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Kochmann S, Ivanov NA, Le Blanc JCY, Gorin BI, Krylov SN. Circular Geometry in Molecular Stream Separation to Facilitate Nonorthogonal Field-to-Flow Orientation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9519-9524. [PMID: 35767324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular stream separation (MSS) is a promising complement for continuous-flow synthesis. MSS is driven by forces exerted on molecules by a field applied at an angle to the stream-carrying flow. MSS has only been performed with a 90° field-to-flow angle because of a rectangular geometry of canonic MSS; the second-order rotational symmetry of a rectangle prevents any other angle. Here, we propose a noncanonic circular geometry for MSS, which better aligns with the polar nature of MSS and allows changing the field-to-flow. We conducted in silico and experimental studies of circular geometry for continuous-flow electrophoresis (CFE, an MSS method). We proved two advantages of circular CFE over its rectangular counterpart. First, circular CFE can support better flow and electric-field uniformity than rectangular CFE. Second, the nonorthogonal field-to-flow orientation, achievable in circular CFE, can result in a higher stream resolution than the orthogonal one. Considering that circular CFE devices are not more complex in fabrication than rectangular ones, we foresee that circular CFE will serve as a new standard and a testbed for the investigation and creation of new CFE modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Nikita A Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Boris I Gorin
- Eurofins CDMO Alphora, 2395 Speakman Drive #2001, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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2
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Ivanov NA, Liu Y, Kochmann S, Krylov SN. Non-aqueous continuous-flow electrophoresis (NACFE): potential separation complement for continuous-flow organic synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2156-2160. [PMID: 31161184 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce non-aqueous continuous-flow electrophoresis (NACFE) in which the electrolyte is a solution of an organic salt in an aprotic organic solvent. NACFE can maintain steady-state separation of multiple hydrophobic organic species into individual molecular streams. It is a potential separation complement for continuous-flow organic synthesis. This proof-of-concept work will serve as a justification for efforts towards making NACFE a practical tool in flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Ivanov
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions and Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Novo P, Janasek D. Current advances and challenges in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:9-29. [PMID: 29031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The research field on microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has developed vast amounts of devices, methods, applications and raised new questions, often in analogy to conventional techniques from which it derives. Most efforts have been employed on device development and a myriad of architectures and fabrication techniques have been reported using simple proof-of-principle separations. As technological aspects reach a quite mature state, researchers' new challenges include the development of protocols for the separation of complex mixtures, as required in the fields of application. The success of this effort is extremely dependent on the capability to transfer the device's fabrication to an industrial setting as well as to ensure interfacing simplicity, namely at the solutions' supply and collection, and actuation such as electric potential application and temperature control. Other advanced applications such as direct interfacing to downstream systems such as mass spectrometry, integration of sensing and feedback controls will require further development in the laboratory. In this review we provide an overview on the field, from basic concepts, through advanced developments both in the theoretical and experimental arenas, and addressing the above details. A comprehensive survey of designs, materials and applications is presented with particular highlights to most recent developments, namely the integration of electrodes, flow control and hyphenation of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany.
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Kochmann S, Krylov SN. Image processing and analysis system for development and use of free flow electrophoresis chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:256-266. [PMID: 27957577 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01381c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an image processing and analysis system to facilitate detailed performance analysis of free flow electrophoresis (FFE) chips. It consists of a cost-effective self-built imaging setup and a comprehensive customizable software suite. Both components were designed modularly to be accessible, adaptable, versatile, and automatable. The system provides tools for i) automated identification of chip features (e.g. separation zone and flow markers), ii) extraction and analysis of stream trajectories, and iii) evaluation of flow profiles and separation quality (e.g. determination of resolution). Equipped with these tools, the presented image processing and analysis system will enable faster development of FFE chips and applications. It will also serve as a robust detector for fluorescence-based analytical applications of FFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Kochmann S, Agostino FJ, LeBlanc JCY, Krylov SN. Hyphenation of Production-Scale Free-Flow Electrophoresis to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Highly Conductive Background Electrolyte. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8415-20. [PMID: 27462727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this technical note, we demonstrate the hyphenation of production-scale free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) and sheathless electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In contrast to previous hyphenation approaches, we used a highly conductive background electrolyte (BGE) required for production-scale FFE. We found that this kind of BGE as well as a production-scale setup leads to significant electric interference between FFE and MS. This interference prevents steady-state FFE operation. We examine this interference in detail and discuss possible solutions to this issue. We demonstrate that the straightforward grounding of the transfer line removes the influence of ESI-MS on FFE, but creates a current leak from the ESI interface, which adversely affects the ESI spray. Furthermore, we show that only the electrical disconnection of the ESI probe from the FFE-MS transfer line suppresses this undesirable current. In order to facilitate the electrical disconnection we used a low conductivity, silica-based ESI probe with withdrawn inner capillary. This approach allowed the interference-free hyphenation of production-scale FFE (using a highly conductive BGE) with ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Fletcher J Agostino
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Yang Y, Kong FZ, Liu J, Li JM, Liu XP, Li GQ, Wang JF, Xiao H, Fan LY, Cao CX, Li S. Enhancing resolution of free-flow zone electrophoresis via a simple sheath-flow sample injection. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1992-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Fan-Zhi Kong
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Ju-Fang Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shan Li
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
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Agostino FJ, Krylov SN. Advances in steady-state continuous-flow purification by small-scale free-flow electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Stastna M, Slais K. Continuous fast focusing in a trapezoidal void channel based on bidirectional isotachophoresis in a wide pH range. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2579-86. [PMID: 26104601 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study concentrates on development of instrumentation for focusing and separation of analytes in continuous flow. It is based on bidirectional ITP working in wide pH range with separation space of closed void channel of trapezoidal shape and continuous supply of sample. The novel instrumentation is working with electrolyte system formulated previously and on the contrary to devices currently available, it allows preparative separation and concentration of cationic, anionic, and amphoteric analytes simultaneously and in wide pH range. The formation of sharp edges at zone boundaries as well as low conductivity zones are avoided in suggested system and thus, local overheating is eliminated allowing for high current densities at initial stages of focusing. This results in high focusing speed and reduction of analysis time, which is particularly advantageous for separations performed in continuous flow systems. The closed void channel is designed to avoid basic obstacles related to liquid leakage, bubbles formation, contacts with electrodes, channel height and complicated assembling. The performance of designed instrumentation and focusing dynamics were tested by using colored low molecular mass pH indicators for local pH determination, focusing pattern, and completion. In addition, feasibility and separation efficiency were demonstrated by focusing of cytochrome C and myoglobin. The collection of fractions at instrument output allows for subsequent analysis and identification of sample components that are concentrated and conveniently in form of solution for further processing. Since the instrumentation operates with commercially available simple defined buffers and compounds without need of carrier ampholytes background, it is economically favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Slais
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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Agostino FJ, Cherney LT, Kanoatov M, Krylov SN. Reducing pH Gradients in Free-Flow Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5656-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher J. Agostino
- York University, Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Research
on Biomolecular Interactions, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Leonid T. Cherney
- York University, Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Research
on Biomolecular Interactions, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Mirzo Kanoatov
- York University, Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Research
on Biomolecular Interactions, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- York University, Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Research
on Biomolecular Interactions, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Agostino FJ, Cherney LT, Galievsky V, Krylov SN. Steady-State Continuous-Flow Purification by Electrophoresis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7256-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Agostino FJ, Cherney LT, Galievsky V, Krylov SN. Steady-State Continuous-Flow Purification by Electrophoresis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Shao J, Fan LY, Cao CX, Huang XQ, Xu YQ. Quantitative investigation of resolution increase of free-flow electrophoresis via simple interval sample injection and separation. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2065-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Xian-Qing Huang
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Yu-Quan Xu
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
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