A Review on the Chemical Properties, Plant Sources, Anti-shock Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity, and Clinical Applications of Anisodamine

Alkaloids are natural products that occur widely in many herbal plants. Anisodamine, widely present in the Solanaceae family, is an alkaloid extracted from the roots of the Anisodus tanguticus Maxim. It is an antagonist to M-choline receptors and exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, such as cholinolytic effect, calcium antagonist effect, anti-oxygenation effect. Anisodamine, a prominent constituent of the tropine alkaloid family, exhibits a range of pharmacological effects akin to those of atropine and scopolamine. owing to its low toxicity and moderate efficacy in clinical to wide applications, especially for varieties of shock treatment. However, there remains a dearth of research regarding the in vivo pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and toxicity of anisodamine. Consequently, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the anti-shock effects, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of anisodamine to increase the understanding of its medicinal value, and provide reference and inspiration for the clinical application and further in-depth research of anisodamine.

Rapid LC-MS/MS method for determination of scopolamine in human plasma

Sensitive, simple, and fast LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Scopolamine in human plasma was developed and validated. Liquid-Liquid extraction technique was used for sample preparation. Cyano bonded phase column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) was used for the separation with an isocratic elution of ammonium format buffer:methanol (60:40) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml.min-1 over 3.8 min run time. Scopolamine and [13C,2H3]-Scopolamine, as internal standard, were detected and quantified in positive ion mode via MRM at m/z 304/138 and m/z 308/142, respectively. The developed method was validated according to FDA and EMA guidelines. The standard calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 3.03–315.76 pg.ml-1 (r2 = 0.999). The intra-day and inter-day precision was in the range 1.28–10.46% and accuracy 96.89–110.53%. The recovery of analyte and IS was 78.63% and 76.21%, respectively. Scopolamine in plasma was stable at benchtop (short term) for 18 h, in autosampler tray for 43 h, in instrumentation room for 43 h (post-preparative), after 4 freeze-thaw cycles (−70 °C), and 3 days in the freezer (−70 °C). The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of scopolamine transdermal patch of 1 mg for 3 days for 16 healthy Jordanian volunteers.

Separation and detection of tropane alkaloids in Anisodus tanguticus by capillary electrophoresis-electrochemiluminescence

Anisodine and anisodamine in different parts of Anisodus tanguticus are separated and determined using a chemically modified Pt electrode.

Simultaneous determination of atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine from Hyoscyamus niger L. in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetics study

In order to investigate the pharmacokinetics of tropane alkaloids in Hyoscyamus niger L., a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine in rat plasma is developed and fully validated, using homatropine as an internal standard. The separation of the four compounds was carried out on a BDS Hypersil C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (containing 10 mmol ammonium acetate). Calibration curves were linear from 0.2 to 40 ng/mL for atropine, scopolamine, and from 0.08 to 20 ng/mL for anisodamine. The precision of three analytes was <5.89% and the accuracy was between -1.04 to 2.94%. This method is successfully applied to rat pharmacokinetics analysis of the three tropane alkaloids after oral administration of H. niger extract. The maximum concentration of these three tropane alkaloids was reached within 15 min, and the maximum concentrations were 31.36 ± 7.35 ng/mL for atropine, 49.94 ± 2.67 ng/mL for scopolamine, and 2.83 ± 1.49 ng/mL for anisodamine. The pharmacokinetic parameters revealed areas under the curve of 22.76 ± 5.80, 16.80 ± 3.08, and 4.31 ± 1.21 ng/h mL and mean residence times of 2.08 ± 0.55, 1.19 ± 0.45, and 3.28 ± 0.78 h for atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine, respectively.

Simultaneous detection of 22 toxic plant alkaloids (aconitum alkaloids, solanaceous tropane alkaloids, sophora alkaloids, strychnos alkaloids and colchicine) in human urine and herbal samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of 22 toxic plant alkaloids, including aconitum alkaloids and their hydrolyzed products (aconitine, hypaconitine, mesaconitine, yunaconitine, crassicauline A, benzoylaconine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylhypaconine, deacetylyunaconitine, deacetylcrassicauline A), solanaceous tropane alkaloids (atropine, anisodamine, scopolamine, anisodine), sophora alkaloids (matrine, sophoridine, oxymatrine, cytisine, N-methylcytisine), strychnos alkaloids (brucine, strychnine) and colchicine, in herbal and urine samples was developed and validated. Following sample preparation by liquid-liquid extraction, chromatographic separation was achieved on Eclipse XDB C8 column. Identification was based on two multiple reaction monitoring transitions and the relative ion intensity. Method selectivity was demonstrated. The limits of detection were 5ng/mL for all analytes, except 50ng/mL for cytisine. The herbal matrix effects ranged from 89% to 118%, whereas the urine matrix effects were between 91% and 109% for all analytes except cytisine (57%) and N-methylcytisine (67%). The urine extraction recovery ranged from 74% to 110% for all analytes, except cytisine (15%) and oxymatrine (30%). With the good extraction efficiency of the other major sophora alkaloids, the relatively low extraction recovery of the minor sophora alkaloids cytisine and oxymatrine did not affect identification of sophora alkaloids as a group. Carry-over was minimal at less than 0.1%. The method was successfully applied in analysis of 170 cases of suspected herbal poisoning, with aconitum alkaloids, sophora alkaloids, solanaceous tropane alkaloids, and strychnos alkaloids being detected in 53, 42, 18, and 6 cases, respectively.

Development and validation of a rapid and sensitive assay for the determination of anisodamine in 50 μL of beagle dog plasma by LC-MS/MS

A simple, rapid, high-throughput, and highly sensitive LC-MS/MS was developed to determine anisodamine in a small volume (50 μL) of beagle dog plasma using atropine sulfate as the internal standard. The analyte and internal standard were isolated from 50 μL plasma samples after a one-step protein precipitation using Sirocco 96-well protein precipitation filtration plates. The separation was accomplished on a Hanbon Hedera CN column (100 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and the run time was 4 min. A Micromass Quatro Ultima mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with the precursor-to-product ion transitions m/z 306.0→140.0 (anisodamine) and 290.0→123.9 (atropine) used for quantitation. The method was sensitive with a low LOQ of 0.05 ng/mL, and good linearity in the range 0.05-50 ng/mL for anisodamine (r(2) ≥ 0.995). All the validation data, such as accuracy, intra- and interrun precision, were within the required limits. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of anisodamine hydrochloride injection in beagle dogs.

Simultaneous determination of atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine in Flos daturae by capillary electrophoresis using a capillary coated by graphene oxide

A novel CE method was developed for the separation and determination of three main tropane alkaloids in Flos daturae with a capillary coated by graphene oxide (GO). The GO-coated capillary was characterized by SEM, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, and the results indicated that the inner surface of the capillary was partially coated by GO. A phosphate solution (40 mM, pH7.0) containing 20% v/v methanol and 30% v/v acetonitrile was used as the running buffer for the analysis of the atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine. The linear ranges of atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine was 0.5-200 μg/mL with satisfactory correlation coefficients (R(2)) > 0.9987, and this novel method provided an efficient separation for three tropane alkaloids as well as a good reproducibility and stability. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the determination of these three tropane alkaloids in plant extracts.