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Mitropoulos K, Katsila T, Patrinos GP, Pampalakis G. Multi-Omics for Biomarker Discovery and Target Validation in Biofluids for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Diagnosis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:52-64. [PMID: 29356625 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare but usually fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration in the brain and the spinal cord. Two forms are recognized, the familial that accounts for 5-10% and the sporadic that accounts for the rest. New studies suggest that ALS is a highly heterogeneous disease, and this diversity is a major reason for the lack of successful therapeutic treatments. Indeed, only two drugs (riluzole and edaravone) have been approved that provide a limited improvement in the quality of life. Presently, the diagnosis of ALS is based on clinical examination and lag period from the onset of symptoms to the final diagnosis is ∼12 months. Therefore, the discovery of robust molecular biomarkers that can assist in the diagnosis is of major importance. DNA sequencing to identify pathogenic gene variants can be applied in the cases of familial ALS. However, it is not a routinely used diagnostic procedure and most importantly, it cannot be applied in the diagnosis of sporadic ALS. In this expert review, the current approaches in identification of new ALS biomarkers are discussed. The advent of various multi-omics biotechnology platforms, including miRNomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metallomics, volatolomics, and viromics, has assisted in the identification of new biomarkers. The biofluids are the most preferable material for the analysis of potential biomarkers (such as proteins and cell-free miRNAs), since they are easily obtained. In the near future, the biofluid-based biomarkers will be indispensable to classify different ALS subtypes and understand the molecular heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mitropoulos
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras School of Health Sciences , Patras, Greece
| | - George P Patrinos
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras School of Health Sciences , Patras, Greece .,3 Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, UAE
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras School of Health Sciences , Patras, Greece
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Chen X, Wei QQ, Chen Y, Cao B, Ou R, Hou Y, Yuan X, Zhang L, Liu H, Shang H. Clinical disease stage related changes of serological factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2019; 20:53-60. [PMID: 30784318 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1550516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known whether disease clinical stage would influence the serological values in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We aimed to explore the association between the levels of serological factors with clinical progression determined by the King's College staging system. METHODS ALS Patients were registered from May 2008 to December 2016. The differences of serological values between patients and healthy controls, and the correlation of these serological values with disease stage were examined. RESULTS A total of 571 patients and 571 age-/gender-/BMI-matched healthy controls were included. The levels of creatinine, uric acid (UA), albumin, total protein, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly lower, and the low-density lipoprotein/HDL ratio was higher in ALS patients than those in healthy controls. The levels of UA, albumin, and total protein were significantly reversely correlated with diseases stages. The longitudinal observation of 81 ALS patients also showed that the levels of UA, creatinine, albumin, total protein, and HDL were significantly decreased in the second hematological examinations. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, ALS patients and control subjects were evenly matched with regard to sex, age, and BMI value, this finding could be considered as a metabolite signature in ALS. The changes of metabolite-based serological factors with progression of disease stage might be related to the pathophysiology of disease, and might have clinical utility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Qian-Qian Wei
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yongping Chen
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Bei Cao
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - RuWei Ou
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiaoqin Yuan
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Hui Liu
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Huifang Shang
- a Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
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Collins MA, An J, Peller D, Bowser R. Total protein is an effective loading control for cerebrospinal fluid western blots. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 251:72-82. [PMID: 26004848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been used to identify biomarkers of neurological disease. CSF protein biomarkers identified by high-throughput methods, however, require further validation. While Western blotting (WB) is well-suited to this task, the lack of a validated loading control for CSF WB limits the method's accuracy. NEW METHOD We investigated the use of total protein (TP) as a CSF WB loading control. Using iodine-based reversible membrane staining, we determined the linear range and consistency of the CSF TP signal. We then spiked green fluorescent protein (GFP) into CSF to create defined sample-to-sample differences in GFP levels that were measured by WB before and after TP loading correction. Levels of CSF complement C3 and cystatin C measured by WB with TP loading correction and ELISA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthy control CSF samples were then compared. RESULTS CSF WB with the TP loading control accurately detected defined differences in GFP levels and corrected for simulated loading errors. Individual CSF sample Western blot and ELISA measurements of complement C3 and cystatin C were significantly correlated and the methods showed a comparable ability to detect between-groups differences. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD CSF TP staining has a greater linear dynamic range and sample-to-sample consistency than albumin, a commonly used CSF loading control. The method accurately corrects for simulated errors in loading and improves the sensitivity of CSF WB compared to using no loading control. CONCLUSIONS The TP staining loading control improves the sensitivity and accuracy of CSF WB results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlon A Collins
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 South Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center and Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
| | - Jiyan An
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center and Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
| | - Danielle Peller
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center and Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
| | - Robert Bowser
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center and Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Bakkar N, Boehringer A, Bowser R. Use of biomarkers in ALS drug development and clinical trials. Brain Res 2015; 1607:94-107. [PMID: 25452025 PMCID: PMC4809521 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the discovery of candidate biomarkers for ALS. These biomarkers typically can either differentiate ALS from control subjects or predict disease course (slow versus fast progression). At the same time, late-stage clinical trials for ALS have failed to generate improved drug treatments for ALS patients. Incorporation of biomarkers into the ALS drug development pipeline and the use of biologic and/or imaging biomarkers in early- and late-stage ALS clinical trials have been absent and only recently pursued in early-phase clinical trials. Further clinical research studies are needed to validate biomarkers for disease progression and develop biomarkers that can help determine that a drug has reached its target within the central nervous system. In this review we summarize recent progress in biomarkers across ALS model systems and patient population, and highlight continued research directions for biomarkers that stratify the patient population to enrich for patients that may best respond to a drug candidate, monitor disease progression and track drug responses in clinical trials. It is crucial that we further develop and validate ALS biomarkers and incorporate these biomarkers into the ALS drug development process. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ALS complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Bakkar
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ashley Boehringer
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Berntzon L, Ronnevi L, Bergman B, Eriksson J. Detection of BMAA in the human central nervous system. Neuroscience 2015; 292:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Whitcombe MJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA. Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:297-401. [PMID: 24700625 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.
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Lee MH, Ahluwalia A, Hsu KM, Chin WT, Lin HY. Extraction of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) with magnetic albuminoid-imprinted poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) nanoparticles from human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cellular culture medium. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective adsorption of alpha-fetoprotein using albuminoid MMIP nanoparticles from the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cellular culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology
- Pisa and Research Center “E. Piaggio
- University of Pisa
- 56125 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ke-Ming Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National University of Kaohsiung
- Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ti Chin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- I-Shou University
- Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National University of Kaohsiung
- Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
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Kublickas R, Jarienė G. Polyacrylamide gels with ionized functional groups in their selective recognition of trimeric molecular form of human growth hormone. Polym Bull (Berl) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-012-0863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kryscio DR, Peppas NA. Critical review and perspective of macromolecularly imprinted polymers. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:461-73. [PMID: 22100344 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition is a fundamental and ubiquitous process that is the driving force behind life. Natural recognition elements - including antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids, and cells - exploit non-covalent interactions to bind to their targets with exceptionally strong affinities. Due to this unparalleled proficiency, scientists have long sought to mimic natural recognition pathways. One promising approach is molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), which are fully synthetic systems formed via the crosslinking of organic polymers in the presence of a template molecule, which results in stereo-specific binding sites for this analyte of interest. Macromolecularly imprinted polymers, those synthesized in the presence of macromolecule templates (>1500 Da), are of particular importance because they open up the field for a whole new set of robust diagnostic tools. Although the specific recognition of small-molecular-weight analytes is now considered routine, extension of these efficacious procedures to the protein regime has, thus far, proved challenging. This paper reviews the main approaches employed, highlights studies of interest with an emphasis on recent work, and offers suggestions for future success in the field of macromolecularly imprinted polymers.
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Ghasemzadeh N, Rossbach UL, Johansson BM, Nyberg F. Application of artificial gel antibodies for investigating molecular polymorphisms of human pituitary growth hormone. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1249-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Whitcombe MJ, Chianella I, Larcombe L, Piletsky SA, Noble J, Porter R, Horgan A. The rational development of molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors for protein detection. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:1547-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ghasemzadeh N, Wilhelmsen TW, Nyberg F, Hjertèn S. Precautions to improve the accuracy of quantitative determinations of biomarkers in clinical diagnostics. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2722-9. [PMID: 20737443 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although protein biomarkers have a great potential as biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases, they are seldom used in hospitals. There are many reasons for this, for instance, the difficulties to (i) find a biomarker for which the concentration in body fluids clearly differs between patients and healthy subjects, (ii) attain purification of the biomarker close to 100%, which is required for production of conventional protein antibodies as well as artificial gel antibodies for selective capture of a biomarker, (iii) design a standard curve for rapid and accurate determination of the concentration of the biomarker in the body fluid because of adsorption of the biomarker onto vials, pipettes, etc., (iv) determine accurately the sample volume delivered by a pipette, (v) avoid polymerization of the biomarker upon storage and to decide whether it is in the form not only of monomers, but also of dimers, trimers, etc., in the native state, (vi) determine the degree of possible glycosylation and amidation of the biomarker and (vii) decide whether glycosylation and amidation positively or negatively affects the possibility to use the protein as a biomarker. In this article, we discuss in quantitative terms the difficulties (iii-vii) and how to overcome them, which also may help to overcome the difficulty (ii), which in turn minimizes difficulty (i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lee MH, Chen YC, Ho MH, Lin HY. Optical recognition of salivary proteins by use of molecularly imprinted poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)/quantum dot composite nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1457-66. [PMID: 20349227 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have long been studied for applications in biomolecule recognition and binding; compared with natural antibodies, they may offer advantages in cost and stability. We report on the development of MIPs that "self-report" concentrations of bound analytes via fluorescence changes in embedded quantum dots (QDots). Composite QDot/MIPs were prepared using phase inversion of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVAL) solutions with various ethylene mole ratios in the presence of salivary target molecules (e.g. amylase, lipase, and lysozyme). These major protein components of saliva have been implicated as possible biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. The optimum (highest imprinting effectiveness) ethylene mole ratios of the commercially available EVALs were found to be 32, 38, and 44 mol% for the imprinting of amylase, lipase, and lysozyme, respectively. QD fluorescence quenching was observed on binding of analytes to composite MIPs in a concentration-dependent manner, and was used to construct calibration curves. Finally, the composite MIP particles were used for the quantitative detection of amylase, lipase, and lysozyme in real samples (saliva) and compared with a commercial Architect ci 8200 chemical analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
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