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Lee SJ, Yang H, Kim SC, Gu DR, Ryuk JA, Jang SA, Ha H. Ethanol Extract of Radix Asteris Suppresses Osteoclast Differentiation and Alleviates Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16526. [PMID: 38003715 PMCID: PMC10671772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Radix Asteris, the root of Aster tataricus L. f., is historically significant in East Asian medicine for treating respiratory conditions. Yet, its implications on bone health remain uncharted. This research investigated the impact of an aqueous ethanol extract of Radix Asteris (EERA) on osteoclast differentiation and its prospective contribution to osteoporosis management. We discerned that EERA retards osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expression and obstructing RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. EERA markedly suppressed RANKL-induced expression of NFATc1, a pivotal osteoclastogenic factor, via modulating early RANK signaling. EERA's therapeutic potential was underscored by its defense against trabecular bone degradation and its counteraction to increased body and perigonadal fat in ovariectomized mice, mirroring postmenopausal physiological changes. In the phytochemical analysis of EERA, we identified several constituents recognized for their roles in regulating bone and fat metabolism. Collectively, our findings emphasize the potential of EERA in osteoclast differentiation modulation and in the management of osteoporosis and associated metabolic changes following estrogen depletion, suggesting its suitability as an alternative therapeutic strategy for postmenopausal osteoporosis intertwined with metabolic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ju Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.Y.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Hyun Yang
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.Y.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Seong Cheol Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.Y.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Dong Ryun Gu
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.Y.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Jin Ah Ryuk
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.Y.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Seon-A Jang
- Future Technology Research Center, KT&G Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyunil Ha
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.Y.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (J.A.R.)
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Jia K, Zhang X, Meng Y, Liu S, Liu X, Yang T, Wen C, Liu L, Ge S. Metabolomics and transcriptomics provide insights into the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in the roots of developing Aster tataricus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:139-156. [PMID: 36520245 PMCID: PMC9753034 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aster tataricus (L.) is an important medicinal plant in China. Its roots are rich in flavonoids, the main medicinal components. However, the molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis in the roots of A. tataricus remains unclear. In this study, the content of total flavonoid of A. tataricus roots at different developmental stages was measured first, and the results showed that the content of total flavonoid gradually decreased from September to November, which may be caused by the stagnation of A. tataricus growth due to the decrease in temperature after September. Then, an integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome was conducted on five developing stages of A. tataricus roots to identify flavonoid compositions and potential genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. A total of 80 flavonoid metabolites, of which 75% were flavonols and flavonoids, were identified in metabolomic analyses, among which isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin were the main skeletons of these flavonoids. Cluster analysis divided these 80 flavonoids into 3 clusters. The compounds in cluster I mainly accumulated in S1, S3, and S5. In cluster II, the relative content of the flavonoid metabolites showed an upward trend from S2 to S4. In cluster III, the flavonoids decreased from S1 to S5. A total of 129 structural genes, including 43 PAL, 23 4CL, 9 C4H, 4 CHS, 18 CHI, 3 F3H, 5 F3'H, 1 F3'5'H, 21 FLS, and 2 FSII, and 65 transcription factors, including 22 AP2/ERF, 7 bHLH, 5 bZIP, 8 MYB, 11 NAC, and 12 WRKY, showed significant correlation with total flavonoid content. Eighteen genes (7 4CL, 5 C4H, 2 CHI, 1 F3H, and 3 FLS) and 30 genes (5 PAL, 9 4CL, 1 C4H, 2 CHI, 1 F3H, 1 DFR, 7 3AT, 1 BZ1, and 3 UGT79B1) were identified as key structural genes for kaempferol and anthocyanins biosynthesis, respectively. Our study provides valuable information for understanding the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in A. tataricus root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Jia
- College of Agronomy, West Campus of Hebei Agricultural University, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Research and Utilization in North China, Ministry of Education, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Agronomy, West Campus of Hebei Agricultural University, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Research and Utilization in North China, Ministry of Education, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yijiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Research and Utilization in North China, Ministry of Education, Baoding, 071000, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- College of Agronomy, West Campus of Hebei Agricultural University, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Research and Utilization in North China, Ministry of Education, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Agronomy, West Campus of Hebei Agricultural University, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Research and Utilization in North China, Ministry of Education, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Taixin Yang
- College of Agronomy, West Campus of Hebei Agricultural University, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Research and Utilization in North China, Ministry of Education, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Chunxiu Wen
- Institute of Cash Crops, Medicinal Plant Research Center West of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Nongke Road, Xiyuan Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Lingdi Liu
- Institute of Cash Crops, Medicinal Plant Research Center West of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Nongke Road, Xiyuan Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
| | - Shujun Ge
- College of Agronomy, West Campus of Hebei Agricultural University, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Research and Utilization in North China, Ministry of Education, Baoding, 071000, China.
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Li KJ, Liu YY, Wang D, Yan PZ, Lu DC, Zhao DS. Radix Asteris: Traditional Usage, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of An Important Traditional Chinese Medicine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175388. [PMID: 36080154 PMCID: PMC9458035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Asteris (RA), also known as ‘Zi Wan’, is the dried root and rhizome of Aster tataricus L. f., which has been used to treat cough and asthma in many countries such as China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. This article summarizes the available information on RA in ancient Chinese medicine books and modern research literature: its botanical properties, traditional uses, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, toxicity and quality control. Studies have shown that RA extracts contain terpenes, triterpenoid saponins, organic acids, peptides and flavonoids, and have various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, and anti-depression. RA is considered to be a promising medicinal plant based on its traditional use, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. However, there are few studies on its toxicity and the consistency of its components, which indicates the need for further in-depth studies on the toxicity and quality control of RA and its extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Pei-Zheng Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - De-Chao Lu
- International Education College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-531-89628172
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Wang S, Xue Z, Huang X, Ma W, Yang D, Zhao L, Ouyang H, Chang Y, He J. Comparison of the chemical profile differences of Aster tataricus between raw and processed products by metabolomics coupled with chemometrics methods. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3883-3897. [PMID: 34405960 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aster tataricus, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to treat cough and asthma for many years. Its raw and processed products have different pharmacological effects in clinical applications. To explore the chemical profile differences of components in A. tataricus processed with different methods, metabolomics methods based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were developed. Chemometrics strategy was applied to filter and screen the candidate compounds. The accuracy of differential markers was validated by back propagation neural network. The established methods showed that raw A. tataricus, honey-processed A. tataricus, vinegar-processed A. tataricus, and steamed A. tataricus were clearly divided into four groups, suggesting that the components were closely related to the processing methods. A total of 64 nonvolatile and 43 volatile compounds were identified in A. tataricus, and 22 nonvolatile and 12 volatile differential constituents were selected to distinguish the raw and processed A. tataricus. This study demonstrated that the metabolomics methods coupled with chemometrics were a comprehensive strategy to analyze the chemical profile differences and provided a reliable reference for quality evaluation of A. tataricus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songrui Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Dongyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Yang D, Wang S, Huang X, Ma W, Xue Z, Zhao L, Ouyang H, He J. Pharmacokinetic comparison of 15 active compositions in rat plasma after oral administration of raw and honey‐processed
Aster tataricus
extracts. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:908-921. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Songrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Zixiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component‐based Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P.R. China
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Simultaneous Quantification of Eight Marker Components in Traditional Herbal Formula, Haepyoyijin-Tang Using HPLC–PDA. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Haepyoyijin-tang (HPYJT) is a traditional herbal prescription that is composed of 12 medicinal herbs. Although HPYJT is frequently used in patients with asthma in Korea, no quality assessment protocols have been developed. In the present study, qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry on the eight main components (mulberroside A, amygalin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, narirutin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, and glycyrrhizinic acid) to establish a quality control protocol for HPYJT. The simultaneous analysis method developed was satisfactorily validated with respect to linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, and precision. This analytical method thus provides an efficient approach for the evaluation of HPYJT quality.
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Ma W, Yao G, Huang X, Jia Q, Shen J, Chang Y, Ouyang H, He J. Comparison of the active components of
Aster tataricus
from different regions and related processed products by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:865-876. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Ma
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Guangzhe Yao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Qi Jia
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Shen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin P. R. China
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Antitumor astins originate from the fungal endophyte Cyanodermella asteris living within the medicinal plant Aster tataricus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26909-26917. [PMID: 31811021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910527116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a prolific source of natural products with remarkable chemical and biological properties, many of which have considerable remedial benefits. Numerous medicinal plants are suffering from wildcrafting, and thus biotechnological production processes of their natural products are urgently needed. The plant Aster tataricus is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and contains unique active ingredients named astins. These are macrocyclic peptides showing promising antitumor activities and usually containing the highly unusual moiety 3,4-dichloroproline. The biosynthetic origins of astins are unknown despite being studied for decades. Here we show that astins are produced by the recently discovered fungal endophyte Cyanodermella asteris We were able to produce astins in reasonable and reproducible amounts using axenic cultures of the endophyte. We identified the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for astin biosynthesis in the genome of C. asteris and propose a production pathway that is based on a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Striking differences in the production profiles of endophyte and host plant imply a symbiotic cross-species biosynthesis pathway for astin C derivatives, in which plant enzymes or plant signals are required to trigger the synthesis of plant-exclusive variants such as astin A. Our findings lay the foundation for the sustainable biotechnological production of astins independent from aster plants.
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Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Aster tataricus. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102426. [PMID: 30248930 PMCID: PMC6222381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We sequenced and analyzed the complete chloroplast genome of Aster tataricus (family Asteraceae), a Chinese herb used medicinally to relieve coughs and reduce sputum. The A. tataricus chloroplast genome was 152,992 bp in size, and harbored a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb, each 24,850 bp) divided into a large single-copy (LSC, 84,698 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC, 18,250 bp) region. Our annotation revealed that the A. tataricus chloroplast genome contained 115 genes, including 81 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 transfer RNA genes. In addition, 70 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in the A. tataricus chloroplast genome, including mononucleotides (36), dinucleotides (1), trinucleotides (23), tetranucleotides (1), pentanucleotides (8), and hexanucleotides (1). Comparative chloroplast genome analysis of three Aster species indicated that a higher similarity was preserved in the IR regions than in the LSC and SSC regions, and that the differences in the degree of preservation were slighter between A. tataricus and A. altaicus than between A. tataricus and A. spathulifolius. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. tataricus was more closely related to A. altaicus than to A. spathulifolius. Our findings offer valuable information for future research on Aster species identification and selective breeding.
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A systematic data acquisition and mining strategy for chemical profiling of Aster tataricus rhizoma (Ziwan) by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and the corresponding anti-depressive activity screening. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:216-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sulfated neo-clerodane diterpenoids and triterpenoid saponins from Sheareria nana S. Moore. Fitoterapia 2018; 124:12-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Techniques for the analysis of pentacyclic triterpenoids in medicinal plants. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:6-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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