Developments in on-line, post separation sample manipulation in the last 22 years: Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

On-line post separation sample manipulation is a powerful approach increasing the sensitivity and selectivity in chemical analysis. Post separation sample manipulation includes the treatment of the analytes after their separation through a suitable separation technique, mainly liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Typically, post separation approaches include either the addition of a reagent/solvent to derivatize the analyte/enhance the sensitivity, pH change, or the conversion of the analyte through a photochemical/electrochemical system (reagent-free systems). This review focuses on the developed methods using post-column manipulation of sample with pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications, covering the period from 2000 to midle-2023. Chemistries combined with fluorescence, UV-vis and mass spectrometric detection are discussed employing both liquid chromatography and electrophoretic techniques for separation. Noteworthy instrumental modifications are also discussed.

Zacharis C. Automated Post-Column Sample Manipulation Prior to Detection in Liquid Chromatography: A Review of Pharmaceutical and Bioanalytical Applications

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Automated post-column sample manipulation is undoubtedly one of the most challenging approaches in liquid chromatography for the improvement of method selectivity and sensitivity. With the post-column analyte derivatization being the most-abundant approach approach of this category, other strategies typically comprise post-column infusion of internal standard or other reagents prior to mass spectrometric detection to enhance the ionization efficiency of the analyte or to compensate the ion suppression/enhancement.

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In this review, on-line post column methodologies focused on the quality control of pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications will be presented and discussed. Emphasis will be given on the automation capabilities of such systems.

Quantitation of memantine hydrochloride bulk drug and its tablet formulation using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

The use of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry for the determination of non-UV active memantine hydrochloride with relative simplicity and precision has been demonstrated in this study. The method was developed on a 500 MHz NMR instrument and was applied to determination of the drug in a tablet formulation. The analysis was performed by taking caffeine as an internal standard and D2 O as the NMR solvent. The signal of methyl protons of memantine hydrochloride appeared at 0.75 ppm (singlet) relative to the signal of caffeine (internal standard) at 3.13 ppm (singlet). The method was found to be linear (r(2)  = 0.9989) in the drug concentration range of 0.025 to 0.80 mg/ml. The maximum relative standard deviation for accuracy and precision was <2. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.04 and 0.11 mg/ml, respectively. The robustness of the method was revealed by changing nine different parameters. The deviation for each parameter was also within the acceptable limits. The study highlighted possibility of direct determination of memantine hydrochloride in pure form and in its marketed tablet formulation by the use of quantitative NMR, without the need of derivatization, as is the requirement in HPLC studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Determination of Sudan dyes in chili pepper powder by online solid-phase extraction with a butyl methacrylate monolithic column coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

A poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column was fabricated and used as a novel sorbent for online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of Sudan I-IV in chili pepper powder. The prepared columns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and pressure drop measurements. Online solid-phase extraction was performed on the synthesized monolithic column using 10 mM ammonium acetate solution as the loading solution with the aid of an online cleanup chromatography system. The desorption of Sudan I-IV was achieved with acetonitrile as the eluting solution at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The extracted analytes were subsequently eluted into a C18 analytical column for chromatographic separation using a mixture of 10% acetonitrile/90% formic acid (0.5%) solution as the mobile phase. Under the optimized conditions, the developed method had linear range of 1.0-50 μg/kg, a detection limit of 0.3 μg/kg, and a quantification limit of 1.0 μg/kg for each analyte. The intraday and interday recoveries of Sudan I-IV in chili pepper powder samples ranged from 94.8 to 100.9% and 94.9 to 99.4%, respectively. The intraday and interday precision were between 3.37-7.01% and 5.01-7.68%, respectively.

Monoliths: special issue in a new package

Regular special issues concerning monoliths have always been a stronghold of the Journal of Separation Science. Typically, we issued a call for papers, collected and processed the submitted manuscripts, and all of them were then printed in a single issue of the journal. This approach worked to a certain limit quite acceptably but there was always a longer waiting time between the early submissions and publication. This is why we decided to do it this year differently. I claimed in my 2013 New Years Editorial: "We are living in the electronic era! Why not to make an advantage of that?" And we do. As a result, all manuscript submitted for publication in the special issue Monoliths have already been published in regular issues as soon as they were accepted. The first page of these papers includes a footnote: "This paper is included in the virtual special issue Monoliths available at the Journal of Separation Science website." All papers published with this footnote were collected in a virtual special issue accessible through the internet. This concept ruled out possible delays in publication of contributions submitted early. Since we did not have any real "special issue", there was no need for any hard deadline for submission. We just collected manuscripts submitted for the special issue Monoliths published from January to July 2013 and included them in the virtual special issue. This new approach worked very well and we published 22 excellent papers that are included in the issue available now at this website: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1615-9314/homepage/virtual_special_issue__monoliths.htm.