Vortex- and CO2-gas-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction with salt addition for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of furanic compounds in concentrated juices and dried fruits

[Progress of sample preparation and analytical methods of dried fruit foods]

坚果、果脯等干果类食品含有丰富的营养成分,深受国内外广大消费者的喜爱。但这些食品在果实生产、加工、储运时会使用农药或产生霉变等,造成干果中农药、重金属、霉菌毒素或添加剂等有害成分残留,甚至超过国家限量要求,带来严重的食品安全问题。因此,加强干果类食品的质量监督具有重要的经济和社会意义。但干果类食品基质复杂,有害物质种类多,结构和性质差异大,含量低,其分析检测需要快速高效的样品前处理技术和准确灵敏的分析检测方法。该文主要综述了近十年来干果类食品中有害物质的样品前处理及分析检测方法研究进展。其中样品前处理方法主要包括各种场辅助萃取法、相分离法和衍生化萃取方法等。场辅助萃取法主要是借助超声波和微波场等外场(协同)作用加快干果中有害物质的溶出速度,提高其萃取效率。相分离法,包括固相(微)萃取、分散固相萃取和液相(微)萃取法等,具有溶剂消耗少、分离富集效率高的优势,是干果样品分析中较常使用的前处理方法。该文还重点介绍了干果中各类有害成分分析检测技术,主要包括色谱、原子光谱、无机质谱、电化学分析等常规实验室方法,以及一些适用于现场分析的快速检测技术,并以此为基础,展望了干果类食品中有害物质分析检测技术的发展趋势。

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for rapid and inexpensive determination of tetramethylpyrazine in vinegar

The concentration of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in vinegar is an active indicator of vinegar quality. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was first applied to vinegar as a clean-up pre-treatment for the rapid (5 min) determination of TMP by high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), and may serve as an alternative to solid-phase extraction (SPE) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME). High sensitivity of HPLC for TMP determination was obtained using the DLLME pretreatment, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.001 mg L^-1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 mg L^-1. The developed method exhibited excellent linearity in the concentration range of 0.050-80.000 mg L^-1, with a correlation coefficient R² > 0.999. Furthermore, the percentage recovery of TMP in vinegar using the developed method was within the range 97.97-105.24%. Therefore, DLLME coupled with HPLC-UV is a sensitive and promising method for vinegar clean-up and TMP assay.