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Cabezudo I, Salazar MO, Ramallo IA, Furlan RLE. Effect-directed analysis in food by thin-layer chromatography assays. Food Chem 2022; 390:132937. [PMID: 35569399 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is widely used for food analysis and quality control. As an open chromatographic system, TLC is compatible with microbial-, biochemical-, and chemical-based derivatization methods. This compatibility makes it possible to run in situ bioassays directly on the plate to obtain activity-profile chromatograms, i.e., the effect-directed analysis of the sample. Many of the properties that can be currently measured using this assay format are related to either desired or undesired features for food related products. The TLC assays can detect compounds related to the stability of foods (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibrowning, etc.), contaminants (antibiotics, pesticides, estrogenic compounds, etc.), and compounds that affect the absorption, metabolism or excretion of nutrients and metabolites or could improve the consumers health (enzyme inhibitors). In this article, different food related TLC-assays are reviewed. The different detection systems used, the way in which they are applied as well as selected examples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cabezudo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mario O Salazar
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - I Ayelen Ramallo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Azadniya E, Thomä I, Baake J, Morlock GE. High-throughput enzyme inhibition screening of 44 Iranian medicinal plants via piezoelectric spraying of planar cholinesterase assays. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1184:122956. [PMID: 34655892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and straightforward approach was developed for screening the acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity of 44 Iranian medicinal plant extracts at laboratory scale. After a fast ChE inhibitory pre-testing of samples applied as band pattern, 40 out of the 44 Iranian medicinal plant extracts were selected. These were adjusted in the application volume depending on their inhibition activity, applied on both plate sides and simultaneously developed in a horizontal developing chamber. Different mobile phases were studied to achieve maximum separation of ChE inhibitors and minimum co-elution with matrix. Contrary to immersion, the piezoelectric spraying reduced the consumption of assay solutions, prevented zone tailing, zone shift and cross-contamination, and homogeneously covered the entire plate surface with the assay solutions. The ChE inhibitors of the six most bioactive plant extracts were tentatively assigned by high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with the spectral and chromatographic information obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Azadniya
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Thomä
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Baake
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Wang M, Zhang Y, Wang R, Wang Z, Yang B, Kuang H. An Evolving Technology That Integrates Classical Methods with Continuous Technological Developments: Thin-Layer Chromatography Bioautography. Molecules 2021; 26:4647. [PMID: 34361800 PMCID: PMC8347725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography is an evolving technology that integrates the separation and analysis technology of TLC with biological activity detection technology, which has shown a steep rise in popularity over the past few decades. It connects TLC with convenient, economic and intuitive features and bioautography with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we discuss the research progress of TLC bioautography and then establish a definite timeline to introduce it. This review summarizes known TLC bioautography types and practical applications for determining antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and antioxidant compounds and for inhibiting glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, tyrosinase and cholinesterase activity constitutes. Nowadays, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to identify original, natural products with anti-COVID potential compounds from Chinese traditional medicine and natural medicinal plants. We also give an account of detection techniques, including in situ and ex situ techniques; even in situ ion sources represent a major reform. Considering the current technical innovations, we propose that the technology will make more progress in TLC plates with higher separation and detection technology with a more portable and extensive scope of application. We believe this technology will be diffusely applied in medicine, biology, agriculture, animal husbandry, garden forestry, environmental management and other fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China; (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.W.); (B.Y.)
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Attia R, Zedet A, Bourjot M, Skhiri E, Messaoud C, Girard C. Thin‐layer chromatography‐bioautographic method for the detection of arginase inhibitors. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2477-2486. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rym Attia
- PEPITE EA4267University of Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Besançon France
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Medicinal PlantsDepartment of BiologyNational Institute of Applied Science and Technology (INSAT)University of Carthage Tunis Cedex Tunisia
| | - Andy Zedet
- PEPITE EA4267University of Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Besançon France
| | - Mélanie Bourjot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique des Molécules BioActives et PharmacognosieIPHC, UMR 7178 CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Faculté de Pharmacie Illkirch France
| | - Eya Skhiri
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Medicinal PlantsDepartment of BiologyNational Institute of Applied Science and Technology (INSAT)University of Carthage Tunis Cedex Tunisia
| | - Chokri Messaoud
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Medicinal PlantsDepartment of BiologyNational Institute of Applied Science and Technology (INSAT)University of Carthage Tunis Cedex Tunisia
| | - Corine Girard
- PEPITE EA4267University of Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Besançon France
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Mahran E, Keusgen M, Morlock GE. New planar assay for streamlined detection and quantification of β-glucuronidase inhibitors applied to botanical extracts. Anal Chim Acta X 2020; 4:100039. [PMID: 33117985 PMCID: PMC7587031 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of the β-glucuronidase released from gut bacteria is associated with specific health-related benefits. Though a number of β-glucuronidase inhibition assays are currently in use, none of them can directly measure the relevant activity of each single constituent in a complex mixture, without prior separation and tedious isolation of the pure compounds. Thus, the hyphenation of the high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique with a β-glucuronidase inhibition assay was investigated and successfully demonstrated for the first time. A colorimetric as well as fluorometric detection of the inhibitors was achieved using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide as a substrate. Hence, β-glucuronidase inhibitors were detected as bright zones against an indigo blue or fluorescent background. The established method was optimized and validated employing the well-known inhibitor d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone monohydrate. As proof of concept, the suitability of the new workflow was verified through analysis of two botanical extracts, Primula boveana and silymarin flavonolignans from Silybum marianum fruits. The found inhibitors were identified by spectroscopic methods; one of them, 3ʹ-O-(β-galactopyranosyl)-flavone, is here described as a newly isolated natural compound. The new hyphenation HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-β-glucuronidase inhibition assay-HRMS covers four orthogonal dimensions, i.e. separation, spectral detection, biochemical activity and structural characterization, in a highly targeted time- and material-saving workflow for analysis of complex or costly mixtures. Coupling of HPTLC to the β-glucuronidase inhibition assay is demonstrated. Colorimetric and fluorometric detection of the inhibition was given. A new β-glucuronidase inhibiting flavonoid in P. boveana was elucidated. HPTLC-HRMS analysis of other β-glucuronidase inhibitors is shown for silymarin. Analysis of rare plants (low extract amount) is possible with the new planar assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mahran
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11371, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6-10, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Interdisciplinary Research Center IFZ, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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Azadniya E, Morlock GE. Automated piezoelectric spraying of biological and enzymatic assays for effect-directed analysis of planar chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:458-466. [PMID: 31153601 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioanalytical questions are more and more solved by bioassays directly in situ the planar separation. If compared to chemical derivatization in situ, several reagent applications on the same chromatogram make the workflow for enzymatic and biological assays more complex. Hence, if compared to piezoelectric spraying of chemical derivatization reagents, an assay transfer to the piezoelectric spraying technique was much more challenging. Important aspects were investigated, i.e., plate pre-wetting, spraying nozzle type and applied volumes for microorganism suspension as well as enzyme and substrate-chromogenic solutions. Finally, with the newly developed piezoelectric spraying procedures for the application of biological (Aliivibrio fischeri) and enzymatic (acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase) assays, several obstacles of the state-of-the-art automated immersion were avoided such as the (1) required high volumes of solutions, (2) tailing of highly water-soluble zones upon slow plate withdrawal, (3) zone distortion or shift observed after previous buffer salt applications or long/slow immersion times/speeds, (4) gradual inactivation of the enzyme solution along with its ongoing re-use, and (5) lack of covering the whole plate surface. The benchmarking of both techniques also showed that simplicity remains the key argument for immersion. As proof of concept, piezoelectrically sprayed autograms were compared with those of immersion, by taking the example of Peganum harmala (P. h.) seed extract. The plate background and thus homogeneity of the applied solutions were found to be almost comparable. Three bands among the pronounced fluorescent bands were responsible for the most antibacterial activity of P. h. seed extract in the A. fischeri bioassay and were also inhibiting the AChE. These AChE and three further BChE inhibitors were detected, whereby the AChE inhibition was twice as strong as the BChE inhibition. By their in situ HRMS spectra, the active zones in the P. h. seed extract were assigned to be the AChE-inhibiting β-carboline alkaloids, harmine, harmaline and ruine, as well as the BChE-inhibiting quinazoline alkaloids, vasicine and deoxyvasicine, and the β-carboline alkaloid harmol. For the first time, the found inhibitors were calculated equivalently to the well-known ChE-inhibitor physostigmine, and thus, piezoelectric spraying was proven to be suited for quantifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Azadniya
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Kerkrader Straße 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Kerkrader Straße 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
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Micheloni OB, Farroni AE, García P, Furlan RL. Rapid autographic method for detection of enzymatic browning inhibitors based on enzyme immobilization. Food Chem 2018; 269:638-643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stütz L, Weiss SC, Schulz W, Schwack W, Winzenbacher R. Selective two-dimensional effect-directed analysis with thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:273-282. [PMID: 29031972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There are thousands of organic trace substances in the environment that are not fully characterized, and evaluation of their relevance to the ecosystem is difficult. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is a suitable tool to assess the effects of a substance via in-vitro bioassays, which can provide information about the relevance of the substance. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been shown to be a good method for fractionation. Environmental samples, however, often have high complexity, which is why the peak capacity of HPTLC is not sufficient. Therefore, this study focused on the development of selective two-dimensional (2D) HPTLC-EDA to increase the peak capacity and facilitate the identification of effective compounds. Thus, only effective zones were selected in the first dimension in terms of heart-cutting and were transferred to the second dimension through elution head-based extraction. Three 2D approaches were developed and validated. The best results in terms of peak capacity and orthogonality were achieved when the retardation factors of the first dimension were used to adjust the mobile phase (MP) for the second dimension. Applying the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assay as an example EDA, analysis of spiked surface water by 2D HPTLC-EDA allowed zones with neurotoxic effects to responsible substances to be assigned. The 2D separation reduced the complexity of effective zones and thus facilitated the subsequent identification of effective compounds. Knowledge about a substancés effects enabled assessment of its relevance to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stütz
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Stefan C Weiss
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Rudi Winzenbacher
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany.
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Bräm S, Wolfram E. Recent Advances in Effect-directed Enzyme Assays based on Thin-layer Chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:74-86. [PMID: 28146298 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) together with its more modern form high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a rapid and cost effective analytical tool with a long tradition in quality control of medicinal plants, extracts and natural products. Separated compounds are fixed on the solid silica phase to form a compound library. Through direct coupling of visualisable enzyme reactions on the TLC plate, this compound library can also be used for activity screening. Such TLC-based bioautographic enzyme and enzyme inhibition assays complement first stage development activity screening assays. They provide not only phytochemical results by chromatographic separation, but also additional information about the activity of constituents or fractions in multi-compound mixtures, and thus can reveal and distinguish artefacts generated by certain compound classes. This review summarises recently introduced TLC bioautographic enzyme assays as well as advances in already existing procedures. Bioautographic enzyme and enzyme inhibitory assays offer a rapid, high-throughput method for screening of secondary metabolite profiles for potential enzyme and enzyme inhibitory activities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bräm
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Phytopharmacy and Natural Products Research Group, CH, -8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Evelyn Wolfram
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Phytopharmacy and Natural Products Research Group, CH, -8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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García P, Ramallo IA, Furlan RLE. Reverse Phase Compatible TLC-Bioautography for Detection of Tyrosinase Inhibitors. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:101-105. [PMID: 27910199 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reverse phase chromatography and bioautographic assays are key tools for natural product bioguided isolation; however, their direct coupling has not been fully achieved. OBJECTIVES To develop a bioautographic assay to detect tyrosinase inhibitors present in complex matrices sorbed on reverse phase (RP) TLC-plates that can be used for bioguided isolation of bioactive compounds. METHODS Enzyme gel entrapment with an amphiphilic copolymer was used for assay development. The gel turns into a brown "skin like" colour due to tyrosinase catalysed oxidation of l-tyrosine. The inhibitors are visualised as clear spots against a brown coloured background. RESULTS The assay was able to localise cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, as its main constituent with known tyrosinase inhibition properties. The assay allowed the detection of 0.03% (w/w) of kojic acid co-spotted with a methanolic extract of Sphaeralcea bonariensis and chromatographed on RP-TLC. CONCLUSION The developed assay is able to detect, with high sensitivity, tyrosinase inhibitors present in complex matrices that were chromatographed in RP-TLC. Results can be easily read by colour change, inhibitors appear as clear spots in a darker background. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula García
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR), UNR, CONICET, and Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - I Ayelen Ramallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR), UNR, CONICET, and Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR), UNR, CONICET, and Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario, Argentina
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