1
|
Abstract
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is a fractionation technique that allows for the separation of ionizable molecules on the basis of differences in their electrostatic properties. Its large sample-handling capacity, broad applicability (particularly to proteins and enzymes), moderate cost, powerful resolving ability, ability to perform simultaneous quantitation, and ease of scale-up and automation have led to it becoming one of the most versatile and widely used of all liquid chromatography (LC) techniques. In this chapter, we review the basic principles of IEC, as well as the broader criteria for selecting IEC conditions. By way of further illustration, we outline basic laboratory protocols to partially purify a soluble serine peptidase from bovine whole brain tissue, covering crude tissue extract preparation through to partial purification of the target enzyme using a form of IEC, namely, anion-exchange chromatography. Protocols for assaying total protein and enzyme activity in both pre- and post-IEC fractions are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Wallace
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy, and Community Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Preparation and evaluation of a bacitracin-bonded silica stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
3
|
Berlinck RGS, Crnkovic CM, Gubiani JR, Bernardi DI, Ióca LP, Quintana-Bulla JI. The isolation of water-soluble natural products - challenges, strategies and perspectives. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:596-669. [PMID: 34647117 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Covering period: up to 2019Water-soluble natural products constitute a relevant group of secondary metabolites notably known for presenting potent biological activities. Examples are aminoglycosides, β-lactam antibiotics, saponins of both terrestrial and marine origin, and marine toxins. Although extensively investigated in the past, particularly during the golden age of antibiotics, hydrophilic fractions have been less scrutinized during the last few decades. This review addresses the possible reasons on why water-soluble metabolites are now under investigated and describes approaches and strategies for the isolation of these natural compounds. It presents examples of several classes of hydrosoluble natural products and how they have been isolated. Novel stationary phases and chromatography techniques are also reviewed, providing a perspective towards a renaissance in the investigation of water-soluble natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila M Crnkovic
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Darlon I Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laura P Ióca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jairo I Quintana-Bulla
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tóth G, Vékey K, Drahos L, Horváth V, Turiák L. Salt and solvent effects in the microscale chromatographic separation of heparan sulfate disaccharides. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1610:460548. [PMID: 31547957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of heparan sulfate disaccharides poses a real challenge both from chromatographic and mass spectrometric point of view. This necessitates the constant improvement of their analytical methodology. In the present study, the chromatographic effects of solvent composition, salt concentration, and salt type were systematically investigated in isocratic HILIC-WAX separations of heparan sulfate disaccharides. The combined use of 75% acetonitrile with ammonium formate had overall benefits regarding intensity, detection limits, and peak shape for all salt concentrations investigated. Results obtained with the isocratic measurements suggested the potential use of a salt gradient method in order to maximize separation efficiency. A 3-step gradient from 14 mM to 65 mM ammonium formate concentration proved to be ideal for separation and quantitation. The LOD of the resulting method was 0.8-1.5 fmol for the individual disaccharides and the LOQ was between 2.5-5 fmol. Outstanding linearity could be observed up to 2 pmol. This novel combination provided sufficient sensitivity for disaccharide analysis, which was demonstrated by the analysis of heparan sulfate samples from porcine and bovine origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viola Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Szent Gellért tér 4., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Lan C, Miao Y, Deng Z, Ba X, Zhao W, Zhang S. Tetra-proline modified calix[4]arene bonded silica gel: A novel stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Talanta 2019; 193:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
6
|
Mant CT, Byars A, Ankarlo S, Jiang Z, Hodges RS. Separation of highly charged (+5 to +10) amphipathic α-helical peptide standards by cation-exchange and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1574:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Liu J, Li J, Zheng J, Wang C. Quantitative analysis of acid-catalyzed levulinic acid product mixture from cellulose by mixed-mode liquid chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:150-156. [PMID: 28732853 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A mixed-mode weak anion-exchange/reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) column was successfully applied for the analysis of levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid, LA) product mixture derived from cellulose. Due to the existence of ionic and neutral byproducts, the analysis of the product mixture usually requires ion chromatography, LC and gas chromatography simultaneously. The new method enables accomplishment of the analysis in one LC run within 6min. LC mobile phase of 10mM phosphate buffer containing 5% acetonitrile with pH=5.5 was used. The linear regression coefficients for the UV signal of standard compounds with the corresponding mass concentrations were greater than 0.999. The method recoveries were between 98.57-103.48%. The limits of quantification were 5, 10,1000, 1500 and 3000ng/mL for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, acetic acid, formic acid and LA respectively. The mixed-mode column exhibits comprehensive separation mechanism of both reversed-phase and ion-exchange interactions. The mobile phase with different pH, organic modifier solvent and buffer concentration provided flexible LC method for the sample with different complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China.
| | - Jiwen Li
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China
| | - Junlin Zheng
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cummins PM, Rochfort KD, O'Connor BF. Ion-Exchange Chromatography: Basic Principles and Application. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1485:209-223. [PMID: 27730555 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6412-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) allows for the separation of ionizable molecules on the basis of differences in charge properties. Its large sample-handling capacity, broad applicability (particularly to proteins and enzymes), moderate cost, powerful resolving ability, and ease of scale-up and automation have led to it becoming one of the most versatile and widely used of all liquid chromatography (LC) techniques. In this chapter, we review the basic principles of IEC, as well as the broader criteria for selecting IEC conditions. By way of further illustration, we outline basic laboratory protocols to partially purify a soluble serine peptidase from bovine whole brain tissue, covering crude tissue extract preparation through to partial purification of the target enzyme using anion-exchange chromatography. Protocols for assaying total protein and enzyme activity in both pre- and post-IEC fractions are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Cummins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brendan F O'Connor
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Irish Separation Sciences Cluster (ISSC), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mant CT, Hodges RS. Separation of Peptides on HALO 2‐Micron Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 85:11.6.1-11.6.16. [DOI: 10.1002/cpps.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin T. Mant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Aurora Colorado
| | - Robert S. Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine Aurora Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yan J, Zhang QL, Tong HF, Lin DQ, Yao SJ. Hydrophobic charge-induction resin with 5-aminobenzimidazol as the functional ligand: preparation, protein adsorption and immunoglobulin G purification. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2387-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Hong-Fei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Dong-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Shan-Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao K, Yang F, Xia H, Wang F, Song Q, Bai Q. Preparation of a weak anion exchange/hydrophobic interaction dual-function mixed-mode chromatography stationary phase for protein separation using click chemistry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:703-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
- Department of Applied Chemistry; He Nan Vocational College of Chemical Technology; Zheng Zhou China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Hongjun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Qingguo Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Quan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education; Institute of Modern Separation Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Periat A, Krull IS, Guillarme D. Applications of hydrophilic interaction chromatography to amino acids, peptides, and proteins. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:357-67. [PMID: 25413716 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advances in the analysis of amino acids, peptides, and proteins using hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Various reports demonstrate the successful analysis of amino acids under such conditions. However, a baseline resolution of the 20 natural amino acids has not yet been published and for this reason, there is often a need to use mass spectrometry for detection to further improve selectivity. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography is also recognized as a powerful technique for peptide analysis, and there are a lot of papers showing its applicability for proteomic applications (peptide mapping). It is expected that its use for peptide mapping will continue to grow in the future, particularly because this analytical strategy can be combined with reversed-phase liquid chromatography, in a two-dimensional setup, to reach very high resolving power. Finally, the interest in hydrophilic interaction chromatography for intact proteins analysis is less evident due to possible solubility issues and a lack of suitable hydrophilic interaction chromatography stationary phases. To date, it has been successfully employed only for the characterization of membrane proteins, histones, and the separation of glycosylated isoforms of an intact glycoprotein. From our point of view, the number of hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns compatible with intact proteins (higher upper temperature limit, large pore size, etc.) is still too limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Periat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
GUO J, SAIKI T, THANUTCHAPORN K, LIU W, SHIMURA A, MATSUI T. Elution Profile of Di-peptides on a Sulfonated Ethylstyrene–Divinylbenzene Copolymer Resin Column by High-performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:45-50. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian GUO
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Tomomi SAIKI
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Kumrungsee THANUTCHAPORN
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Wanying LIU
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Akihiro SHIMURA
- Separation Materials Laboratories, R&D Center, Kurosaki Plant, Mitsubishi Chemical Corp
| | - Toshiro MATSUI
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen B, Xu J, Fu Q, Dong X, Guo Z, Jin Y, Liang X. Evaluation of separation properties of a modified strong cation exchange material named MEX and its application in 2D-MEX × C18 system to separate peptides from scorpion venom. Analyst 2015; 140:4676-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptides from scorpion venom represent one of the most promising sources for drug discovery in some specific disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Junyan Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Qing Fu
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xuefang Dong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Yu Jin
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dicationic imidazolium ionic liquid modified silica as a novel reversed-phase/anion-exchange mixed-mode stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2153-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Guo H, Li X, Frey DD. Development of chromatofocusing techniques employing mixed-mode column packings for protein separations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1323:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
Gargano AF, Leek T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Mixed-mode chromatography with zwitterionic phosphopeptidomimetic selectors from Ugi multicomponent reaction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography of tryptic bovine albumin digest using normal- and reverse-phase systems with silanized silica stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1312:152-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
19
|
Jandera P. Advances in the development of organic polymer monolithic columns and their applications in food analysis—A review. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
20
|
Mant CT, Jiang Z, Boyes BE, Hodges RS. An improved approach to hydrophilic interaction chromatography of peptides: salt gradients in the presence of high isocratic acetonitrile concentrations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1277:15-25. [PMID: 23332786 PMCID: PMC3639484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for separations of peptides has been employed infrequently, particularly considering that this technique was introduced over 20 years ago. The present manuscript describes a radical departure from the traditional HILIC elution approach, where separations are achieved via increasing salt (sodium perchlorate) gradients in the presence of high isocratic concentrations (>80%) of acetonitrile, denoted HILIC/SALT. This initial study compared to reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), HILIC and HILIC/SALT for the separation of mixtures of synthetic peptide standards varying in structure (amphipathic α-helix, random coil), length (10-26 residues), number of positively charged residues (+1 to +11) and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Results showed a marked superiority of the HILIC/SALT approach compared to traditional HILIC and excellent complementarity to RPC for peptide separations. We believe these initial results offer a new dimension to HILIC, enabling it to transform from an occasional HPLC approach for peptide separations to a more generally applicable method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin T. Mant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ziqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Barry E. Boyes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
- CCRC, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert S. Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schuster G, Lindner W. Comparative characterization of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns by linear solvation energy relationships. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1273:73-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Hydrophilic properties as a new contribution for computer-aided identification of short peptides in complex mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1939-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
23
|
Mant CT, Hodges RS. Design of peptide standards with the same composition and minimal sequence variation to monitor performance/selectivity of reversed-phase matrices. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1230:30-40. [PMID: 22326185 PMCID: PMC3294100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The present manuscript extends our de novo peptide design approach to the synthesis and evaluation of a new generation of reversed-phase HPLC peptide standards with the same composition and minimal sequence variation (SCMSV). Thus, we have designed and synthesized four series of peptide standards with the sequences Gly-X-Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Leu-Gly-Gly-Leu-Lys-Lys-amide, where the N-terminal is either N(α)-acetylated (Series 1) or contains a free α-amino group (Series 3); and Gly-Gly-Leu-Gly-Gly-Ala-Leu-Gly-X-Leu-Lys-Lys-amide, where the N-terminal is either N(α)-acetylated (Series 2) or contains a free α-amino group (Series 4). In this initial study, the single substitution position, X, was substituted with alkyl side-chains (Ala
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin T. Mant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert S. Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu Y, Du Q, Yang B, Zhang F, Chu C, Liang X. Silica based click amino stationary phase for ion chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Analyst 2012; 137:1624-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Stationary and mobile phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 692:1-25. [PMID: 21501708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is valuable alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography separations of polar, weakly acidic or basic samples. In principle, this separation mode can be characterized as normal-phase chromatography on polar columns in aqueous-organic mobile phases rich in organic solvents (usually acetonitrile). Highly organic HILIC mobile phases usually enhance ionization in the electrospray ion source of a mass spectrometer, in comparison to mobile phases with higher concentrations of water generally used in reversed-phase (RP) LC separations of polar or ionic compounds, which is another reason for increasing popularity of this technique. Various columns can be used in the HILIC mode for separations of peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, drugs, metabolites and various natural compounds: bare silica gel, silica-based amino-, amido-, cyano-, carbamate-, diol-, polyol-, zwitterionic sulfobetaine, or poly(2-sulphoethyl aspartamide) and other polar stationary phases chemically bonded on silica gel support, but also ion exchangers or zwitterionic materials showing combined HILIC-ion interaction retention mechanism. Some stationary phases are designed to enhance the mixed-mode retention character. Many polar columns show some contributions of reversed phase (hydrophobic) separation mechanism, depending on the composition of the mobile phase, which can be tuned to suit specific separation problems. Because the separation selectivity in the HILIC mode is complementary to that in reversed-phase and other modes, combinations of the HILIC, RP and other systems are attractive for two-dimensional applications. This review deals with recent advances in the development of HILIC phase separation systems with special attention to the properties of stationary phases. The effects of the mobile phase, of sample structure and of temperature on separation are addressed, too.
Collapse
|
26
|
Multi-modal applicability of a reversed-phase/weak-anion exchange material in reversed-phase, anion-exchange, ion-exclusion, hydrophilic interaction and hydrophobic interaction chromatography modes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2517-30. [PMID: 21336792 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently introduced a mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange type separation material based on silica particles which consisted of a hydrophobic alkyl strand with polar embedded groups (thioether and amide functionalities) and a terminal weak anion-exchange-type quinuclidine moiety. This stationary phase was designed to separate molecules by lipophilicity and charge differences and was mainly devised for peptide separations with hydroorganic reversed-phase type elution conditions. Herein, we demonstrate the extraordinary flexibility of this RP/WAX phase, in particular for peptide separations, by illustrating its applicability in various chromatographic modes. The column packed with this material can, depending on the solute character and employed elution conditions, exploit attractive or repulsive electrostatic interactions, and/or hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions as retention and selectivity increments. As a consequence, the column can be operated in a reversed-phase mode (neutral compounds), anion-exchange mode (acidic compounds), ion-exclusion chromatography mode (cationic solutes), hydrophilic interaction chromatography mode (polar compounds), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography mode (e.g., hydrophobic peptides). Mixed-modes of these chromatographic retention principles may be materialized as well. This allows an exceptionally flexible adjustment of retention and selectivity by tuning experimental conditions. The distinct separation mechanisms will be outlined by selected examples of peptide separations in the different modes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Aturki Z, D’Orazio G, Rocco A, Si-Ahmed K, Fanali S. Investigation of polar stationary phases for the separation of sympathomimetic drugs with nano-liquid chromatography in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 685:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
28
|
Cummins PM, Dowling O, O'Connor BF. Ion-exchange chromatography: basic principles and application to the partial purification of soluble mammalian prolyl oligopeptidase. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 681:215-228. [PMID: 20978968 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-913-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) allows for the separation of ionizable molecules on the basis of differences in charge properties. Its large sample-handling capacity, broad applicability (particularly to proteins and enzymes), moderate cost, powerful resolving ability, and ease of scale-up and automation have led to it becoming one of the most versatile and widely used of all liquid chromatography (LC) techniques. In this chapter, we review the basic principles of IEC, as well as the broader criteria for selecting IEC conditions. By way of further illustration, we outline protocols necessary to partially purify a serine peptidase from bovine whole brain cytosolic fraction, covering crude tissue extract preparation through to partial purification of the target enzyme using anion-exchange chromatography. Protocols for assaying total protein and enzyme activity in both pre- and post-IEC fractions are also described. The target serine peptidase, prolyl oligopeptidase (POP, EC3.4.21.26), is an 80-kDa enzyme with endopeptidase activity towards peptide substrates of ≤30 amino acids. POP is a ubiquitous post-proline cleaving enzyme with particularly high expression levels in the mammalian brain, where it participates in the metabolism of neuroactive peptides and peptide-like hormones (e.g. thyroliberin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Cummins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hao P, Guo T, Li X, Adav SS, Yang J, Wei M, Sze SK. Novel application of electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) in shotgun proteomics: comprehensive profiling of rat kidney proteome. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3520-6. [PMID: 20450224 DOI: 10.1021/pr100037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In shotgun proteomics, multidimensional liquid chromatography (MDLC) is commonly used to reduce sample complexity and increase dynamic range of protein identification. Since reversed-phase chromatography is mostly used as the second-dimensional separation before mass spectrometric analysis, the improvement of MDLC primarily depends on the first dimension of separation. Here, we present a novel whole proteome analysis method that separates peptides based on ERLIC. Tryptic peptides were retained on a weak anion exchange column through ERLIC with a high organic mobile phase. They were then distributed into multiple fractions based on both pI and polarity through the simultaneous effect of electrostatic repulsion and hydrophilic interaction when eluted using a salt-free pH gradient of increasing water content. Applying this to rat kidney tissue, we identified 4821 proteins and 30 659 unique peptides with high confidence from two replicates using LTQ-FT. This was 36.2% and 64.3% higher, respectively, than was obtained with the widely used SCX separation mode. Notably, the identification of both highly hydrophobic and basic peptides increased over 120% using the ERLIC method. The results indicate that ERLIC is a promising alternative to SCX as the first dimension of MDLC. In total, 5499 proteins and 35 847 unique peptides of rat kidney tissue are characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piliang Hao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mant CT, Cepeniene D, Hodges RS. Reversed-phase HPLC of peptides: Assessing column and solvent selectivity on standard, polar-embedded and polar endcapped columns. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3005-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
31
|
Wujcik CE, Tweed J, Kadar EP. Application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography retention coefficients for predicting peptide elution with TFA and methanesulfonic acid ion-pairing reagents. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:826-33. [PMID: 20087867 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic retention coefficients for 17 peptides were calculated based on retention coefficients previously published for TSKgel silica-60 and were compared with the experimental elution profile on a Waters Atlantis HILIC silica column using TFA and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as ion-pairing reagents. Relative peptide retention could be accurately determined with both counter-ions. Peptide retention and chromatographic behavior were influenced by the percent acid modifier used with increases in both retention and peak symmetry observed at increasing modifier concentrations. The enhancement of net peptide polarity through MSA pairing shifted retention out by nearly five-fold for the earliest eluting peptide, compared with TFA. Despite improvements in retention and efficiency (N(eff)) for MSA over TFA, a consistent reduction in calculated selectivity (alpha) was observed. This result is believed to be attributed to the stronger polar contribution of MSA masking and diminishing the underlying influence of the amino acid residues of each associated peptide. Finally, post-column infusion of propionic acid and acetic acid was evaluated for their potential to recover signal intensity for TFA and MSA counter-ions for LC-ESI-MS applications. Acetic acid generally yielded more substantial signal improvements over propionic acid on the TFA system while minimal benefits and some further reductions were noted with MSA.
Collapse
|
32
|
Phillips HL, Williamson JC, van Elburg KA, Snijders APL, Wright PC, Dickman MJ. Shotgun proteome analysis utilising mixed mode (reversed phase-anion exchange chromatography) in conjunction with reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomics 2010; 10:2950-60. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
Harscoat-Schiavo C, Raminosoa F, Ronat-Heit E, Vanderesse R, Marc I. Modeling the separation of small peptides by cation-exchange chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2447-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
34
|
Fountain KJ, Xu J, Diehl DM, Morrison D. Influence of stationary phase chemistry and mobile-phase composition on retention, selectivity, and MS response in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:740-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
35
|
Zhao G, Dong XY, Sun Y. Ligands for mixed-mode protein chromatography: Principles, characteristics and design. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
36
|
Liu A, Tweed J, Wujcik CE. Investigation of an on-line two-dimensional chromatographic approach for peptide analysis in plasma by LC–MS–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1873-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
37
|
Mant CT, Hodges RS. Mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/cation-exchange chromatography (HILIC/CEX) of peptides and proteins. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2754-73. [PMID: 18668504 PMCID: PMC2774265 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review represents a summary of the development and application of a novel mixed-mode HPLC approach to the separation and analysis of peptides and proteins termed hydrophilic interaction/cation-exchange chromatography (HILIC/CEX). This approach combines the most advantageous aspects of two widely different separation mechanisms, i.e. a separation based on hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity differences between polypeptides overlaid on a separation based on net charge. Applications described include HILIC/CEX separations of cyclic peptides, alpha-helical peptides, random coil peptides and modified or deletion products of synthetic peptides. In addition, the excellent resolving ability of HILIC/CEX for modified histone proteins is described. This approach is shown to represent an excellent complement to RP chromatography (RPC), as well as being a potent analytical tool in its own right.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Mant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|