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Guo Y, Tong S, Zhang K, Yan J. Recent progress in separation prediction of counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:6-16. [PMID: 32926765 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a liquid-liquid partition chromatography, counter-current chromatography has advantages in large sample loading capacity without irreversible adsorption, which has been widely applied in separation and purification fields. The main factors, including partition coefficient, two-phase solvent systems, apparatus, and operating parameters greatly affect the separation process of counter-current chromatography. To promote the applications of counter-current chromatography, it is essential to develop theoretical research to master the principles of counter-current chromatographic separations so as to achieve predictions before laborious trials. In this article, recent progress about separation prediction methods are reviewed from a point of the steady and unsteady state of the mass transfer process of counter-current chromatography and its mass transfer characteristics, and then it is divided into three aspects: prediction of partition coefficient, modeling the thermodynamic process of counter-current chromatography, and modeling the dynamic process of counter-current chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Keqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Sun X, Pei D, Duan W, Liu J, Di D, Huang X. Full use of the liquid nature of the stationary phase: The development of elution‐extrusion counter current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3573-3584. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Lanzhou P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Dong Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Da Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Lanzhou P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Duo‐Long Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Yi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Lanzhou P. R. China
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Yang Z, Guo P, Han R, Wu D, Gao JM, Wu S. Methanol linear gradient counter-current chromatography for the separation of natural products: Sinopodophyllum hexandrum as samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:251-261. [PMID: 31266644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) is a unique, liquid-liquid partition chromatography process. Both the mobile and stationary phases are liquids, so no solid support matrix is used. CCC has gained wide acceptance as a preparative technique in a variety of fields. Because the mobile and stationary phases are both liquids, gradient elution is difficult to perform with CCC. Phase equilibrium must be maintained, so any change in the composition of one phase may induce a compositional change in the other. In this work, a new linear gradient elution method was developed for CCC. Biphasic solvent systems containing heptane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (HepEMWat) in various ratios were prepared and used to optimize both isocratic and linear gradient CCC separation with methanol. We first separated a test mixture of four standard compounds with partition coefficients ranging from 0.8 to 7.8. The separation resembled a reversed-phase process, and elution was performed while progressively decreasing the polarity of the mobile phase. Target molecules with small partition coefficients eluted first in the lower phase of the optimized HepEMWat solvent system. Elution of constituents with large partition coefficients was quite slow under isocratic conditions. Separation time was significantly reduced when elution was performed with a linear gradient using methanol and the optimal HepEMWat system. Elution with a 3:7:4:6 (v/v/v/v) HepEMWat system took approximately 200 min. This included an 80-min isocratic step, followed by gradient elution with methanol from 0% to 30%. The optimized methanol linear gradient CCC method was then used to separate a complex mixture of natural products isolated from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying roots. Twelve compounds with a wide range of polarities were well-resolved in a single separation. We have developed a convenient and cost-effective strategy for the separation of complex mixtures. No tedious mobile phase preparation step is required. The volume of unused mobile phase is minimal, so little solvent is wasted. The method is an important advance for the separation of mixtures that contain many compounds with a large range of polarities and partition coefficients, which are common features of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Peipei Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dingfang Wu
- Rui'an Food Inspection and Testing Center, Rui'an, 325204, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xiong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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He X, Zhang H, Liang X. Separation of six compounds from pigeon pea leaves by elution-extrusion counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1202-1209. [PMID: 30653252 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A valid and reliable method was established to separate six compounds from pigeon pea leaves via elution-extrusion counter-current chromatography. A solvent system composed of n-hexane/methanol/formic acid aqueous solution with pH = 3 (10:6:4, v/v) was screened to achieve satisfactory isolation from the ethanol extract of pigeon pea leaves. Four compounds, 9.2 mg of compound 1 (96.8%), 3.2 mg of 2 (88.0%), 6.2 mg of 4 (94.2%) and 25.2 mg of 5 (94.2%), were obtained by conventional elution from 100 mg of the precipitation fraction, respectively. Two compounds, 14.4 mg of 3 (96.3%) and 28.1 mg of 6 (96.6%), with high K values were obtained by the subsequent extrusion procedure. The compounds 1-6 were identified as 3-methoxy-5-(2-phenylethenyl)-phenol, pinostrobin chalcone, pinostrobin, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-(2-phenylvinyl)-benzoic acid, longistylin C and cajaninstilbene acid by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The in vitro antiproliferation activities of compounds 1, 5 and 6 against human hepatoma cell were evaluated and the half-maximum inhibitory concentrations were acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huichen Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xianrui Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Yan B, Shen M, Fang J, Wei D, Qin L. Advancement in the chemical analysis of Paeoniae Radix (Shaoyao). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:276-288. [PMID: 30144752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniae Radix Alba (baishao or white peony root) and Paeoniae Radix Rubra (chishao or red peony root) are two highly valuable traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) usually indicated for painful conditions, menstrual disorders and viral infections. These two TCMs are collectively referred to as shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix) due to their close origins and similar chemical compositions. Modern research indicates that monoterpene glycosides, polyphenols and paeonols are the three main types of compounds related to the pharmacological activities of Paeoniae Radix. This review summarizes recent advances in the chemical analysis of Paeoniae Radix and the related traditional Chinese medicine formulas/preparations, including methods used for sample pretreatment, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and biological sample analysis. More than 120 papers are discussed in this review, focusing on the chemical analysis of Paeoniae Radix, and various analytical techniques (such as HPLC, LC-MS, IR, near IR and quantitative NMR), as well as their advantages/disadvantages, are described. It is our hope that this paper can provide necessary information for improving the quality evaluation methods currently available for Paeoniae Radix and offer a scientific basis for the future in-depth study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Paeoniae Radix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjun Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Menglan Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinyang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Danni Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Luping Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Yang Z, Guo P, Han R, Gao JM. Preparative separation of flavone dimers from Dysosma versipellis by counter-current chromatography: Trifluoroacetic acid as a solvent system modifier. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3631-3643. [PMID: 30040174 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The separation of natural products is grueling and time-consuming work with repeated isolations needed to obtain purified compounds. However, using counter-current chromatography, a unique liquid-liquid partition chromatography, constituents can usually be purified efficiently. During the separation of flavone dimers from Dysosma versipellis (Hance) by counter-current chromatography, the separation resolution and sample loading was impeded by the emulsification of the sample. By screening, trifluoroacetic acid was selected as the solvent modifier to eliminate the emulsification. Then, a quaternary solvent system of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4:6:5:5 v/v/v/v) with trifluoroacetic acid at a low concentration of 0.5% v/v was used to purify the components from D. versipellis. Compared to that without trifluoroacetic acid, the separation resolution as well as the sample loading both increased greatly. In addition, flavone dimers in low concentrations could be enriched and purified at high sample loading. As a result, five podophyllotoxins and 11 flavonoids were purified and characterized by interpretation of spectroscopic data, in which two of eight flavone dimers were new and a known flavone dimer was first separated from this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Rui Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
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Rho T, Yoon KD. Application of off-line two-dimensional high-performance countercurrent chromatography on the chloroform-soluble extract of Cuscuta auralis
seeds. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2169-2177. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taewoong Rho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon-si Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon-si Republic of Korea
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Yang Z, Guo P, Han R, Wu S, Gao JM. Gram-scale separation of borneol and camphor from Cinnamomum camphora
(L.) Presl by continuous counter-current chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Rui Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology; College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
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Ren D, Han B, Xin Z, Ma S, Liu W, Yi L. Combined application of chromatographic techniques for the separation of phenolic compounds fromStenoloma chusanumChing. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1076-1082. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dabing Ren
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming P.R. China
| | - Binsong Han
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming P.R. China
| | - Zhongquan Xin
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming P.R. China
| | - Shasha Ma
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming P.R. China
| | - Lunzhao Yi
- Yunnan Food Safety Research Institute; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming P.R. China
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