1
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Niezen LE, Kruijswijk JD, van Henten GB, Pirok BWJ, Staal BBP, Radke W, Philipsen HJA, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ. Principles and potential of solvent gradient size-exclusion chromatography for polymer analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1253:341041. [PMID: 36965990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a polymeric material are influenced by its underlying molecular distributions, including the molecular-weight (MWD), chemical-composition (CCD), and/or block-length (BLD) distributions. Gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used to determine the CCD. Due to the limited solubility of polymers, samples are often dissolved in strong solvents. Upon injection of the sample, such solvents may lead to broadened or poorly shaped peaks and, in unfavourable cases, to "breakthrough" phenomena, where a part of the sample travels through the column unretained. To remedy this, a technique called size-exclusion-chromatography gradients or gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) was developed in 2011. In this work, we aim to further explore the potential of gSEC for the analysis of the CCD, also in comparison with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC, which in this work corresponded to gradient-elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The influence of the mobile-phase composition, the pore size of the stationary-phase particles, and the column temperature were investigated. The separation of five styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymers was studied with one-dimensional RPLC and gSEC. RPLC was shown to lead to a more-accurate CCD in shorter analysis time. The separation of five styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers was also explored using comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) LC involving gSEC, i.e. SEC × gSEC and SEC × RPLC. In 2D-LC, the use of gSEC was especially advantageous as no breakthrough could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Jordy D Kruijswijk
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van Henten
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harry J A Philipsen
- DSM Engineering Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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2
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Critical conditions for liquid chromatography of statistical polyolefins: Evaluation of diene distribution in EPDM terpolymers. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340856. [PMID: 36764768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography at critical conditions is of interest as it may unravel molecular information on macromolecular structures not accessible by any other analytical techniques. Yet so far, such conditions have never been experimentally established for copolymers, where a particular need for such information exists. Toward this goal, critical conditions for statistical ethylene propylene copolymers were identified. In the first approach the composition of the binary mobile phase was varied at a constant temperature, and secondly by modulating the adsorption-desorption temperature at constant mobile phase composition. Solvents for both methods were identified by using a novel approach that combines structure retention relationships with Hansen Solubility Parameters. As a result, for the first time, the heterogeneity of an ethylene propylene diene terpolymer sample with regard to the pendant double bond of the diene could be determined. The novel chromatographic approach was validated by measuring the composition of fractions taken over the chromatographic run offline by nuclear magnetic resonance. In summary, this work gave the first experimental evidence for the existence of critical conditions for polyolefin random copolymers, as postulated by Brun. This novel chromatographic approach holds immense potential to engineer complex polymers towards future applications by making use of the now-accessible molecular information.
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3
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Zdovc B, Li H, Zhao J, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Influence of Microstructure on the Elution Behavior of Gradient Copolymers in Different Modes of Liquid Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7844-7852. [PMID: 35604324 PMCID: PMC9178556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of microstructure on the chromatographic behavior of gradient copolymers with different gradient strengths and block copolymer with completely segregated blocks by using gradient liquid adsorption chromatography (gLAC) and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) for one of the copolymer constituents. The copolymers consist of repeating units of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(propylene phthalate) and have comparable average chemical composition and molar mass, and a narrow molar mass distribution to avoid as much as possible the influence of these parameters on the elution behavior of the copolymers. On both reversed stationary phases, the elution volume of gradient copolymers increases with the increasing strength of the gradient. The results indicate that for both modes of liquid interaction chromatography, it is important to consider the effect of microstructure on the elution behavior of the gradient copolymers in addition to the copolymer chemical composition and molar mass in the case of gLAC and the length of the chromatographically visible copolymer constituent in the case of LCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Zdovc
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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4
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Knol WC, Gruendling T, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BW, Peters RA. Co-Polymer sequence determination over the molar mass distribution by size-exclusion chromatography combined with pyrolysis - gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Santo KP, Neimark AV. Dissipative particle dynamics simulations in colloid and Interface science: a review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102545. [PMID: 34757286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is one of the most efficient mesoscale coarse-grained methodologies for modeling soft matter systems. Here, we comprehensively review the progress in theoretical formulations, parametrization strategies, and applications of DPD over the last two decades. DPD bridges the gap between the microscopic atomistic and macroscopic continuum length and time scales. Numerous efforts have been performed to improve the computational efficiency and to develop advanced versions and modifications of the original DPD framework. The progress in the parametrization techniques that can reproduce the engineering properties of experimental systems attracted a lot of interest from the industrial community longing to use DPD to characterize, help design and optimize the practical products. While there are still areas for improvements, DPD has been efficiently applied to numerous colloidal and interfacial phenomena involving phase separations, self-assembly, and transport in polymeric, surfactant, nanoparticle, and biomolecules systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolattukudy P Santo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Alexander V Neimark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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6
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Malik MI. Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions in Polymer Analysis: A Perspective. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Xue Y, Li X, Zhang S, Guo R. Direct Determination of Interchain Transfer Constants for Radical Polymerization of Benzyl Acrylate by RAFT Polymerization and Polymer Chromatography. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Deshmukh S, Macko T, Arndt JH, Malz F, van Doremaele G, Bernardo R, Brüll R. Separation of ethylene-norbornene copolymers using high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462367. [PMID: 34246964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The elution behavior of ethylene-norbornene (EN) copolymers prepared with various catalysts was studied in selected binary solvent gradients using porous graphite (HypercarbTM) as stationary phase. It was found that the elution volumes of the EN copolymers correlated with their average norbornene content. For a series with norbornene content lower than 20 mol % the correlation was positive (i.e. increasing elution volumes with increasing norbornene content), whereas for a series with norbornene contents above 20 mol % it was negative (decreasing elution volumes with increasing norbornene content). It is known that EN copolymers have complicated microstructures that depend on norbornene content and the catalyst system used for synthesis. Thus, it is supposed that the opposing trends in the elution behavior of the EN copolymers are caused by differences in their microstructure, ultimately governed by the norbornene content. Our conclusions are supported by results from NMR spectroscopy, which revealed the microstructure, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrajeet Deshmukh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Malz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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9
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Yin C, Fu J, Lu X. Characterization of polyethermethylsiloxanes using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Malik MI. Critical parameters of liquid chromatography at critical conditions in context of poloxamers: Pore diameter, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460440. [PMID: 31416625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the borderline between size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) there is a special mobile phase composition and temperature at which polymer chains become "chromatographically invisible". This point is termed as "chromatographic critical point" and chromatographic separations performed using these conditions are called "liquid chromatography at critical conditions" (LCCC). LCCC is a powerful technique in the analysis of functional polymers and block copolymers. At these so-called critical conditions molar mass discrimination of any specific homopolymer is suppressed rendering elution of whole range of molar mass at same elution volume. These conditions allow enhanced separation with regard to non-critical segment either in exclusion or interaction regime of the polymer chromatography. This article is intended to critically discuss different parameters that can be maneuvered to improve separation and in turn characterization of non-critical segment of block copolymers at LCCC. Different experimental parameters evaluated in this study include pore size of the column, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. These parameters can be adeptly adjusted to improve separation of non-critical segment while keeping the other segment close to critical conditions. Current study demonstrates that pore diameter and mobile phase are the only practical variable that can be used for improvement of characterization of non-critical block in the block copolymer while non-critical block is in exclusion regime. On the other hand, pore diameter of the column, temperature, solvent composition and gradients are important parameters that can be skillfully tuned for improvement of separation of non-critical block while non-critical block elutes in interaction regime. The above-mentioned variations are evaluated for di-block as well as tri-block copolymers of A-B-A and B-A-B type. Moreover, LCCC-IC is especially important for analysis of poloxamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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11
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Poly(propylene ether carbonate)-Based Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Chromatographic Characterization. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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The retention behavior of diblock copolymers in gradient chromatography; Similarities of diblock copolymers and homopolymers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Biodegradable Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene Carbonate Polymer as Hydrophobic Segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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14
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Epping R, Panne U, Falkenhagen J. Critical Conditions for Liquid Chromatography of Statistical Copolymers: Functionality Type and Composition Distribution Characterization by UP-LCCC/ESI-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1778-1786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Thevarajah JJ, Van Leeuwen MP, Cottet H, Castignolles P, Gaborieau M. Determination of the distributions of degrees of acetylation of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 95:40-48. [PMID: 27771414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is often characterized by its average degree of acetylation. To increase chitosan's use in various industries, a more thorough characterization is necessary as the acetylation of chitosan affects properties such as dissolution and mechanical properties of chitosan films. Despite the poor solubility of chitosan, free solution capillary electrophoresis (CE) allows a robust separation of chitosan by the degree of acetylation. The distribution of degrees of acetylation of various chitosan samples was characterized through their distributions of electrophoretic mobilities. These distributions can be obtained easily and with high precision. The heterogeneity of the chitosan chains in terms of acetylation was characterized through the dispersity of the electrophoretic mobility distributions obtained. The relationship between the number-average degree of acetylation obtained by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and the weight-average electrophoretic mobilities was established. The distribution of degrees of acetylation was determined using capillary electrophoresis in the critical conditions (CE-CC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Jerushan Thevarajah
- Western Sydney University, Molecular Medicine Research Group (MMRG), Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, Australia; Western Sydney University, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, Australia.
| | - Matthew Paul Van Leeuwen
- Western Sydney University, Molecular Medicine Research Group (MMRG), Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, Australia; Western Sydney University, School of Medicine, Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, Australia.
| | - Herve Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Universiét de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Patrice Castignolles
- Western Sydney University, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, Australia.
| | - Marianne Gaborieau
- Western Sydney University, Molecular Medicine Research Group (MMRG), Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, Australia; Western Sydney University, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, Australia.
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16
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Al Samman M, Radke W. Two-dimensional chromatographic separation of branched polyesters according to degree of branching and molar mass. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TN, Gigmes D. Separation of parent homopolymers from poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene-based block copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption – 1. Determination of the suitable molar mass range and optimization of chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Lee D, Shan CLP, Meunier DM, Lyons JW, Cong R, deGroot AW. Toward absolute chemical composition distribution measurement of polyolefins by high-temperature liquid chromatography hyphenated with infrared absorbance and light scattering detectors. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8649-56. [PMID: 25117509 DOI: 10.1021/ac501477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition distribution (CCD) is a fundamental metric for representing molecular structures of copolymers in addition to molecular weight distribution (MWD). Solvent gradient interaction chromatography (SGIC) is commonly used to separate copolymers by chemical composition in order to obtain CCD. The separation of polymer in SGIC is, however, not only affected by chemical composition but also by molecular weight and architecture. The ability to measure composition and MW simultaneously after separation would be beneficial for understanding the impact of different factors and deriving true CCD. In this study, comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography (2D) was coupled with infrared absorbance (IR5) and light scattering (LS) detectors for characterization of ethylene-propylene copolymers. Polymers were first separated by SGIC as the first dimension chromatography (D1). The separated fractions were then characterized by the second dimension (D2) size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with IR5 and LS detectors. The concentrations and compositions of the separated fractions were measured online using the IR5 detector. The MWs of the fractions were measured by the ratio of LS to IR5 signals. A metric was derived from online concentration and composition data to represent CCD breadth. The metric was shown to be independent of separation gradients for an "absolute" measurement of CCD breadth. By combining online composition and MW data, the relationship of MW as a function of chemical composition was obtained. This relationship was qualitatively consistent with the results by SEC coupled to IR5, which measures chemical composition as a function of logMW. The simultaneous measurements of composition and MW give the opportunity to study the SGIC separation mechanism and derive chain architectural characteristics of polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Lee
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences R&D, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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19
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Abstract
Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Radke W. Polymer separations by liquid interaction chromatography: Principles – prospects – limitations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Beaudoin E, Gigmes D. Separation of Parent Homopolymers from Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene Triblock Copolymers by Means of Liquid Chromatography: 1. Comparison of Different Methods. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2694-702. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rollet
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bérengère Pelletier
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Anaïs Altounian
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Dusan Berek
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská
Cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sébastien Maria
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaudoin
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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22
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Mlynek M, Radke W. Critical chromatography in ternary solvents. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Barqawi H, Ostas E, Liu B, Carpentier JF, Binder WH. Multidimensional Characterization of α,ω-Telechelic Poly(ε-caprolactone)s via Online Coupling of 2D Chromatographic Methods (LC/SEC) and ESI-TOF/MALDI-TOF-MS. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3016739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Barqawi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elena Ostas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bo Liu
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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24
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Drysdale NE, Brun Y, McCord EF, Nederberg F. Melt Derived Blocky Copolyesters: New Design Features for Polycondensation. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3011075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neville E. Drysdale
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Yefim Brun
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Elizabeth F. McCord
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Fredrik Nederberg
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
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25
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Moyses S. Two-dimensional chromatography applied to the study of the thermo-oxidative degradation of poly(styrene-b-butadiene) star block copolymers. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1741-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Bashir MA, Radke W. Predicting the chromatographic retention of polymers: Application of the polymer model to poly(styrene/ethylacrylate)copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1225:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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