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Obma A, Bumrungpuech R, Hemwech P, Detsangiamsak S, Wirasate S, Hauser PC, Chantiwas R. Efficient separation of organic anions in beverages using aminosilane-functionalized capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342815. [PMID: 38969420 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has the advantage of rapid anion analysis, when employing a reverse electroosmotic flow (EOF). The conventional CE method utilizes dynamic coatings with surfactants like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the run buffer to reverse the EOF. However, this method suffers from very slow equilibration leading to drifting effective migration times of the analyte anions, which adversely affects the identification and quantification of peaks. Permanent coating of the capillary surface may obviate this problem but has been relatively little explored. Thus, permanent capillary surface modification by the covalent binding of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was studied as an alternative. RESULTS This study investigates the effect of APTES concentration for surface functionalization on EOF mobility, separation efficiency, and reproducibility of anion separation. The performance data was complemented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle (CA) measurements. The XPS measurements showed that the coverage with APTES was dependent on its concentration in the coating solution. The XPS measurements correlated well with the EOF values determined for the capillaries tested. A standard mixture of 21 anions could be baseline separated within 10 min in the capillaries with lower EOF, but not in the capillary with the highest EOF as the residence time of the analytes was too short in this case. Compared to conventional dynamic coating with CTAB, APTES-functionalized capillaries provide faster equilibration and long-term EOF stability. The application of APTES-functionalized capillaries in analyzing different beverages demonstrates the precision, reliability, and specificity in determining organic anions, providing valuable insights of their compositions. SIGNIFICANCE APTES coating on capillaries provides a facile approach to achieve a permanent reversal of the stable EOF to determine anions. The control of the coverage via the concentration of the reagent solution allows the tailoring of the EOF to different needs, a faster EOF for less complex samples where resolution is not challenging, while a lower EOF for higher complex samples where the focus is on separation efficiency. This enhancement in efficiency and sensitivity has been applied to analyzing organic acids in several beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Obma
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Bumrungpuech
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattamaporn Hemwech
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sasinun Detsangiamsak
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supa Wirasate
- Rubber Technology Research Centre, 999 Science Building 3, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Peter C Hauser
- The University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rattikan Chantiwas
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Hajba L, Guttman A. Ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis analysis of proteins and carbohydrates. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464642. [PMID: 38237290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), as non-molecular type solvents, possess excellent physical-chemical properties, which make them useful in important separation applications in gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Among a plethora of potential uses of ionic liquids in separation science, capillary electrophoresis can utilize its resolution-enhancing effect in the analysis of proteins and carbohydrates, via the formation of intermolecular interactions, e.g., hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, or electrostatic. ILs and polymeric ionic liquids (PIL) also represent an excellent choice as background electrolyte (BGE) additives for capillary coatings in CE, which is especially important in protein analysis. Another interesting utilization of ILs is the fabrication of monoliths for capillary electrochromatography in which instance the mechanism of retention is based on ion exclusion interactions. Carbohydrates can also be readily analyzed by CE with the help of ionic liquids without the need for an extra derivatization step. One of the future perspectives on the use of ILs is their utilization in the recently emerging biopharmaceutical industry exploiting the increased resolution of proteins and carbohydrates, two of the important components of glycoprotein therapeutics. In this paper, we address the so-far not-reviewed ionic liquid-mediated analysis of proteins and carbohydrates by capillary electrophoresis-based techniques also addressing their impact on the separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Hajba
- Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - András Guttman
- Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary; Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory for Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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3
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Online preconcentration methodology that realizes over 2000-fold enhancement by integrating the free liquid membrane into electrokinetic supercharging in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of trace anionic analytes in complex samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Srivastava AK, Kumar A, Misra N. Superhalogens as Building Blocks of Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2146-2153. [PMID: 33666417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are composed of large asymmetric organic cations with a wide range of anions. The simple anions, e.g., halogen, result in less stable ILs, and therefore, ILs generally consist of complex anions such as BF4 and PF6. These anions coincidently belong to a special class known as superhalogen. This prompted us to enquire whether the concept of superhalogen can be exploited to design new ILs. We study the complexes of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMIM) cation and typical superhalogen (X) anions such as LiF2, BeF3, BO2, NO3, BF4, and PF6 including Cl using density functional theory and the quantum theory of atoms in molecule. Our ωB97XD/6-311++G(d,p) calculations suggest that the BMIM-X complexes are stable in which the charge transfer of 0.90-0.97 e takes place from BMIM to X. The charge-transferred tends to delocalize as the size of X increases. These complexes are stabilized by several ionic and/or covalent intramolecular interactions (H-bonds). The BMIM-X complexes prefer to dissociate into ionic fragments (BMIM+ + X-) than neutral fragments (BMIM + X). The dissociation energy and energy gap of BMIM-X complexes are closely related to the electron affinity of superhalogens (X). These findings not only reveal the superhalogens as building blocks of ILs but also suggest the design of highly stable ILs by employing the superhalogens with higher electron affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Civil Lines, Gorakhpur 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Misra
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Xing J, Wang F, Cong H, Wang S, Shen Y, Yu B. Analysis of proteins and chiral drugs based on vancomycin covalent capillary electrophoretic coating. Analyst 2020; 146:1320-1325. [PMID: 33367313 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin is an amphoteric glycopeptide molecule, and its group diversity and chiral active sites provide a potential basis for its application in chromatographic analysis. In this article, using photosensitive diazo resin (DR) as the coupling agent, vancomycin is modified on the inner wall of the capillary to construct a capillary coating separation system. The highlight of the coated capillary is that it has both anti-protein adsorption and chiral separation properties. Compared with the bare capillary or non-covalently bonded DR/vancomycin-coated capillary, it can not only achieve the separation of four mixed proteins of lysozyme (Lys), bovine serum albumin (BSA), myoglobin (Mb), and ribonuclease A (RNase A), but also shows excellent performance in chiral drugs. The coated capillary effectively solves the problems of low efficiency of the separation column and high sample loss and provides ideas for the development of coated capillaries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Mori M, Aoyagi K, Tomoda T, Ishikawara F, Sakamoto S, Myochin H, Kuga M, Kozaki D, Ohshima N, Izumi T, Itabashi H, Shoho Y, Yoshida A, Tsunekawa K, Kimura T, Murakami M. Simultaneous capillary electrophoresis of anions and cations in a single injection using an anion exchanger-modified capillary for determination of salivary ions in combination with statistical analyses. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461647. [PMID: 33291035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the simultaneous capillary electrophoresis (CE) of anions and cations using an anion exchange-modified capillary, which was prepared by chemical coating with a cationic silylating reagent, and its application to saliva analysis. The CE method provides high-throughput (5 min for a single sample injection) analysis by generating a high-velocity electroosmotic flow at pH 3.0-3.5. The detection limits at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 ranged from 1.2 to 18 μM for anions and 1.0 to 2.7 μM for cations. The relative standard deviations for the migration times and peak areas of analytes (n = 4) ranged from 0.05% to 0.40% and 0.94% to 4.7%, respectively. The CE system was used to analyze 11 common ions in saliva samples collected from long-distance runners and sedentary university students before and after running for a set distance or a set time. Interestingly, the SCN- concentrations decreased in the saliva samples of all 14 athletes and 16 sedentary students after running. Furthermore, when the concentrations of the analyzed ions were compared with that of cortisol as a typical stress marker by multiple regression analysis, SCN- and NO3- in saliva samples from the two subject groups strongly correlated with cortisol levels, as determined by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. This study improves our knowledge of both the analytical methodology for CE and statistical methods for identifying common ions that could be used as physical stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Aoyagi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tomoda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Fumi Ishikawara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shou Sakamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hironori Myochin
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Midori Kuga
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1, Akebono-cho, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ohshima
- Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Izumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4, Higashiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-8445, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Itabashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shoho
- Faculty of Education, Ikuei University, 1656-1, Kyoume-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0011, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Ionic liquid decorated AIE luminogen for selective detection of HSA in biofluids and early disease screening. Talanta 2020; 212:120763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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9
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Hajba L, Guttman A. Recent advances in column coatings for capillary electrophoresis of proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Sun M, Feng J, Bu Y, Luo C. Ionic liquid coated copper wires and tubes for fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1458:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Comparison between polymerized ionic liquids synthesized using chain-growth and step-growth mechanisms used as stationary phase in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:135-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Znaleziona J, Drahoňovský D, Drahoš B, Ševčík J, Maier V. Novel cationic coating agent for protein separation by capillary electrophoresis(†). J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2406-12. [PMID: 27120584 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel positively charged surfactant N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-(1,2-propandiol) ammonium chloride was used for the dynamic coating of the inner wall of a silica capillary. This paper covers the evaluation of dynamic coating and study of the influence of the analysis conditions for the magnitude and direction of electroosmotic flow as well as for the effective and selective separation of chosen proteins (ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, lysozyme, and myoglobin). The concentration of 0.1 mM of N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-(1,2-propandiol) ammonium chloride enabled the reversal of the electro-osmotic flow, however, to separate basic as well as neutral proteins the higher concentration of the studied surfactant was necessary. The final conditions for the separation of studied proteins were set at 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5 with 10.0 mM of the studied surfactant. The results were also compared with those of two commercially available cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Additionally, the developed method for protein separation was applied for the determination of lysozyme in a cheese sample. The limits of detection and quantification of lysozyme were 0.9 and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. The mean concentration of lysozyme found in the cheese sample was 167.3 ± 10.3 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Znaleziona
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Drahoňovský
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Drahoš
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Shaplov AS, Ponkratov DO, Vygodskii YS. Poly(ionic liquid)s: Synthesis, properties, and application. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009041602007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Recently, a great interest was drawn toward ionic liquids (ILs) in analytical separation techniques. ILs possess many properties making them excellent additives in capillary electrophoresis (CE) background electrolytes (BGE). The most important property is the charge of the dissolved ions in BGE enabling the cations to interact with deprotonated silanol groups on the capillary surface and thereby modifying the electroosmotic flow (EOF). Ionic and/or proton donor-acceptor interactions between analyte and IL are possible interactions facilitating new kinds of separation mechanisms in CE. Further advantages of ILs are the high conductivity, the environmentally friendliness, and the good solubility for organic and inorganic compounds. The most commonly used ILs in capillary electrophoresis are dialkylimidazolium-based ILs, whereas for enantioseparation a lot of innovative chiral cations and anions were investigated.ILs are reported to be additives to a normal CE background electrolyte or the sole electrolyte in CE, nonaqueous CE (NACE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and in enantioseparation. An overview of applications and separation mechanisms reported in the literature is given here, in addition to the enantioseparation of pseudoephedrine using tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as IL additive to an ammonium formate buffer containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
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Duša F, Witos J, Karjalainen E, Viitala T, Tenhu H, Wiedmer SK. Novel cationic polyelectrolyte coatings for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:363-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Duša
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Joanna Witos
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Erno Karjalainen
- Laboratory of Polymer chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Laboratory of Polymer chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Liu C, Deng Q, Fang G, Feng X, Qian H, Wang S. Facile preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid polymeric ionic liquid monolithic column with a one-pot process for protein separation in capillary electrochromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7175-83. [PMID: 25277101 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic column based on 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide (VC12Im(+)Br(-)) has been prepared in a single step by combining radical copolymerization with a non-hydrolytic sol-gel (NHSG) process. The NHSG process was significantly shortened to 6 h by using formic acid as catalyst. For comparison, we also prepared polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) monolithic columns by hydrolytic sol-gel and organic polymeric process, respectively. The resulting monolithic columns were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Under the capillary electrochromatography mode, these columns were applied to separate alkylbenzenes, anilines, and proteins, respectively. The results indicated that the NHSG-based hybrid PIL monolithic column exhibited the highest column efficiency among the three types of columns; organic solvent, commonly required by the traditional columns to achieve satisfactory separation efficiency for proteins, was absent in the NHSG-based hybrid PIL monolithic column because of the biocompatibility of the VC12Im(+)Br(-), which was beneficial to analysis of protein containing samples. In order to demonstrate its application potential, the developed NHSG-based hybrid PIL monolithic column was also employed to separate egg white sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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Tang S, Liu S, Guo Y, Liu X, Jiang S. Recent advances of ionic liquids and polymeric ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1357:147-57. [PMID: 24786657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) and polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) with unique and fascinating properties have drawn considerable interest for their use in separation science, especially in chromatographic techniques. In this article, significant contributions of ILs and PILs in the improvement of capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography are described, and a specific overview of the most relevant examples of their applications in the last five years is also given. Accordingly, some general conclusions and future perspectives in these areas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS/Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Yu B, Jiao M, Cong H, Shu X, Yang S. A novel diazoresin/poly(N-vinyl aminobutyric acid) covalent capillary coating for the analysis of proteins by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:725-30. [PMID: 24449602 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the preparation of covalently linked capillary coatings of poly(N-vinyl aminobutyric acid) (PVAA) obtained from hydrolyzed polyvinylpyrrolidone was demonstrated using photosensitive diazoresin (DR) as a coupling agent. A layer-by-layer self-assembled film of DR and PVAA based on ionic bonding was first fabricated on the inner wall of capillary, then ionic bonding was converted into covalent bonding after treatment with UV light through a unique photochemical reaction of DR. The covalently bonded coatings suppressed protein adsorption on the inner surface of the capillary, and thus a baseline separation of lysozyme, cytochrome c, BSA, amyloglucosidase, and myoglobin was achieved using CE. Compared with bare capillary or noncovalently bonded DR/PVAA coatings, the covalently linked DR/PVAA capillary coatings not only improved the CE separation performance for proteins, but also exhibited good stability and repeatability. Due to the replacement of the highly toxic and moisture-sensitive silane coupling agent by DR in the covalent coating preparation, this method may provide a green and easy way to make covalently coated capillaries for CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile - The Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, China
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Bianchi F, Bisceglie F, Dugheri S, Arcangeli G, Cupelli V, del Borrello E, Sidisky L, Careri M. Ionic liquid-based solid phase microextraction necklaces for the environmental monitoring of ketamine. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1331:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ho TD, Zhang C, Hantao LW, Anderson JL. Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry: fundamentals, advances, and perspectives. Anal Chem 2013; 86:262-85. [PMID: 24205989 DOI: 10.1021/ac4035554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tien D Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Liu CC, Deng QL, Fang GZ, Liu HL, Wu JH, Pan MF, Wang S. Ionic liquids monolithic columns for protein separation in capillary electrochromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. Inorganic analysis using CE: Advanced methodologies to face old challenges. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:225-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC - Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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England D, Yan F, Texter J. Porating anion-responsive copolymeric gels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12013-12024. [PMID: 23968242 DOI: 10.1021/la402331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A polymerizable ionic liquid surfactant, 1-(11-acryloyloxyundecyl)-3-methylimidiazolium bromide (ILBr), was copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in aqueous microemulsions at 30% (ILBr w/w) and various water to MMA ratios. The ternary phase diagram of the ILBr/MMA/water system was constructed at 25 and 60 °C. Homopolymers and copolymers of ILBr and MMA were produced by thermally initiated chain radical microemulsion polymerization at various compositions in bicontinuous and reverse microemulsion subdomains. Microemulsion polymerization reaction products varied from being gel-like to solid, and these materials were analyzed by thermal and scanning electron microscopy methods. Microemulsion polymerized materials were insoluble in all solvents tested, consistent with light cross-linking. Ion exchange between Br(-) and PF6(-) in these copolymeric materials resulted in the formation of open-cell porous structures in some of these materials, as was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Several compositions illustrate the capture of prepolymerization nanoscale structure by thermally initiated polymerization, expanding the domain of compositions exhibiting this feat and yet to be demonstrated in any other system. Regular cylindrical pores in interpenetrating ILBr-co-MMA and PMMA networks are produced by anion exchange in the absence of templates. A percolating cluster/bicontinuous transition is "captured" by SEM after using anion exchange to visualize the mixed cluster/pore morphology. Some design principles for achieving this capture and for obtaining stimuli responsive solvogels are articulated, and the importance of producing solvogels in capturing the nanoscale is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin England
- School of Engineering Technology and Coatings Research Institute, Eastern Michigan University , Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
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Herrera-Herrera AV, González-Curbelo MÁ, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Carbon nanotubes applications in separation science: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 734:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Han H, Wang Q, Liu X, Jiang S. Polymeric ionic liquid modified organic-silica hybrid monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1246:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wang Q, Qiu H, Han H, Liu X, Jiang S. Two-step stacking by sweeping and micelle to solvent stacking using a long-chain cationic ionic liquid surfactant. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:589-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Vidal L, Riekkola ML, Canals A. Ionic liquid-modified materials for solid-phase extraction and separation: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 715:19-41. [PMID: 22244164 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, materials science has propelled to the research forefront. Ionic liquids with unique and fascinating properties have also left their footprints to the developments of materials science during the last years. In this review we highlight some of their recent advances and provide an overview at the current status of ionic liquid-modified materials applied in solid-phase extraction, liquid and gas chromatography and capillary electrochromatography with reference to recent applications. In addition, the potential of ionic liquids in the modification of capillary inner wall in capillary electrophoresis is demonstrated. The main target material modified with ionic liquids is silica, but polymers and monoliths have recently joined the studies. Although imidazolium is still clearly the most commonly used ionic liquid for the covalently modification of materials, the exploitation of pyridinium and phosphonium will most probably increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vidal
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Feng J, Sun M, Xu L, Li J, Liu X, Jiang S. Preparation of a polymeric ionic liquid-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber by surface radical chain-transfer polymerization with stainless steel wire as support. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7758-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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