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Jankech T, Gerhardtova I, Majerova P, Piestansky J, Jampilek J, Kovac A. Derivatization of carboxylic groups prior to their LC analysis - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1300:342435. [PMID: 38521569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids (CAs) represent a large group of important molecules participating in various biologically significant processes. Analytical study of these compounds is typically performed by liquid chromatography (LC) combined with various types of detection. However, their analysis is often accompanied by a wide variety of problems depending on used separation system or detection method. The dominant ones are: i) poor chromatographic behavior of the CAs in reversed-phase LC; ii) absence of a chromophore (or fluorophore); iii) weak ionization in mass spectrometry (MS). To overcome these problems, targeted chemical modification, and derivatization, come into play. Therefore, derivatization still plays an important and, in many cases, irreplaceable role in sample preparation, and new derivatization methods of CAs are constantly being developed. The most commonly used type of reaction for CAs derivatization is amidation. In recent years, an increased interest in the isotopic labeling derivatization method has been observed. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the possibilities and actual trends in the derivatization of CAs that have been published over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotej Jankech
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Gerhardtova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Gao S, Zhou X, Yue M, Zhu S, Liu Q, Zhao XE. Advances and perspectives in chemical isotope labeling-based mass spectrometry methods for metabolome and exposome analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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3
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Park H, Song WY, Cha H, Kim TY. Development of an optimized sample preparation method for quantification of free fatty acids in food using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5947. [PMID: 33723326 PMCID: PMC7961064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and precise determination of free fatty acid (FFA) contents is essential for quality control and assurance in food production. Herein, a mass spectrometric study was performed to develop a sample preparation protocol that can minimize exogenous FFA contamination during the quantification of FFA in food. The quantities of exogenous FFAs were measured using various combinations of seven pretreatment methods for a sample tube, three extraction methods, and four types of sample tubes. Methanol washing could effectively reduce exogenous palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) by 73 and 64%, respectively, in contrast to furnace baking resulting in a decrease in the amount of PA and SA contaminants by 50 and 37%, respectively. A lower amount of FFA contaminants was extracted from glass tubes during comparative analysis of the four different sample tubes studied. A combination of a methanol-washed glass tube and chloroform extraction solvent was determined to be the optimal method for minimizing the error in FFA quantification. The optimized sample preparation protocol used for FFA quantification can lower the amount of foreign palmitic acid and stearic acid to the sub-nanomolar level in the analysis of FFAs in skimmed milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Song
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeon Cha
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Md Noh MF, Gunasegavan RDN, Mustafa Khalid N, Balasubramaniam V, Mustar S, Abd Rashed A. Recent Techniques in Nutrient Analysis for Food Composition Database. Molecules 2020; 25:E4567. [PMID: 33036314 PMCID: PMC7582643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Food composition database (FCD) provides the nutritional composition of foods. Reliable and up-to date FCD is important in many aspects of nutrition, dietetics, health, food science, biodiversity, plant breeding, food industry, trade and food regulation. FCD has been used extensively in nutrition labelling, nutritional analysis, research, regulation, national food and nutrition policy. The choice of method for the analysis of samples for FCD often depends on detection capability, along with ease of use, speed of analysis and low cost. Sample preparation is the most critical stage in analytical method development. Samples can be prepared using numerous techniques; however it should be applicable for a wide range of analytes and sample matrices. There are quite a number of significant improvements on sample preparation techniques in various food matrices for specific analytes highlighted in the literatures. Improvements on the technology used for the analysis of samples by specific instrumentation could provide an alternative to the analyst to choose for their laboratory requirement. This review provides the reader with an overview of recent techniques that can be used for sample preparation and instrumentation for food analysis which can provide wide options to the analysts in providing data to their FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (R.D.-N.G.); (N.M.K.); (V.B.); (S.M.); (A.A.R.)
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Development of a Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Milk. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071548. [PMID: 32231035 PMCID: PMC7181243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in milk is of importance for quality control, legislative purposes, authentication and product development. We present herein a liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method for the direct determination of FFAs in milk. The method involves mild sample preparation, avoids time-consuming derivatization and allows the direct quantification of twenty-two FFAs in a 10-min single run. It was validated and applied in thirteen cow milk and seven goat milk samples. Saturated fatty acids C16:0, C18:0 and unsaturated C18:1 (n-9) were found to be the major components of milk FFAs at concentrations of 33.1 ± 8.2 μg/mL, 16.5 ± 5.3 μg/mL and 14.8 ± 3.8 μg/mL, respectively, in cow milk and at concentrations of 22.8 ± 1.8 μg/mL, 12.7 ± 2.8 μg/mL and 13.3 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively, in goat milk. Other saturated and unsaturated FFAs were found in significantly lower quantities. Saturated fatty acids C6:0, C8:0 and C10:0 were found in higher quantities in goat milk than in cow milk. The levels of the important (for human health) odd-chain FFAs C15:0 and C17:0 were estimated in cow and goat milk.
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Current trends in isotope‐coded derivatization liquid chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analyses with special emphasis on their biomedical application. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4756. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li M, Zhu R, Song X, Wang Z, Weng H, Liang J. A sensitive method for the quantification of short-chain fatty acids by benzyl chloroformate derivatization combined with GC-MS. Analyst 2020; 145:2692-2700. [PMID: 32073098 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were identified as critical markers in the diagnosis of chronic and metabolic diseases, but a sensitive and stable method to determine SCFAs in feces is a challenge for analysts due to the high volatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Xiaoxia Song
- Department of Pharmacy
- Pudong Hospital
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Hongbo Weng
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Jianying Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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Abstract
Dairy fat is one of the most complex natural fats because of its fatty acid (FA) composition. Ruminant dairy fat contains more than 400 different FA varying in carbon chain length, and degree, position and configuration of unsaturation. The following article reviews the different methods available to analyze FA (both total and free) in milk and dairy products. The most widely used methodology for separating and analyzing dairy FA is gas chromatography, coupled to a flame ionization detector (CG-FID). Alternatively, gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) is also used. After lipid extraction, total FA (TFA) are commonly converted into their methyl esters (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) prior to chromatographic analysis. In contrast, free FA (FFA) can be analyzed after conversion to FAME or directly as FFA after extraction from the product. One of the key questions when analyzing FAME from TFA is the selection of a proper column for separating them, which depends mainly on the objective of the analysis. Quantification is best achieved by the internal standard method. Recently, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been reported as promising techniques to analyze FA in milk and dairy products.
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Zheng H, Yu W, Xue X, Guo Z, Liu Y, Yang G, Liu Y, Zhu J. Simultaneous determination of free and total choline andl-carnitine in infant formula using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3176-3185. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Wenjiang Yu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Xia Xue
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Liaoning China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Liaoning China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
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Simeoni MC, Sergi M, Pepe A, Mattocci E, Martino G, Compagnone D. Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Cheese by Means of Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Followed by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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La Nasa J, Degano I, Brandolini L, Modugno F, Bonaduce I. A novel HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF approach for the determination of fatty acids and acylglycerols in food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1013:98-109. [PMID: 29501097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new analytical method using reverse phase High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled through an electrospray source with a tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight (ESI-Q-ToF) mass spectrometric detector for the full characterization and quantitation of the different classes of fatty acids and acylglycerols in lipid samples in a single chromatographic run. In this work, we optimized the derivatization reaction for free fatty acids with 2-hydrazinoquinoline, which is a low-cost approach, using a full factorial design. This reaction does not involve transesterification, thus enabling the free fatty acids to be separated and successfully quantified in the presence of mono-, di- and triacylglycerols without altering the whole glyceride profile. This new analytical method provides a full profile of fatty acids, mono-, di- and triglycerides within a relatively short chromatographic run (less than 40 min), with low operating back-pressure (less than 110 bar). The derivatization of the free fatty acids allows their detection in positive mode, with limits of detection in the range of 0.2-1.9 ng/g, and a dynamic range of two orders of magnitude. The figures of merit of the procedure are competitive with respect to the literature. The method was validated by characterizing two different types of olive oils. Free fatty acid content was quantified, and the results are consistent with literature data. The method was applied to the characterization of cow milk and an infant formula, after the precipitation of proteins and phospholipids, and proved suitable for the detection of short chain fatty acids, free fatty acids and glycerides highlighting differences in the composition of the two milks. The proposed procedure improves the current methods for the analysis of acylglyceride based materials, such as olive oil, and proved promising for the characterization of lipids in complex matrices, such as milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Brandolini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Quigley A, Connolly D, Cummins W. The application of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction in the analyses of the fatty acid profile in bovine milk in response to changes in body condition score. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Magnetic ionic liquids as extraction solvents in vacuum headspace single-drop microextraction. Talanta 2017; 172:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mok HJ, Lee JW, Bandu R, Kang HS, Kim KH, Kim KP. A rapid and sensitive profiling of free fatty acids using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) after chemical derivatization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mass spectrometry method for the improved identification and quantification of free fatty acids (FFAs) based on derivatization using trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) was developed and validated to be an sensitive and accurate method for analyzing FFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
| | - Raju Bandu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
| | - Hong Seok Kang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Medicine
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Medicine
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
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