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Sanam T, Nagaraju U, P. S B, Nerella SG, R J, G. G K, V SS. Evaluation of phytoconstituents in marigold effluent for their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1345543. [PMID: 38638802 PMCID: PMC11025535 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1345543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The current study placed an intense emphasis on the excess discharge of agro-based industrial effluent and the use of plant extract antimicrobials to inhibit the growth of pathogens in crop plants. An effluent (treated and untreated) from the marigold flower processing industry has been identified for the presence of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, and a total of 18 in treated effluent and 23 in untreated effluent were found using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 13 classes were identified, which include carboxylic acid, phenols, esters, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, cyanide, heterocyclic, flavonoids, aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic, cycloalkanes, and cycloalkenes. A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was applied to discern the abundance of identified compounds under each class. An in vitro antifungal bioassay was conducted using effluents at three different concentrations against plant pathogens (Alternaria alter nata, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermata, Fusarium oxysporum, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). The study proved that treated and untreated effluents clearly inhibited the growth of fungal pathogens by 10 to 32% and 37 to 92%, respectively. The findings suggest that marigold flower effluent can be a promising resource for developing new plant protection methods that are effective against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulja Sanam
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Umashankar Nagaraju
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Benherlal P. S
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Jayaramaiah. R
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Kadalli. G. G
- Department of Soil Science and Analytical Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Satya Srii. V
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Disposal Practices of Unused and Leftover Medicines in the Households of Dhaka Metropolis. PHARMACY 2021; 9:pharmacy9020103. [PMID: 34065255 PMCID: PMC8162525 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This fact-finding study aimed to attain an overall idea and knowledge about medicine disposal practices in Dhaka Metropolitan households. Methods: This mixed study (both quantitative and qualitative) was orchestrated to inspect the household leftover medicine disposal pattern's governing status. A cross-sectional survey was conducted following a structured questionnaire and key informant interview with a household person and in-depth interviews with the top pharmaceutical and government officials. Results: Findings disclose that, for most of the key informants, the terms "drug disposal" and "drug pollution" were unknown; more precisely, 67% and 74% of key informants even did not hear these two terms. Almost all (87%) households faced undesired incidents due to the insecure storage of medicines. People disposed of excess and expired medication in regular dustbins (47%), threw out of the window (19%), flushed within commode (4%), burnt in fire (2%), and reused (4%). A good percentage of people (21%) returned unexpired drugs to the pharmacy and bought other medicines on a need basis. A total of 72% wanted a medicine take-back program, and 100% agreed on mass education on this issue. Officials of pharmaceuticals conferred mixed opinion: top-ranked pharmaceuticals will adopt leftover medicine disposal practices; middle and low-ranked pharmaceutical companies are reluctant, merely denied mentioning the less important issue. Conclusions: The absence of mass awareness and standard laws and policies may explain these existing aberrant practices.
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Lindholm-Lehto PC, Ahkola HSJ, Knuutinen JS. Procedures of determining organic trace compounds in municipal sewage sludge-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4383-4412. [PMID: 27966086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is the largest by-product generated during the wastewater treatment process. Since large amounts of sludge are being produced, different ways of disposal have been introduced. One tempting option is to use it as fertilizer in agricultural fields due to its high contents of inorganic nutrients. This, however, can be limited by the amount of trace contaminants in the sewage sludge, containing a variety of microbiological pollutants and pathogens but also inorganic and organic contaminants. The bioavailability and the effects of trace contaminants on the microorganisms of soil are still largely unknown as well as their mixture effects. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the sludge to test its suitability before further use. In this article, a variety of sampling, pretreatment, extraction, and analysis methods have been reviewed. Additionally, different organic trace compounds often found in the sewage sludge and their methods of analysis have been compiled. In addition to traditional Soxhlet extraction, the most common extraction methods of organic contaminants in sludge include ultrasonic extraction (USE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by instrumental analysis based on gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Lindholm-Lehto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Heidi S J Ahkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha S Knuutinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Trabalón L, Cano-Sancho G, Pocurull E, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Borrull F. Exposure of the population of Catalonia (Spain) to musk fragrances through seafood consumption: Risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:116-122. [PMID: 25913711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of ten synthetic musks in samples of 10 widely consumed fish and shellfish species from Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) was determined. The most used nitro and polycyclic musks, as well as a well-known transformation product in tissues, were analyzed. Furthermore, the human health risks derived from the musk exposure through seafood consumption were characterized. None of the nitro musks were detected in any of the analyzed samples. In contrast, most of the polycyclic musks were found, being galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) present in all the samples. HHCB was the greatest contributor, with maximum levels in sardine and mackerel (367 and 304 ng g(-1) (d.w.) (dry weight), respectively). The highest exposure to individual musks was estimated for HHCB and HHCB-Lactone, with average values of 19.7 and 6.8 ng kg(-1)bw day(-1), respectively, in adults. A notably lower mean exposure was calculated for AHTN, cashmeran (DPMI) and traseolide (ATII), being ranged between 1.1 and 3.7 ng kg(-1)bw day(-1). The current concentrations of musks in fish and shellfish should not mean human health risks for the adult population living in Tarragona. However, a continuous monitoring would be desirable to assure that the exposure does not follow increasing temporal trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trabalón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - German Cano-Sancho
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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Cavalheiro J, Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Preudhomme H, Amouroux D, Monperrus M. Evaluation of preconcentration methods in the analysis of synthetic musks in whole-water samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2298-304. [PMID: 25885885 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
According to the European Water Framework Directive, environmental assessment of organic compounds should be made in whole-water samples, but due to their hydrophobicity and strong attraction to organic content these compounds can be found bound to suspended particle matter or in the dissolved fraction. In this work, the extraction of musk compounds was studied in whole-water samples exhibiting different amounts of dissolved organic carbon and suspended particulate matter using polyethersulfone preconcentration technique. Matrix effects in estuarine and wastewater (both influent and effluent) were evaluated for filtered and unfiltered samples. For unfiltered samples, estuarine water exhibited matrix effects <20%, while for effluent it was up to 48% and for influent ranged from 85 to 99%. To compensate matrix effects and determine total concentrations in unfiltered samples, different quantification approaches were tested: the use of deuterated analogues and standard additions. Standard additions provided the best results for unfiltered samples. Finally, filtered and unfiltered samples were analyzed using both polyethersulfone preconcentration and membrane-assisted solvent extraction and results showed a good agreement between the two methods. In both cases unfiltered samples provided concentrations 1.5-2.6 times higher than filtered samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Cavalheiro
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hugues Preudhomme
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
| | - David Amouroux
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
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Vallecillos L, Pedrouzo M, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Headspace stir bar sorptive extraction followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry to determine musk fragrances in sludge samples without sample pretreatment. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1322-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Pedrouzo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Marcel·lí Domingo s/n; Sescelades Campus; Tarragona Spain
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Robles-Molina J, Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Comparative evaluation of liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of multiclass priority organic contaminants in wastewater. Talanta 2013; 117:382-91. [PMID: 24209357 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC establishes guidelines to control the pollution of surface water by sorting out a list of priority substances that involves a significant risk to or via the aquatic systems. In this article, the analytical performance of three different sample preparation methodologies for the GC-MS/MS determination of multiclass organic contaminants-including priority comprounds from the WFD-in wastewater samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was evaluated. The methodologies tested were: (a) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane; (b) solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18 cartridges and elution with ethyl acetate:dichloromethane (1:1 (v/v)), and (c) headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using two different fibers: polyacrylate and polydimethylsiloxane/carboxen/divinilbenzene. Identification and confirmation of the selected 57 compounds included in the study (comprising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides and other contaminants) were accomplished using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole instrument operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Three MS/MS transitions were selected for unambiguous confirmation of the target chemicals. The different advantages and pitfalls of each method were discussed. In the case of both LLE and SPE procedures, the method was validated at two different concentration levels (15 and 150 ng L(-1)) obtaining recovery rates in the range 70-120% for most of the target compounds. In terms of analyte coverage, results with HS-SPME were not satisfactory, since 14 of the compounds tested were not properly recovered and the overall performance was worse than the other two methods tested. LLE, SPE and HS-SPME (using polyacrylate fiber) procedures also showed good linearity and precision. Using any of the three methodologies tested, limits of quantitation obtained for most of the detected compounds were in the low nanogram per liter range.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Robles-Molina
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Tang J, Chen K, Huang F, xu J, Li J. Characterization of the pretreatment liquor of biomass from the perennial grass, Eulaliopsis binata, for the production of dissolving pulp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:548-552. [PMID: 23274218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To test a biorefinery concept, the non-wood biomass of Eulaliopsis binata was treated with dilute acid prior to dissolving pulp production at 160 °C for 30 min. The pretreatment liquor (PL) contained 42.04 g/L sugars, of which 81.46% was xylose and only 2.91% was glucose. Furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural in PL were 0.37% and 0.06%, respectively. Chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates could be omitted when producing bioethanol with PL because 87.32% of the total sugars were in the form of monosaccharides. Membrane filtration with a molecular-weight cut-off of 100 Da was employed to concentrate the sugars and a concentration of 170.49 g/L was achieved. A method of zero release of the PL is proposed, which consists of ethanol production from the concentrated PL and recycling the permeate stream into the pretreatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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Pérez RA, Albero B, Miguel E, Sánchez-Brunete C. Determination of parabens and endocrine-disrupting alkylphenols in soil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry following matrix solid-phase dispersion or in-column microwave-assisted extraction: a comparative study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2347-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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De la Torre A, Alonso E, Concejero MA, Sanz P, Martínez MA. Sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Spanish sewage sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 31:1277-1284. [PMID: 21333518 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Presence, sources and behaviour of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were evaluated in Spanish sewage sludge. A total of 120 samples were seasonally collected from October 2005 to September 2006 at 31 urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Concentrations of PBDEs (ranging between 57.5 and 2606 ng/g dry weight) were two to three orders of magnitude higher than those obtained for PCDDs (0.17-5.03 ng/g d.w.) and PCDFs (0.05-3.07 ng/g d.w.). All the samples presented International Toxicity Equivalents (I-TEQ) levels (ranging between 2.06 and 44.4 ng/kg d.w.) below the limit values proposed by European Union for land application. Congener patterns evaluation revealed that the use of Deca-BDE commercial mixture seems to be the major source of PBDEs in the sludge. Nevertheless, origin of PCDD/Fs should be related to atmospheric deposition, faeces and presence of PCDD/Fs precursors such as pentachlorophenol in the sludge. No correlations (p>0.05) were found between pollutant concentrations (PBDEs and PCDD/Fs) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (capacity nor sludge rate). Lower levels of PBDEs and PCDFs were found in WWTPs using biological nitrogen and phosphorous elimination, suggesting that these compounds are susceptible of microbial elimination. According to our knowledge, this is the first work comparing together both PBDEs and PCDD/Fs sludge patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De la Torre
- Persistent Organic Pollutants Group, Environmental Department, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 22, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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González-Mariño I, Rodríguez I, Quintana JB, Cela R. Matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of triclosan and methyl triclosan in sludge and sediments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Combalbert S, Pype ML, Bernet N, Hernandez-Raquet G. Enhanced methods for conditioning, storage, and extraction of liquid and solid samples of manure for determination of steroid hormones by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:973-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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