting and coating. The formulations and strategies presented are focused on materials intended for use in IC. We also discuss strategies for materials characterization, with emphasis on nondestructive techniques for the characterization of monolith surface functionality, especially those with applicability to in situ analysis. Finally, we describe selected IC applications of polymeric and silica monoliths published from 2008 to 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nordborg
- Australian Center for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Abstract
The concept of biocompatibility with reference to chromatographic stationary phases for separation of biomolecules (including proteins and peptides) is introduced. Biocompatible is a characteristic that indicates resistance to nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules and preservation of their structures and biochemical functions. Two types of biocompatible polymeric monoliths [i. e., polyacrylamide- and poly(meth)acrylate-based monoliths] used for protein and peptide separations are reviewed in detail, with emphasis on size exclusion, ion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction chromatographic modes. Biocompatible monoliths for enzyme reactors are also included. The two main synthetic approaches to produce biocompatible monoliths are summarized, i. e., surface modification of a monolith that is not inherently biocompatible and direct copolymerization of hydrophilic monomers to form a biocompatible monolith directly. Integration of polyethylene glycol into the poly(meth)acrylate monolith network is becoming popular for reduction of non-specific protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Gong WJ, Zhang YP, Na-Chen, Wang AR, Bo T, Shi MW, Qu LB. Fritless Column for Capillary HPLC Prepared by Immobilizing Octadecylsilane Particles in an Organic Polymer Matrix. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Gong
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Na-Chen
- b Department of Chemistry , Zheng Zhou University , Henan, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Rong Wang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Tang Bo
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wang Shi
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- b Department of Chemistry , Zheng Zhou University , Henan, P.R. China
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Different alkyl dimethacrylate mediated stearyl methacrylate monoliths for improving separation efficiency of typical alkylbenzenes and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3098-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cantó-Mirapeix A, Herrero-Martínez JM, Mongay-Fernández C, Simó-Alfonso EF. Chemical initiation for butyl and lauryl acrylate monolithic columns for CEC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:599-606. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Applications of polymethacrylate-based monoliths in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2637-50. [PMID: 18929365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic columns were introduced in the early 1990s and have become increasingly popular as efficient stationary phases for most of the important chromatographic separation modes. Monoliths are functionally distinct from porous particle-based media in their reliance on convective mass transport. This makes resolution and capacity independent of flow rate. Monoliths also lack a void volume. This eliminates eddy dispersion and permits high-resolution separations with extremely short flow paths. The analytical value of these features is the subject of recent reviews. Nowadays, among other types of rigid macroporous monoliths, the polymethacrylate-based materials are the largest and most examined class of these sorbents. In this review, the applications of polymethacrylate-based monolithic columns are summarized for the separation, purification and analysis of low and high molecular mass compounds in the different HPLC formats, including micro- and large-scale HPLC modes.
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Thabano JR, Breadmore MC, Hutchinson JP, Johns C, Haddad PR. Capillary electrophoresis of neurotransmitters using in-line solid-phase extraction and preconcentration using a methacrylate-based weak cation-exchange monolithic stationary phase and a pH step gradient. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1175:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gu B, Li Y, Lee ML. Polymer Monoliths with Low Hydrophobicity for Strong Cation-Exchange Capillary Liquid Chromatography of Peptides and Proteins. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5848-55. [PMID: 17583965 DOI: 10.1021/ac0623585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two polymer monoliths were designed and synthesized from commercially available monomers with an attempt to decrease hydrophobicity for strong cation-exchange chromatography. One was prepared from the copolymerization of sulfoethyl methacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and the other was synthesized from vinylsulfonic acid and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. Both of the monoliths were synthesized inside 75-microm i.d., UV-transparent fused-silica capillaries by photopolymerization. The hydrophobicities of the two monoliths were systematically evaluated using standard synthetic undecapeptides under ion-exchange conditions and propyl paraben under reversed-phase conditions. The poly(sulfoethyl methacrylate) monolith demonstrated similar hydrophobicity as a monolith prepared from copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and 40% acetonitrile was required to suppress any hydrophobic interactions with peptides under ion-exchange conditions. However, with the use of vinylsulfonic acid as the functional monomer, a monolith with very low hydrophobicity was obtained, making it suitable for strong cation-exchange liquid chromatography of both peptides and proteins. It was found that monolith hydrophobicity could be adjusted by selection of monomers that differ in hydrocarbon content and type of vinyl group. Finally, excellent separations of model protein standards and high-density lipoproteins were achieved using the poly(vinylsulfonic acid) monolith. Five subclasses of high-density lipoproteins were resolved using a simple linear NaCl gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghe Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602-5700, USA
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Bisjak CP, Lubbad SH, Trojer L, Bonn GK. Novel monolithic poly(phenyl acrylate-co-1,4-phenylene diacrylate) capillary columns for biopolymer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1147:46-52. [PMID: 17328901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic capillary columns were prepared by thermally initiated free radical polymerisation of phenyl acrylate (PA) and 1,4-phenylene diacrylate (PDA) in the confines of 200 microm I.D. fused silica capillaries. Polymerisation was performed in the presence of 2-propanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as inert diluents (porogens), using alpha,alpha'-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. Morphology and porosity of the resulting monoliths were comprehensively studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry and inverse size-exclusion chromatography (ISEC). The novel poly(phenyl acrylate-co-1,4-phenylene diacrylate) (PA/PDA) monoliths showed high mechanical stability and were successfully applied to the separation of proteins and oligodeoxynucleotides, employing reversed-phase (RP) and ion-pair reversed-phase (IP-RP) conditions, respectively. Maximum loading capacities for cytochrome c and d(pT)(16) were evaluated and found to be in the region of 200 fmol. Batch-to-batch reproducibility was determined for three independently prepared PA/PDA monolithic capillary columns. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time (t(R)) of 0.7-1.6% for proteins and 0.2-2.5% for d(pT)(12-18) proved high reproducibility of the PA/PDA supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens P Bisjak
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Wang S, Zhang R. Preconcentration and Determination of Copper in Aqueous Solution with Epoxy Resin‐based Monolithic Column Containing Large Interconnected Pores. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390601120524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hemström P, Nordborg A, Irgum K, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Polymer-based monolithic microcolumns for hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. J Sep Sci 2007; 29:25-32. [PMID: 16485706 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic capillary columns for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) have been prepared by thermally initiated, single-step in situ polymerization of mixtures of monovinyl monomers including butyl methacrylate and/or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, with a divinyl crosslinker glycerol dimethacrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate using two different porogen systems. Two porogenic solvent mixtures were used; one "hydrophilic", consisting of water, butanediol, and propanol, and one "hydrophobic," comprising dodecanol and cyclohexanol. The porous structures of the monoliths were characterized and their performance was demonstrated with a separation of a mixture of myoglobin, ribonuclease A, and lysozyme under conditions typical of HIC.
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Yilmaz E, Adali T, Yilmaz O, Bengisu M. Grafting of poly(triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) onto chitosan by ceric ion initiation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang S, Zhang R. Column preconcentration of lead in aqueous solution with macroporous epoxy resin-based polymer monolithic matrix. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 575:166-71. [PMID: 17723587 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this article was to investigate the feasibility of epoxy resin-based monoliths prepared by stepwise polymerization and column preconcentration of metal ions using large-scale monolithic matrix. A novel macroporous polymer monolith matrix was prepared from epoxy resin (EP) and ethylenediamine (EDA) and pore-forming reagent (polyethylene glycol, PEG-1000) by in situ step-addition polymerization. The morphology of the resulting polymer monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge prepared from a simple glass-tube was used for the preconcentration and determination of Pb(II) combined with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The characteristics of the monoliths for the extraction of Pb(II) in aqueous solution were investigated. The experimental results showed that trace Pb(II) ions could be quantitatively preconcentrated in the pH range of 4.0-9.0 with recoveries of >95%. The maximum static adsorption capacity of the monolith adsorbent was 106.8 mg g(-1). The column was eluted by 1.0 mol L(-1) HNO3 and recovery of Pb(II) was more than 97%. Moreover, the polymer monolith adsorbent shows superior reusability and stability. The precision and the accuracy of the proposed procedure were satisfactory by analyzing a standard reference material and three natural water samples. It was shown that the EP-EDA monolith was suitable for the preconcentration of environmental Pb(II) as an ion-selective SPE adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
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