1
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Mammone FR, Panusa A, Risoluti R, Cirilli R. Green HPLC Enantioseparation of Chemopreventive Chiral Isothiocyanates Homologs on an Immobilized Chiral Stationary Phase Based on Amylose tris-[( S)-α-Methylbenzylcarbamate]. Molecules 2024; 29:2895. [PMID: 38930960 PMCID: PMC11206679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a chiral phytochemical with chemopreventive properties. The presence of a stereogenic sulfur atom is responsible for the chirality of the natural isothiocyanate. The key role of sulfur chirality in biological activity is underscored by studies of the efficacy of individual enantiomers as chemoprotective agents. The predominant native (R) enantiomer is active, whereas the (S) antipode is inactive or has little or no biological activity. Here we provide an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) protocol for the direct and complete resolution of sulforaphane and its chiral natural homologs with different aliphatic chain lengths between the sulfinyl sulfur and isothiocyanate group, namely iberin, alyssin, and hesperin. The chromatographic separations were carried out on the immobilized-type CHIRALPAK IH-3 chiral stationary phase with amylose tris-[(S)-methylbenzylcarbamate] as a chiral selector. The effects of different mobile phases consisting of pure alcoholic solvents and hydroalcoholic mixtures on enantiomer retention and enantioselectivity were carefully investigated. Simple and environmentally friendly enantioselective conditions for the resolution of all chiral ITCs were found. In particular, pure ethanol and highly aqueous mobile phases gave excellent enantioseparations. The retention factors of the enantiomers were recorded as the water content in the aqueous-organic modifier (methanol, ethanol, or acetonitrile) mobile phases progressively varied. U-shaped retention maps were generated, indicating a dual and competitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography retention mechanism on the CHIRALPAK IH-3 chiral stationary phase. Finally, experimental chiroptical studies performed in ethanol solution showed that the (R) enantiomers were eluted before the (S) counterpart under all eluent conditions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Mammone
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessia Panusa
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.R.M.); (A.P.)
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2
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Cheng XD, Zhang Z, Dai XX, Li YP. Retention behavior of nucleosides and nucleobases on a 3 μm undecylenic acid-functionalized silica column in per aqueous liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation modes. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464833. [PMID: 38555828 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A 3 μm undecylenic acid-functionalized stationary phase (UAS) was prepared for the separation of nucleosides and nucleobases using per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). The retention behaviors of nucleosides and nucleobases in PALC and HILIC modes were explored by adjusting parameters such as water content, buffer concentration, pH of the mobile phase and column temperature. The experimental data and separation chromatogram demonstrated that PALC could provide retention comparable to that of HILIC for nucleosides and nucleobases. Comparative studies using diluted adenosine solutions evaluated theoretical plates and peak shape for the same retention factors (between 0.25 and 5.0) in PALC and HILIC. There was no buffer component in the mobile phases used to operate the comparisons. HILIC mode is more efficient for adenosine than PALC mode at low retention factors. It's the exact opposite phenomenon for high retention factors. It is proposed that the mass transfer of adenosine between the UAS, the water-rich layer and the ACN-rich mobile phase in HILIC is relatively slow. Given the significant use of toxic ACN in HILIC, PALC emerges as a safer and more effective alternative for separating nucleosides and nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan 430015, China; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xue-Xin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Yun-Ping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
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3
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Turner C, Refsum H, Bastani NE. Determination of underivatized amino acids in human plasma using ion pair liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123893. [PMID: 37801792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of amino acids (AA) is essential for several applications, including clinical research, food analysis, and pharmaceutical studies. In this study, we developed an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization coupled to tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-ESI-MS/MS). This method was devised to accurately quantify a spectrum of amino acids, notably taurine, creatinine, glutathione (GSH), and sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) such as methionine, cysteine, and homocysteine, using only 10 μL of human plasma. A stable isotope derivative of each AA is used as an internal standard (IS) for accurate quantification. For retention and separation on a C18 column, heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) was employed as an ion pair agent. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode with the precursor-to-product ion transitions at m/z is used for quantification. The method showed excellent linearity for all AA with a high correlation coefficient (r > 0.9927). The linear fit indicates that the detector response is linear over the tested range of standard concentrations. The accuracy and precision of the method were within the acceptable range of 92-110% and < 15%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 0.001-1.80 µM and 0.004-6.0 µM, respectively. No significant ion suppression or carry over was observed. In conclusion, the assay was validated and found to have adequate accuracy, precision, linearity, sensitivity and selectivity. The assay has been successfully applied to the analysis of human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nasser E Bastani
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Cheng XD, Zhang Z, Li YP. A facile approach to undecylenic acid-functionalized stationary phases for per aqueous liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1265:341337. [PMID: 37230580 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Green chromatography techniques using low-toxic mobile phase are getting increasingly attention in recent years. The core is developing stationary phases that possess adequate retention and separation under the mobile phase of high content water. Using thiol-ene click chemistry, an undecylenic acid-bonded silica stationary phase (UAS) was prepared in a facile manner. Elemental analysis (EA), solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) confirmed the successful preparation of UAS. The synthesized UAS was employed for per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC), which uses little organic solvent during separation. Due to the hydrophilic carboxy, thioether group and hydrophobic alkyl chains of the UAS, various categories of compounds (including nucleobases, nucleosides, organic acids and basic compounds) with different properties can achieve enhanced separation under the mobile phase of high content water compared with commercial C18 and silica stationary phases. Overall, our present UAS stationary phase shows excellent separation ability toward highly polar compounds and meets the requirements of green chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan, 430015, China; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yun-Ping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, China
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5
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Chapel S, Rouvière F, Guillarme D, Heinisch S. Reversed HILIC Gradient: A Powerful Strategy for On-Line Comprehensive 2D-LC. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093907. [PMID: 37175317 PMCID: PMC10179806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of reversed hydrophilic interaction chromatography (revHILIC) mode in liquid chromatography (LC). This chromatographic mode consists of combining a highly polar stationary phase (bare silica) with a gradient varying from very low (1-5%) to high (40%) acetonitrile content (reversed gradient compared to HILIC). The retention behavior of revHILIC was first compared with that of reversed-phase LC (RPLC) and HILIC using representative mixtures of peptides and pharmaceutical compounds. It appears that the achievable selectivity can be ranked in the order RPLC > revHILIC > HILIC with the two different samples. Next, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) conditions were evaluated by combining RPLC, revHILIC, or HILIC with RPLC in an on-line comprehensive (LC × LC) mode. evHILIC × RPLC not only showed impressive performance in terms of peak capacity and sensitivity, but also provided complementary selectivity compared to RPLC × RPLC and HILIC × RPLC. Indeed, both the elution order and the retention time range differ significantly between the three techniques. In conclusion, there is no doubt that revHILIC should be considered as a viable option for 2D-LC analysis of small molecules and also peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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6
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Muller M, de Villiers A. A detailed evaluation of the advantages and limitations of online RP-LC×HILIC compared to HILIC×RP-LC for phenolic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463843. [PMID: 36780845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The combination of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) has proved effective in the LC × LC analysis of polyphenols due to the high degree of orthogonality associated with these separation modes for various classes of phenolic compounds. However, despite the growing number of such applications, HILIC is almost exclusively used as the first dimension (1D) separation mode, and RP-LC in the second dimension (2D). This is somewhat surprising in light of the potential advantages of swapping these separation modes. In this contribution, we present a detailed evaluation of the potential of online RP-LC × HILIC-MS for the analysis of phenolic compounds, comparing the performance of this system to the more established HILIC × RP-LC-MS configuration. Method development was performed using a predictive optimisation program, and fixed solvent modulation was employed to combat the solvent incompatibility between HILIC and RP-LC mobile phases. Red wine, rooibos tea, Protea and chestnut phenolic extracts containing a large diversity of phenolic compound classes were analysed by both HILIC × RP-LC- and RP-LC × HILIC-MS in order to compare the separation performance. Overall, the kinetic performance of HILIC × RP-LC was found to be clearly superior, with higher peak capacities and better resolution obtained for the majority of samples compared to RP-LC × HILIC analyses using similar column dimensions. Dilution of the 1D solvent combined with large volume injections proved insufficient to focus especially phenolic acids in the 2D HILIC separation, which resulted in severe 2D peak distortion for these compounds, and negatively impacted on method performance. On the other hand, a noteworthy improvement in the sensitivity of RP-LC × HILIC-MS analyses was observed due to higher ESI-MS response for the 2D HILIC mobile phase and greater sample loading capacity of the 1D RP-LC column, brought on by the high solubility of phenolic samples in aqueous solutions. As a result, a significantly higher number of compounds were detected in the RP-LC × HILIC-MS separations. These findings point to the potential advantage of RP-LC × HILIC as a complementary configuration to HILIC × RP-LC for phenolic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magriet Muller
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Eid SM, Farag MA, Bawazeer S. Underivatized Amino Acid Chromatographic Separation: Optimized Conditions for HPLC-UV Simultaneous Quantification of Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Valine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Tyrosine in Dietary Supplements. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31106-31114. [PMID: 36092579 PMCID: PMC9453785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are considered as the building blocks of life. Unlike nonessential AAs, the human body cannot synthesize essential AAs and should be supplied in food or dietary supplements. The aim of the work is simultaneous HPLC-UV determination of 10 structurally related AAs without pre- or postderivatization in powdered dietary supplements (PDSs). This was challenging, especially because PDS has no standardized procedures for its quality control. HPLC-UV chromatograms of the 10 AAs were recorded using a gradient elution of the mobile phase on a CLC-C18 column at 225 nm. The elution started with 100% of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 10 mM) for 10 min; then, the concentration of acetonitrile increased linearly to reach 50% for another 15 min at room temperature. Good separation was achieved within a 25 min run time without pre- or postderivatization. The method was carefully validated according to the ICH guidelines over the linearity range of 100-200, 50-200, 20-150, 50-400, 20-250, 75-175, 50-250, 50-250, 50-300, and 5-100 μg/mL for l-lysine, l-threonine, l-histidine, l-valine, l-methionine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, and l-tryptophan, respectively, with mean recoveries ranges between 98.91 and 100.77. The method was found to be precise, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be between 0.28 and 1.92 with recoveries between 97.91 and 101.11. The method was found to be robust that resists deliberate changes in pH, flow rate, and mobile-phase percentages. It was successfully applied for the analysis of PDSs. The proposed method could be very useful for the quality control of the 10 structurally related AAs during their synthesis and for testing raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M. Eid
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October
City 12511, Giza, Egypt
- ,
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sami Bawazeer
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Umm Al-Qura University,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Carbon quantum dots–functionalized silica stationary phase for pharmaceutical analysis by a green liquid chromatography mode. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:175. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Recent Advances in Understanding of Alzheimer's Disease Progression through Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:1-17. [PMID: 35656096 PMCID: PMC9159642 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the aging population, but despite extensive research, there is no consensus on the biological cause of AD. While AD research is dominated by protein/peptide-centric research based on the amyloid hypothesis, a theory that designates dysfunction in beta-amyloid production, accumulation, or disposal as the primary cause of AD, many studies focus on metabolomics as a means of understanding the biological processes behind AD progression. In this review, we discuss mass spectrometry (MS)-based AD metabolomics studies, including sample type and preparation, mass spectrometry specifications, and data analysis, as well as biological insights gleaned from these studies, with the hope of informing future AD metabolomic studies.
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10
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Stationary Phases for Green Liquid Chromatography. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020419. [PMID: 35057141 PMCID: PMC8778826 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial research, including pharmaceutical research, is increasingly using liquid chromatography techniques. This involves the production of large quantities of hazardous and toxic organic waste. Therefore, it is essential at this point to focus interest on solutions proposed by so-called “green chemistry”. One such solution is the search for new methods or the use of new materials that will reduce waste. One of the most promising ideas is to perform chromatographic separation using pure water, without organic solvents, as a mobile phase. Such an approach requires novel stationary phases or specific chromatographic conditions, such as an elevated separation temperature. The following review paper aims to gather information on stationary phases used for separation under purely aqueous conditions at various temperatures.
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11
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A new ionic liquid bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas stationary phase for per aqueous liquid chromatography and its application in the detection of biogenic amines. Talanta 2021; 235:122795. [PMID: 34517653 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of using a large proportion of acetonitrile on the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns that was not environmentally friendly, and the poor acid and base resistance of traditional bonded silica columns, we reported a novel stationary phase of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) covalently bonded to ionic liquid (ILs) bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) hydrophilic microspheres (PMO-ILs-Au NPs) for per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC). The PMO hydrophilic microspheres were prepared by condensation of 1,3-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)imidazoliumchloride and 1, 2-Bis (triethoxysilyl) ethane and then modified with Au NPs the surface. The obtained materials were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectra, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The retention behavior was evaluated by investigating the effect of various chromatographic factors on the retention of different types of solutes. The retention mechanism of the stationary phases in PALC was a mixed type of anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction. Compared with C18-SiO2 column, the acid and base resistance of the stationary phase were greatly improved. Compared with the HILIC column and C18 column, some hydrophilic compounds such as six organic acids and eight biogenic amines were baseline separated with the enhanced resolution of the PMO-ILs-Au NPs column under the PALC mode. The efficiency of the new column was significantly higher than that of the HILIC column. Furthermore, the analysis of PALC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous detection of eight biogenic amines. This method could improve detection efficiency, save reagent and reduce environmental pollution. PALC as a green chromatography analytical method was suitable for the replacement of HILIC.
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12
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Rosetti A, Ferretti R, Villani C, Pierini M, Cirilli R. Simultaneous enantio- and diastereo-selective high-performance liquid chromatography separation of paroxetine on an immobilized amylose-based chiral stationary phase under green reversed-phase conditions. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462406. [PMID: 34320436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple and green high-performance liquid chromatography method for the separation of paroxetine from its enantiomeric and diastereomeric impurities has been developed. The simultaneous chromatographic resolution was carried out on the amylose-based Chiralpak IA-3 chiral stationary phase using the mixture ethanol-water-diethylamine 80:20:0.1 (v/v/v) as a mobile phase. The effects of substitution of ethanol with methanol or acetonitrile and changes in column temperature on selectivity have been carefully investigated. The optimized single-run HPLC protocol allows the baseline separation of the enantiomers of paroxetine without suffering from interference from five other chiral and achiral impurities reported in the monograph of the European Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Rosetti
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Ferretti
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Chen T, Xu L, Song G, Li Y, Xu H, Zhou H, Xiao Z, Li P. Preparation and application of Au nanoparticles-decorated SO3H-cofunctionalized silica stationary phase for per aqueous liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Hu C, Mao Z, Li Z, Li Q, Chen Z. Benzoic acid-modified monolithic column for separation of hydrophilic compounds by capillary electrochromatography with high content of water in mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462166. [PMID: 33957344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic column combined with mobile phase containing high content of water is a green method for the separation of polar compounds, but there are few related studies, and the separation efficiency and performance of existing columns still needs to be improved. In this work, a novel monolithic column for separation of hydrophilic compounds under both high water content and HILIC condition, was prepared by in-situ polymerization using 4-vinylbenzoic acid (VBA) and 1-(Acryloyloxy)-3-(methacryloyloxy)-2-propanol (AMAP) as functional monomers. The poly(VBA-co-AMAP) monolithic column showed good separation performance towards various polar compounds under different chromatographic conditions based on the π-interaction, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions provided by 4-vinylbenzoic acid functional monomer. The highest column efficiency for adenine was over 2.15 × 105 plates m-1 (theoretical plate, N). In addition, the monolith showed good stability and reproducibility, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention times within days (n = 5), between days (n = 5), between columns (n = 3) and between batches (n = 3) were 0.47-1.13%, 1.20-2.68%, 0.59-1.78% and 1.54-3.60%, respectively. This novel type of monolith has great application potential in the separation of hydrophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zhenkun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zhentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
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15
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Castilho LDMB, Gama VDS, Santos ALRD, Faria AMD. Polar polymer-immobilized stationary phase for aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1862868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Verônica dos Santos Gama
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences of Pontal, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Brazil
| | | | - Anizio Marcio de Faria
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences of Pontal, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Brazil
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16
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Dogan A, Eylem CC, Akduman NEB. Application of green methodology to pharmaceutical analysis using eco-friendly ethanol-water mobile phases. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Knoll S, Rösch T, Huhn C. Trends in sample preparation and separation methods for the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds in environmental water and biota samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6149-6165. [PMID: 32710277 PMCID: PMC7442764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent years showed a boost in knowledge about the presence and fate of micropollutants in the environment. Instrumental and methodological developments mainly in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry hold a large share in this success story. These techniques soon complemented gas chromatography and enabled the analysis of more polar compounds including pesticides but also household chemicals, food additives, and pharmaceuticals often present as traces in surface waters. In parallel, sample preparation techniques evolved to extract and enrich these compounds from biota and water samples. This review article looks at very polar and ionic compounds using the criterion log P ≤ 1. Considering about 240 compounds, we show that (simulated) log D values are often even lower than the corresponding log P values due to ionization of the compounds at our reference pH of 7.4. High polarity and charge are still challenging characteristics in the analysis of micropollutants and these compounds are hardly covered in current monitoring strategies of water samples. The situation is even more challenging in biota analysis given the large number of matrix constituents with similar properties. Currently, a large number of sample preparation and separation approaches are developed to meet the challenges of the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds. In addition to reviewing them, we discuss some trends: for sample preparation, preconcentration and purification efforts by SPE will continue, possibly using upcoming mixed-mode stationary phases and mixed beds in order to increase comprehensiveness in monitoring applications. For biota analysis, miniaturization and parallelization are aspects of future research. For ionic or ionizable compounds, we see electromembrane extraction as a method of choice with a high potential to increase throughput by automation. For separation, predominantly coupled to mass spectrometry, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography applications will increase as the polarity range ideally complements reversed phase liquid chromatography, and instrumentation and expertise are available in most laboratories. Two-dimensional applications have not yet reached maturity in liquid-phase separations to be applied in higher throughput. Possibly, the development and commercial availability of mixed-mode stationary phases make 2D applications obsolete in semi-targeted applications. An interesting alternative will enter routine analysis soon: supercritical fluid chromatography demonstrated an impressive analyte coverage but also the possibility to tailor selectivity for targeted approaches. For ionic and ionizable micropollutants, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are amenable but may be used only for specialized applications such as the analysis of halogenated acids when aspects like desalting and preconcentration are solved and the key advantages are fully elaborated by further research. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Knoll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Rösch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Gama MR, Rocha FR. Solventless separation of underivatized biogenic amines by sequential injection chromatography. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Sobańska AW. Emerging or Underestimated Silica-Based Stationary Phases in Liquid Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:631-655. [PMID: 32482079 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1760782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several newly synthesized or forgotten silica-based stationary phases proposed for liquid chromatography are described, including non-endcapped, short-chain alkyl phases; hydrophilic and polar-endcapped stationary phases; polar-embedded alkyl phases; long-chain alkyl phases. Stationary phases with aromatic, cyanopropyl, diol and aminopropyl functionalities are also reviewed. Stationary phases of particular interest are biomolecular materials - based on immobilized cholesterol, aminoacids, peptides, proteins or lipoproteins. Packing materials involving macrocyclic chemistry (crown ethers; calixarenes; aza-macrocycles; oligo-and polysaccharides including these of marine origin - chitin- or chitosan-based; macrocyclic antibiotics) are discussed. Since many stationary phases developed for one type of applications (e.g. chiral separation) have been found useful in solving other analytical problems (e.g. drug's plasma protein binding ability), it seemed reasonable to discuss particular chemistries behind the stationary phases presented in this review rather than specific types of interactions or chromatographic modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna W Sobańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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20
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21
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Farsang E, Gaál V, Horváth O, Bárdos E, Horváth K. Analysis of Non-Ionic Surfactant Triton X-100 Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071223. [PMID: 30925777 PMCID: PMC6480021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that surfactants increase the solubility of hydrophobic organic compounds and cause adverse environmental effects. The removal of these compounds from the contaminated soil or ground-water is particularly difficult due to their water soluble feature. In this work, an ultra-high performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic method was developed for the separation of oligomers of Triton X-100 octylphenol-polyethoxylate non-ionic surfactant. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the Triton X-100 compounds. There was a 44 mass unit difference between two adjacent peaks that is the molar mass of one ethylene oxide group (–CH2CH2O–). A quadratic retention model was applied for the estimation of retention of the examined non-ionic surfactant and the optimization of gradient elution conditions. The optimized method was suitable for the baseline separation of 28 Triton X-100 oligomers in five minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Farsang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Violetta Gaál
- SÁGHEGY Ltd., Hutoház 040/2 HRSZ, H-9521 Kemenesszentmárton, Hungary.
| | - Ottó Horváth
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Bárdos
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Horváth
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
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22
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Naffa R, Watanabe S, Zhang W, Maidment C, Singh P, Chamber P, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ. Rapid analysis of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in biological samples by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and a silica hydride column. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1482-1488. [PMID: 30680922 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline crosslinks are biomarkers found in urine for collagen degradation in bone turnover. For the first time, a rapid, sensitive, and ion-pairing free method is described for the analysis of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with Cogent Diamond Hydride column and detection by Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. The separation was achieved using both isocratic and gradient conditions and run time <5 min under isocratic conditions of 20% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% formic acid. Pyridoxine was used as an internal standard and relative standard deviation of the retention times of both pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline were <1%. The limit of detection was 0.082 ± 0.023 μM for pyridinoline and 0.118 ± 0.052 μM for deoxypyridinoline. The limit of quantitation was 0.245 ± 0.070 μM for pyridinoline and 0.354 ± 0.157 μM for deoxypyridinoline. The method was validated by the detection and quantitation of both pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in skin and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafea Naffa
- NZ Leather and Shoe Research Association (LASRA®), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Wenkai Zhang
- NZ Leather and Shoe Research Association (LASRA®), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Maidment
- NZ Leather and Shoe Research Association (LASRA®), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Preet Singh
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Chamber
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maria T Matyska
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA
| | - Joseph J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA
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23
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24
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Jaffuel G, Chappuis L, Guillarme D, Turlings TC, Glauser G. Improved separation by at-column dilution in preparative hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1532:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Krzemińska K, Bocian S. The versatility of N,O-dialkylphosphoramidate stationary phase-separations in HILIC, highly aqueous RP LC conditions and purely aqueous mobile phase. Analyst 2018; 143:1217-1223. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01634d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic properties of N,O-dialkylphosphoramidate stationary phase with an octadecyl chain (Amino-P-C18) were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krzemińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- PL- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- PL- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
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26
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Jandera P, Hájek T. Mobile phase effects on the retention on polar columns with special attention to the dual hydrophilic interaction-reversed-phase liquid chromatography mechanism, a review. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:145-162. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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27
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Korany MA, Mahgoub H, Haggag RS, Ragab MAA, Elmallah OA. Green chemistry: Analytical and chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1373672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Korany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Mahgoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rim S. Haggag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Somouha, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. A. Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Osama A. Elmallah
- SPIMACO MISR for Pharmaceutical Industries, Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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28
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McCalley DV. Understanding and manipulating the separation in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:49-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Per Aqueous Liquid Chromatography (PALC) as a Simple Method for Native Separation of Protein A. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Chen T, Zhu L, Lu H, Song G, Li Y, Zhou H, Li P, Zhu W, Xu H, Shao L. Preparation and application of covalently bonded polysaccharide-modified stationary phase for per aqueous liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 964:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Heiland JJ, Lotter C, Stein V, Mauritz L, Belder D. Temperature Gradient Elution and Superheated Eluents in Chip-HPLC. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3266-3271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volkmar Stein
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße
18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Pedroso TM, Medeiros AC, Salgado HR. RP-HPLC×HILIC chromatography for quantifying ertapenem sodium with a look at green chemistry. Talanta 2016; 160:745-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Wan H, Zhong H, Xue X, Liang X. Separation behavior of basic compounds on unbonded silicon oxynitride and silica high-performance liquid chromatography stationary phases with reversed-phase eluents. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3860-3867. [PMID: 27514692 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unbonded silicon oxynitride and silica high-performance liquid chromatography stationary phases have been evaluated and compared for the separation of basic compounds of differing molecular weight, pKa , and log D using aqueous/organic mobile phases. The influences of percentage of organic modifier, buffer pH, and concentration in the mobile phase on base retention were investigated on unbonded silicon oxynitride and silica phases. The results confirmed that unbonded silicon oxynitride and silica phases demonstrated excellent separation performance for model basic compounds and both the unbonded phases examined possessed a hydrophobic/adsorption and ion-exchange character. The silicon oxynitride stationary phase exhibited high hydrophilicity compared with silica with a reversed-phase mobile phase. An ion-exclusion-type mechanism becomes predominant for the separation of three aimed bases on the silicon oxynitride column at pH 2.8. Different from silicon oxynitride stationary phase, no obvious change for the retention time of three model bases on silica stationary phase at pH 2.8 can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wan
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Analytical Center, Dalian University of technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Hongmin Zhong
- Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Analytical Center, Dalian University of technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xingya Xue
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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34
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New insights into liquid chromatography for more eco-friendly analysis of pharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6929-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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George JP, Kumar P, Telmore VM, Deb AC, Kumar A, Radhakrishna J. Separation of urea, hexamethylenetetramine, and their reaction products in sol–gel feed solution by zwitterionic HILIC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1132726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranaw Kumar
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Ashok Chandra Deb
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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36
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Urban J. Current trends in the development of porous polymer monoliths for the separation of small molecules. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:51-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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37
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Histidine-modified organic-silica hybrid monolithic column for mixed-mode per aqueous and ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2046-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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38
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The versatility in LC selectivity attainable with the silica base and associated bonded phases. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:637-42. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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39
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Mohamed HM. Green, environment-friendly, analytical tools give insights in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Borges EM. Silica, hybrid silica, hydride silica and non-silica stationary phases for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:580-97. [PMID: 25234386 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Free silanols on the surface of silica are the "villains", which are responsible for detrimental interactions of those compounds and the stationary phase (i.e., bad peak shape, low efficiency) as well as low thermal and chemical stability. For these reasons, we began this review describing new silica and hybrid silica stationary phases, which have reduced and/or shielded silanols. At present, in liquid chromatography for the majority of analyses, reversed-phase liquid chromatography is the separation mode of choice. However, the needs for increased selectivity and increased retention of hydrophilic bases have substantially increased the interest in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Therefore, stationary phases and this mode of separation are discussed. Then, non-silica stationary phases (i.e., zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, alumina and porous graphitized carbon), which afford increased thermal and chemical stability and also selectivity different from those obtained with silica and hybrid silica, are discussed. In addition, the use of these materials in HILIC is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endler M Borges
- Núcleo Biotecnológico, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Rua Paese, 198, Bairro Universitário-Bloco K. Videira, SC CEP 89560-000, Brazil
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41
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Monolithic capillary columns based on silica and zirconium oxides for use in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Trivedi DK, Iles RK. Do not just do it, do it right: urinary metabolomics -establishing clinically relevant baselines. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1491-501. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drupad K. Trivedi
- Eric Leonard Kruse Foundation for Health Research; Manchester UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; M1 7DN UK
| | - Ray K. Iles
- Eric Leonard Kruse Foundation for Health Research; Manchester UK
- MAP Diagnostic Ltd; Ely Cambridgeshire UK
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43
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Multi-dye residue analysis of triarylmethane, xanthene, phenothiazine and phenoxazine dyes in fish tissues by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 953-954:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Tang S, Liu S, Ren H, Liang X, Qiu H, Guo Y, Liu X, Jiang S. A novel imidazolium-based organic–silica hybrid monolith for per aqueous capillary electrochromatography. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03460k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Zhang M, Liang X, Jiang S, Qiu H. Preparation and applications of surface-confined ionic-liquid stationary phases for liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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46
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Safaei Z, Bocian S, Buszewski B. Green chromatography-carbon footprint of columns packed with core–shell materials. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetonitrile and methanol are the most popular organic solvents employed in RP HPLC, so it is important to minimize the environmental impact of organic solvent and the use of environmentally friendly solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Safaei
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University
- PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Qiu H, Zhang M, Gu T, Takafuji M, Ihara H. A Sulfonic-Azobenzene-Grafted Silica Amphiphilic Material: A Versatile Stationary Phase for Mixed-Mode Chromatography. Chemistry 2013; 19:18004-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Determination of Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Cereals by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sadeghi F, Navidpour L, Bayat S, Afshar M. Validation and uncertainty estimation of an ecofriendly and stability-indicating HPLC method for determination of diltiazem in pharmaceutical preparations. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:353814. [PMID: 24163778 PMCID: PMC3791576 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A green, simple, and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of diltiazem in topical preparations. The separation was based on a C18 analytical column using a mobile phase consisted of ethanol: phosphoric acid solution (pH = 2.5) (35 : 65, v/v). Column temperature was set at 50°C and quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 240 nm. In forced degradation studies, the drug was subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis, and heat. The method was validated for specificity, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The applied procedure was found to be linear in diltiazem concentration range of 0.5-50 μ g/mL (r (2) = 0.9996). Precision was evaluated by replicate analysis in which % relative standard deviation (RSD) values for areas were found below 2.0. The recoveries obtained (99.25%-101.66%) ensured the accuracy of the developed method. The degradation products as well as the pharmaceutical excipients were well resolved from the pure drug. The expanded uncertainty (5.63%) of the method was also estimated from method validation data. Accordingly, the proposed validated and sustainable procedure was proved to be suitable for routine analyzing and stability studies of diltiazem in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran 193956466, Iran
| | - Latifeh Navidpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176, Iran
| | - Sima Bayat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran 193956466, Iran
| | - Minoo Afshar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran 193956466, Iran
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Płotka J, Tobiszewski M, Sulej AM, Kupska M, Górecki T, Namieśnik J. Green chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1307:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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