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Netopilík M, Janata M, Trhlíková O, Berek D. Fast and efficient single step liquid chromatography separation of parent homopolymers from block copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462441. [PMID: 34371363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The modified layout of the barrier method called liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of enthalpic interactions is presented. It enables automated quantitative separation of blends of synthetic polymers, for example the single step discrimination of both parent homopolymers from the block copolymers. Moreover, this method enables the estimation of molar mass and molar mass distribution of the block copolymer precursor. Adjacent large sequences of mobile phase of different composition are applied as barriers. They are created by a computer controlled pair of pumping systems in the form of longitudinal profiles along the column. The home synthesized block copolymers polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) served as model examples of the method application. The adsorption retention mechanism was exploited using mesoporous bare silica gel column packing. Series of block copolymers of similar composition can be quickly handled with the method to optimize their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Netopilík
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84541, Slovakia.
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Abstract
Interaction polymer chromatography (IPC) is an umbrella term covering a large variety of primarily enthalpically-dominated macromolecular separation methods. These include temperature-gradient interaction chromatography, interactive gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC), barrier methods, etc. Also included are methods such as liquid chromatography at the critical conditions and GPEC in traditional precipitation-redissolution mode. IPC techniques are employed to determine the chemical composition distribution of copolymers, to separate multicomponent polymeric samples according to their chemical constituents, to determine the tacticity and end-group distribution of polymers, and to determine the chemical composition and molar mass distributions of select blocks in block copolymers. These are all properties which greatly affect the processing and end-use behavior of macromolecules. While extremely powerful, IPC methods are rarely employed outside academic and select industrial laboratories. This is generally because most published methods are "bespoke" ones, applicable only to the particular polymer being examined; as such, potential practitioners are faced with a lack of inductive information regarding how to develop IPC separations in non-empirical fashion. The aim of the present review is to distill from the literature and the author's experience the necessary fundamental macromolecular and chromatographic information so that those interested in doing so may develop IPC methods for their particular analytes of interest, regardless of what these analytes may be, with as little trial-and-error as possible. While much remains to be determined in this area, especially, for most techniques, as regards the role of temperature and how to fine-tune this critical parameter, and while a need for IPC columns designed specifically for large-molecule separations remains apparent, it is hoped that the present review will help place IPC methods in the hands of a more general, yet simultaneously more applied audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Striegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8390, USA
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The retention behavior of diblock copolymers in gradient chromatography; Similarities of diblock copolymers and homopolymers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Berek D. Separation of Parent Homopolymers from Nonpolar Block Copolymers by Means of Liquid Chromatography under Limiting Conditions of Enthalpic Interactions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
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Li Y, Pearce E, Lyons JW, Murray D, Chatterjee T, Meunier DM. Fundamental study of the separation of homopolymers from block copolymers by liquid chromatography with preloaded adsorption promoting barriers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1475:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Separating effective high density polyethylene segments from olefin block copolymers using high temperature liquid chromatography with a preloaded discrete adsorption promoting solvent barrier. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TN, Gigmes D. Separation of parent homopolymers from polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide) based block copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption—3. Study of barrier efficiency according to block copolymers’ chemical composition. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TN, Gigmes D. Separation of parent homopolymers from poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene-based block copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption – 1. Determination of the suitable molar mass range and optimization of chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Berek D, Macová E. Liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption 6: Separation of a four-component polymer blend. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:543-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Eva Macová
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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Radke W. Polymer separations by liquid interaction chromatography: Principles – prospects – limitations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Beaudoin E, Gigmes D. Separation of Parent Homopolymers from Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene Triblock Copolymers by Means of Liquid Chromatography: 1. Comparison of Different Methods. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2694-702. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rollet
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bérengère Pelletier
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Anaïs Altounian
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Dusan Berek
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská
Cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sébastien Maria
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaudoin
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Šišková A, Macová E, Corradini D, Berek D. Liquid chromatography of synthetic polymers under critical conditions of enthalpic interactions 4: Sample recovery. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2979-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Šišková
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Eva Macová
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Danilo Corradini
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; National Research Council; Rome Italy
| | - Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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Astolfi P, Greci L, Stipa P, Rizzoli C, Ysacco C, Rollet M, Autissier L, Tardy A, Guillaneuf Y, Gigmes D. Indolinic nitroxides: evaluation of their potential as universal control agents for nitroxide mediated polymerization. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00368j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Machado AL, Bochio BC, Wady AF, Jorge JH, Canevarolo SV, Vergani CE. Impact strength of denture base and reline acrylic resins: An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF DENTAL BIOMECHANICS 2012; 3:1758736012459535. [PMID: 22977461 PMCID: PMC3439827 DOI: 10.1177/1758736012459535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact strength of a denture base resin (Lucitone 550-L) and four reline resins (Tokuyama Rebase II-T; Ufi Gel Hard-U; New Truliner-NT, and Kooliner-K), both intact and in a reline combination (L/L, L/T, L/U, L/NT, and L/K). For each group (n = 20), half of the specimens were thermocycled before testing. Charpy tests were performed, and the impact strengths were calculated. Data were analyzed by two-way analyses of variance and Tukey's test (p = 0.05). For the intact groups, mean impact strength values for L (1.65 and 1.50) were significantly higher than those of the reline resins (0.38-1.17). For the relined groups, the highest mean impact strength values were produced by L/T (5.76 and 5.12), L/NT (6.20 and 6.03), and L/K (5.60 and 5.31) and the lowest by L/U (0.76 and 0.78). There were no significant differences between L and L/L. Thermocycling reduced the impact strength of T (from 0.73 to 0.38) and L/L (from 1.82 to 1.56).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Machado
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Šišková A, Macová E, Berek D. Liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption 4 separation of blends containing low-solubility polymers. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Runyon JR, Williams SKR. Composition and molecular weight analysis of styrene-acrylic copolymers using thermal field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6774-9. [PMID: 21855881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermal field-flow fractionation coupled with online multiangle light scattering, differential refractive index and quasielastic light scattering (ThFFF-MALS/dRI/QELS) was used to simultaneously determine the molecular weight (MW) and composition of polystyrene-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PS-PBA) and polystyrene-poly(methyl acrylate) (PS-PMA) copolymers. The online measurement of the normal diffusion coefficient (D) by QELS allowed calculation of the copolymer thermal diffusion coefficient (D(T)) of sample components as they eluted from the ThFFF channel. DT was found to be independent of MW for copolymers with similar compositions and dependent on composition for copolymers with similar MW in a non-selective solvent. By using a solvent that is non-selective to both blocks of the copolymer, it was possible to establish a universal calibration plot of DT versus mole fraction of one of the monomer chemistries comprising the copolymer. PS-PBA and PS-PMA linear diblock polymers were determined to vary in composition from 100/0 to 20/80 wt% PS/acrylate and ranged in MWs between 30 and 360 kDa. The analysis of a PS-PBA miktoarm star copolymer revealed a polydisperse material with a weight percent PBA of 50-75% and MW ranging from 100 to 900 kDa. The presented ThFFF-MALS/dRI/QELS method allowed rapid characterization of polymers with MW and chemical distributions in a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ray Runyon
- Laboratory for Advanced Separations Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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